Socl Final Review
16.3 Issues in Education
As schools continue to fill many roles in the lives of students, challenges arise. Historical issues include the racial desegregation of schools, marked by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling. In today's diverse educational landscape, socioeconomic status and diversity remain at the heart of issues in education, with programs such as the Head Start program attempting to give students equal footing. Other educational issues that impact society include charter schools, teaching to the test, student loan debt, and homeschooling. One hot topic is the Common Core State Standards, or the Common Core. The primary controversy over the Common Core, from the standpoint of teachers, parents and students, and even administrators, is not so much the standards themselves, but the assessment process and the high stakes involved.
C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. A. culture B. imagination C. method D. tool
B. imagination
Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: A. compare the behavior of individuals from different societies B. compare one society to another C. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure D. compare individuals to groups
C. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure
16.1 Education around the World
Educational systems around the world have many differences, though the same factors—including resources and money—affect every educational system. Educational distribution is a major issue in many nations, including in the United States, where the amount of money spent per student varies greatly by state. Education happens through both formal and informal systems; both foster cultural transmission. Universal access to education is a worldwide concern.
14.2 Variations in Family Life
People's concepts of marriage and family in the United States are changing. Increases in cohabitation, same-sex partners, and singlehood are altering of our ideas of marriage. Similarly, single parents, same-sex parents, cohabitating parents, and unwed parents are changing our notion of what it means to be a family. While most children still live in opposite-sex, two-parent, married households, that is no longer viewed as the only type of nuclear family.
1.3 Theoretical Perspectives
Sociologists develop theories to explain social events, interactions, and patterns. A theory is a proposed explanation of those social interactions. Theories have different scales. Macro-level theories, such as structural functionalism and conflict theory, attempt to explain how societies operate as a whole. Micro-level theories, such as symbolic interactionism, focus on interactions between individuals.
14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?
Sociologists view marriage and families as societal institutions that help create the basic unit of social structure. Both marriage and a family may be defined differently—and practiced differently—in cultures across the world. Families and marriages, like other institutions, adapt to social change.
1.1 What Is Sociology?
Sociology is the systematic study of society and social interaction. In order to carry out their studies, sociologists identify cultural patterns and social forces and determine how they affect individuals and groups. They also develop ways to apply their findings to the real world.
1.2 The History of Sociology
Sociology was developed as a way to study and try to understand the changes to society brought on by the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of the earliest sociologists thought that societies and individuals' roles in society could be studied using the same scientific methodologies that were used in the natural sciences, while others believed that is was impossible to predict human behavior scientifically, and still others debated the value of such predictions. Those perspectives continue to be represented within sociology today.
1.4 Why Study Sociology?
Studying sociology is beneficial both for the individual and for society. By studying sociology people learn how to think critically about social issues and problems that confront our society. The study of sociology enriches students' lives and prepares them for careers in an increasingly diverse world. Society benefits because people with sociological training are better prepared to make informed decisions about social issues and take effective action to deal with them.
16.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Education
The major sociological theories offer insight into how we understand education. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that contributes both manifest and latent functions. Functionalists see education as serving the needs of society by preparing students for later roles, or functions, in society. Conflict theorists see schools as a means for perpetuating class, racial-ethnic, and gender inequalities. In the same vein, feminist theory focuses specifically on the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education. The theory of symbolic interactionism focuses on education as a means for labeling individuals.
