SOCL 2001 Peck Quizzes

Which term refers to romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races? a. miscegenation b. polyandry c. endogamy d. homogamy

a. miscegenation

What sort of social mobility often results from losing a job? a. vertical b. horizontal c. career d. upward

a. vertical

According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are a. community bonds. b. nationalistic bonds. c. economic relations. d. family and kin.

c. economic relations

________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom. a. Functionalist theory b. Labeling theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Conflict theory

d. Conflict theory

________ is/are the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life. a. Education b. Ideology c. Social welfare d. Cultural capital

d. Culture capital

Both sides are entirely wrong in the nature vs. nurture debate. a. True b. False

b. False

Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family. a. False b. True

a. False

What has most of the sociological literature on deviance traditionally focused on? a. the extremely wealthy b. mental illness c. crime d. the emotional appeal of deviant acts

c. crime

Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness. a. social control b. conformity c. departure from the norm d. secondary deviance

c. departure from the norm

Only an authoritative body or formal institution can impose negative sanctions. a. False b. True

a. False

Sociologists would disagree that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us. a. True b. False

a. False

Examples of material culture are __________and ___________. a. Gym shorts; iPhone 12 Pro Max b. 3 second rule; cooking recipes c. Jordan shoes; beauty standards d. Haitian Vodou; Old Navy's summer flip flop sale

a. Gym shorts; iPhone 12 Pro Max

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination? a. Institutional discrimination is more systemic and widespread. b. Institutional discrimination involves attitudes or opinions. c. Institutional discrimination can be either positive or negative. d. Institutional discrimination is less harmful.

a. Institutional discrimination is more systemic and widespread

What is one of the basic principles of social stratification? a. It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society. b. All societies stratify according to wealth accumulation. c. Low-level groups often have basic access to the rewards and privileges of higher-level groups. d. Families' social positions start anew with each new generation.

a. It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

________ are characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships. a. Primary groups b. Secondary groups c. Out-groups d. Reference groups

a. Primary groups

African American and Hispanic communities are much more likely to be located near toxic waste dumps than white communities. What does this tell you about race in America? a. Race can have an effect on health. b. Race is an interactional accomplishment. c. The employment structure of inner cities has collapsed. d. Even the structure of families is dependent on race.

a. Race can have an effect on health.

What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing? a. The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others. b. Criminals from the lower class should be more harshly punished, as they are more likely to re-offend. c. Different levels of punishment are functional, as they keep the most productive members of society out of jail. d. The two criminals probably had very different motives for committing their crimes, and this explains the difference in punishment.

a. The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized? a. There will always be new situations and roles to learn. b. Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents. c. The family and schools do a poor job of socializing children. d. People are spending more time in school.

a. There will always be new situations and roles to learn.

Signs are symbols that stand for or convey an idea. a. True b. False

a. True

What are people a part of if they associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together? a. a primary group b. a social network c. a secondary group d. a reference group

a. a primary group

How should all left-handed people in the United States be classified? a. as a category b. as a crowd c. as a group d. as an aggregate

a. as a category

A football coach threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder. What kind of power is the football coach wielding? a. coercive power b. influential power c. bureaucratic power d. charismatic authority

a. coercive power

What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society? a. expressive b. proscriptive c. family d. rational

a. expressive

University leaders ignore rumors and complaints about the football coach sexually abusing students in order to uphold the reputation of the university's award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of students is a result of a. groupthink. b. a reference group. c. a primary group. d. anomie or normlessness.

a. groupthink.

What is the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership? a. homogamy b. background knowledge c. heteronormativity d. reflexivity

a. homogamy

Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of accomplishment and skill? a. meritocracy b. oligarchy c. democracy d. technocracy

a. meritocracy

Which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions? a. microaggressions b. cultural appropriation c. antiracism d. reverse racism

a. microaggressions

In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until the ________ century. a. nineteenth b. seventeenth c. twentieth d. eighteenth

a. nineteenth

A woman is hired at a restaurant. She is given strict instructions on her first day to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's a. personal front. b. status. c. backstage. d. looking-glass self.

a. personal front

What would a sociologist call the belief that members of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group? a. prejudice b. discrimination c. racial passing d. pluralism

a. prejudice

What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed? a. real culture b. ideal culture c. symbolic culture d. subculture

a. real culture

What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid? a. reference groups b. networks c. in-groups d. out-groups

a. reference groups

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. a. set of mores; law b. norm; folkway c. folkway; more d. law; taboo

a. set of mores; law

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a a. subculture. b. subdominant culture. c. cultural spin-off. d. counterculture.

a. subculture.

Some people worry about maintaining a tan. If they do not have the time to tan naturally, they sometimes go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that a. the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place. b. there are some types of body modification that are never tolerated anywhere. c. the rest of the world keeps backward practices and superstitions. d. people who get fake tans are deviant.

a. the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place.

Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume interaction involves copresence? a. Copresence requires cooperation, which is increasingly rare in today's polarized political and cultural climate. b. New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place. c. Interactions are increasingly characterized by globalism. d. The family has taken on more importance in status development.

b. New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.

In the 1900s, there was a strong prejudice against Irish immigrants and their descendants. What does this tell you about the history of the Irish in the United States? a. Racial hostility is permanent. b. The Irish were once considered to be a separate race. c. There were significant biological differences between Irish people and American people. d. Ireland must have changed a great deal over the course of the twentieth century.

b. The Irish were once considered to be a separate race.

Examples of caste systems can be found in both South Africa's apartheid and in the United States as a result of Jim Crow laws. a. False b. True

b. True

What is it called when members of a minority group adopt the cultural practices of the dominant group? a. internal colonialism b. cultural assimilation c. racial assimilation d. racial passing

b. cultural assimilation

What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards? a. culture shock b. cultural relativism c. ethnocentrism d. cultural lag

b. cultural relativism

Imprisonment was a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century because earlier societies a. believed punishments like shunning and banishment were more humane. b. did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons. c. were crueler and therefore more accepting of harsh physical punishment. d. believed physical punishments such as branding would better deter future crimes.

b. did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.

What is it called when an individual uses applies moral value to the way that a different group does things? a. judgement b. ethnocentrism c. culture shock d. cultural relativism

b. ethnocentrism

Children raised with minimal or no human interaction are referred to as a. cognitively disadvantaged children. b. feral children. c. environmentally challenged children. d. institutionalized children.

b. feral children

The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's political borders is called a. ethnic conflict. b. internal colonialism. c. population transfer. d. racial assimilation.

b. internal colonialism.

A young girl from a poor family is sent to live with wealthy distant relatives. Her relatives expect her to take care of the household, cooking and cleaning instead of going to school. They do not pay her and threaten her when she attempts to return home. Her situation is an example of a. modern apartheid. b. modern slavery. c. the new caste system. d. the new Jim Crow.

b. modern slavery

Role conflict can occurs when a person has a. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle. b. multiple roles that have expectations that are in conflict with each other. c. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict. d. a single role with contradictory expectations.

b. multiple roles that have expectations that are in conflict with each other.

The belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of a. miscegenation. b. prejudice. c. discrimination. d. passing.

b. prejudice

The issue associated with race and ethnicity that Chris Rock's "driving while black" selfies represent is a. symbolic ethnicity b. racial profiling c. situational ethnicity d. cultural appropriation

b. racial profiling

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion? a. apathy toward the group b. shared values c. unique traits d. differing goals

b. shared values

According to the text, which of the following has the effect of making poverty socially "invisible"? a. cultural products such as movies that highlight the lives of the poor b. the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations c. political engagement d. highlighting successful attempts by the poor to organize

b. the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations

W. I. Thomas famously argued that "if men define situations as real, a. others will label them as deviant." b. they are real in their consequences." c. they will be forced to provide evidence." d. it will lead to tertiary deviance."

b. they are real in their consequences."

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization? a. Family plays an important role in our everyday lives no matter what stage of life we are in. b. Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society. c. Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences. d. Family values are strong today in the United States.

c. Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.

________ is the term in sociology for signs people make with their bodies. a. Language b. Sanctions c. Gestures d. Symbols

c. Gestures

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true? a. They involve intimate, face-to-face interaction. b. Their values become fused with members' identities. c. They tend to be based on specific roles or activities. d. They are usually small and long-lasting.

c. They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group? a. population transfer b. segregation c. assimilation d. internal colonialism

c. assimilation

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way in which such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior? a. labeling theory b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. differential association d. retreatism

c. differential association

In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of? a. group dynamics b. bureaucratic rationalization c. hostility toward an out-group d. the use of a reference group

c. hostility toward an out-group

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in a. genetics. b. the first stage of sexual development. c. interactions with other people. d. basic biological drives.

c. interactions with other people.

In the novel The Human Stain by Philip Roth, a professor at a college in the Northeast is forced into early retirement after he is accused of racism. The charge turns out to be ironic when the reader learns that the professor has a secret. The professor was born to African American parents and has been covering up his heritage and living as a white man his whole adult life. Of what is this an example? a. reverse discrimination b. hegemony c. passing d. individual discrimination

c. passing

In the early nineteenth century, Native Americans survived clashes with the U.S. Army, but were forcibly removed to reservations. This is an example of a. genocide. b. assimilation. c. population transfer. d. pluralism.

c. population transfer

People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a________ group. a. secondary b. identity c. reference d. professional

c. reference

What is it called when members of the dominant group—whites, in the case of race—believe they are discriminated against because of their race? a. color-blind racism b. white nationalism c. reverse racism d. microaggressions

c. reverse racism

In most cases, a result of the socialization process at home is a. teaching children how to achieve their goals. b. teaching the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology. c. teaching culture. d. ensuring that children self-evaluates.

c. teaching culture.

Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in a. birthright. b. the efficiency and rationality of a particular way of doing things. c. the personal qualities of a leader. d. an economic system that focuses on rules and regulations.

c. the personal qualities of a leader.

What was the Asch experiment measuring? a. the extent of social networks b. the type of organization that can best achieve social goals c. the power of peer pressure d. the value of teamwork compared with individual effort

c. the power of peer pressure

What is something that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis would propose? a. Nonverbal communication is as powerful as language in social interaction. b. We relate to each other on a symbolic rather than a literal level. c. All humans share the same sense of social perception, although we have different labels for things. d. Language can structure our perception of reality.

d. Language can structure our perception of reality.

What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life? a. legal-rational authority b. bureaucratic creep c. the spirit of capitalism d. McDonaldization

d. McDonaldization

________ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit. a. Oligarchy b. Democracy c. Technocracy d. Meritocracy

d. Meritocracy

________ argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development. a. Erving Goffman b. George Herbert Mead c. Charles Cooley d. Sigmund Freud

d. Sigmund Freud

________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime. a. Edwin Sutherland b. Robert Merton c. Richard Quinney d. Travis Hirschi

d. Travis Hirschi

Which of the following is an example of resocialization? a. fast-food ads that try to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers b. parents teaching their children how to behave around company c. a teenager being pressured by his friends to take up smoking d. a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident

d. a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance? a. self-centered society b. psychoanalysis c. the dual self d. dramaturgy

d. dramaturgy

The definition of "culture" a. is the principle of evaluating another group or individual as abnormal or inferior. b. is limited to rules or guidelines about what kind of behavior is acceptable and appropriate within a particular situation. c. involves reactions to the ways in which people follow or disobey norms in society. d. is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

d. is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

Sociologists define the self as a. only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others. b. the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society. c. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others. d. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.

d. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.

The current demographics of California challenge the way the term "minority" has been used in the past because a. California is more tolerant of its ethnic diversity than is the rest of the country. b. there are far fewer African Americans in California than in the rest of the country. c. Latinos are a numerical minority but are socially powerful. d. whites are now less than half of the population of California.

d. whites are now less than half of the population of California.