14.3 Challenges Families Face
Today's families face a variety of challenges, specifically to marital stability. While divorce rates have decreased in the last twenty-five years, many family members, especially children, still experience the negative effects of divorce. Children are also negatively impacted by violence and abuse within the home, with nearly 6 million children abused each year.
verstehen
a German word that means to understand in a deep way
family of procreation
a family that is formed through marriage
Head Start program
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status
polygyny
a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time
polyandry
a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time
tracking
a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities
shaken baby syndrome
a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head
society
a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture
culture
a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs
extended family
a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
marriage
a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship
kinship
a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)
theory
a proposed explanation about social interactions or society
family life cycle
a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time
education
a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms
family life course
a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages
dynamic equilibrium
a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly
matrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family
patrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband's family
dramaturgical analysis
a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance
hypothesis
a testable proposition
functionalism
a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society
symbolic interactionism
a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)
conflict theory
a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources
ambilineal
a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively.
patrilineal descent
a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only
matrilineal descent
a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only
Same-sex couple households account for _____ percent of American households. a. 1 b. 10 c. 15 d. 30
a. 1
Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? a. A large survey b. A literature search c. An in-depth interview d. A review of television programs
a. A large survey
Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? a. Herbert Blumer b. Max Weber c. Lester F. Ward d. W.I. Thomas
a. Herbert Blumer
The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for __________. a. access to education b. average spending on students c. desegregation of schools d. teacher salary
a. access to education
Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism
a. conflict theory
Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of ________. a. cultural transmission b. educational access c.formal education d. informal education
a. cultural transmission
Sociologists tend to define family in terms of a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption b. the connection of bloodlines c. the status roles that exist in a family structure d. how closely members adhere to social norms
a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption
A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: a. interact b. work in the same industry c. speak different languages d. practice a recognized religion
a. interact
Children of divorced parents are _______ to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married. a. more likely b. less likely c. equally likely
a. more likely
Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that _____________. a. racial segregation in schools was allowed b. separate schools for black and white students were unconstitutional c. students do not have a right to free speech in public schools d. students have a right to free speech in public schools
a. racial segregation in schools were allowed
What are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world? a. Resources and money b. Student interest c. Teacher interest d. Transportation
a. resources and money
The majority of U.S. children live in: a. two-parent households b. one-parent households c. no-parent households d. multigenerational households
a. two-parent households
No Child Left Behind Act
an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding
grand theories
an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change
reification
an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence
constructivism
an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be
Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? a. Astrology b. Economics c. Physics d. History
b. Economics
Which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model? a. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family. b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages. c. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behavior. d. It is not based on comprehensive research.
b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.
Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? a. Emile Comte b. Karl Marx c. Plato d. Herbert Spencer
b. Karl Marx
Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Erving Goffmann d. George Herbert Mead
b. Karl Marx
Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States? a. Physical abuse b. Neglect c. Shaken-baby syndrome d. Verbal mistreatment
b. Neglect
Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? a. Surveys b. Participant observation c. Quantitative data analysis d. None of the above
b. Participant observation
Which of the following is not a manifest function of education? a. Cultural innovation b. Courtship c. Social placement d. Socialization
b. courtship
Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: a. beneficial b. harmful c. illegald d. of no importance
b. harmful
Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ________. a. challenge gifted students b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status c. help students who need additional support d. teach respect for authority
b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status
Informal education _________________. a. describes when students teach their peers b. refers to the learning of cultural norms c. only takes place at home d. relies on a planned instructional process
b. refers to the learning of cultural norms
Key predictors for student success include ____________. a. how many school-age siblings the student has b. socioeconomic status and family background c. the age of the student when she or he enters kindergarten d. how many students attend the school
b. socioeconomic status and family background
Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: a. drugs b. their culture c. their genetic makeup d. the researcher
b. their culture
What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common? a. They are all in Asia. b. They recruit top teachers. c. They spend more money per student. d. They use cutting-edge technology in classrooms.
b. they recruit top teachers
Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)? a. IPV victims are more frequently men than women. b. One in ten women is a victim of IPV. c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol. d. Rape is the most common form of IPV.
c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol.
Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a. The study of individual behavior b. The study of cultures c. The study of society and social interaction d. The study of economics
c. The study of society and social interaction
Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _______ than the family they grew up with. a. less close b. more close c. at least as close d. none of the above
c. at least as close
Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: a. monumental moments in people's lives b. common everyday life events c. both a and b d. none of the above
c. both a and b
In general, children in ______ households benefit from divorce. a. stepfamily b. multigenerational c. high-conflict d. low-conflict
c. high-conflict
The median age of first marriage has ______ in the last 50 years. a. increased for men but not women b. decreased for men but not women c. increased for both men and women d. decreased for both men and women
c. increased for both men and women
Public schools must guarantee that ___________. a. all students graduate from high school b. all students receive an equal education c. per-student spending is equitable d. the amount spent on each student is equal to that spent regionally
c. per-student spending is equitable
A woman being married to two men would be an example of: a. monogamy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. cohabitation
c. polyandry
Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ______ couples who did not cohabitate before marriage to be married at least 10 years. a. far more likely than b. far less likely than c. slightly less likely than d. equally as likely as
c. slightly less likely than
Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________. a. cultural innovation b. social control c. social placement d. Socialization
c. social placement
Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________. a. affirmative action b. social control c. social promotion d. socialization
c. social promotion
What term describes the separation of students based on merit? a. Cultural transmission b. Social control c. Sorting d. Hidden curriculum
c. sorting
The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above
c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society
sorting
classifying students based on academic merit or potential
cultural capital
cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture
Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? a. Structural functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Positivism d. Symbolic interactionism
d. Symbolic interactionism
Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of _________. a. families b. society c. the individual d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Studying Sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: a. interview techniques b. to apply statistics c. to generate theories d. all of the above
d. all of the above
According to the study cited from the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with ______ grow up with more advantages than children who live with ______. a. one unwed parent; one divorced parent b. one divorced parent; two married parents c. one grandparent; two married parents d. one divorced parent; one unwed parent
d. one divorced parent; one unwed parent
A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a _____ society. a. matrilocal b. bilateral c. matrilineal d. patrilineal
d. patrilineal
Current divorce rates are: a. at an all-time high b. at an all-time low c. steadily increasing d. steadily declining
d. steadily declining
Which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism
d. symbolic interactionism
A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: a. behaviors b. conflicts c. human organs d. theatrical roles
d. theatrical roles
Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why? a. They are scored in a way that is subject to human error. b. They do not give children with learning disabilities a fair chance to demonstrate their true intelligence. c. They don't involve enough test items to cover multiple intelligences. d. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.
d. they reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upperclass culture
What term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability? a. Hidden curriculum b. Labeling c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Tracking
d. tracking
Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ________. a. a latent function b. a manifest function c. informal education d. transmission of moral education
d. transmission of moral education
informal education
education that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society
Introduction to Sociology 2e -Chapter 01 (Introduction to Sociology) -Chapter 14 (Marriage and Family) -Chapter 16 (Education)
https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:TrIRM88K@9/Introduction-to-Sociology
qualitative sociology
in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data
micro
level theories- the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups
macro
level- a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society
social institutions
patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs
paradigms
philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them
dysfunctions
social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society
family
socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society
manifest functions
sought consequences of a social process
significant others
specific individuals that impact a person's life
quantitative sociology
statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants
sociological imagination
the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular
cohabitation
the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married
monogamy
the act of being married to only one person at a time
bigamy
the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person
credentialism
the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications
universal access
the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system
family of orientation
the family into which one is born
grade inflation
the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago
social facts
the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life
formal education
the learning of academic facts and concepts
generalized others
the organized and generalized attitude of a social group
function
the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity
figuration
the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior
positivism
the scientific study of social patterns
social solidarity
the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion
polygamy
the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time
sociology
the systematic study of society and social interaction
bilateral descent
the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines
unilateral descent
the tracing of kinship through one parent only.
hidden curriculum
the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission
latent functions
the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process
social placement
the use of education to improve one's social standing
antipositivism
the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values
cultural transmission
the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture
nuclear family
two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household
intimate partner violence (IPV)
violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship