Socl Final Review

16.3 Issues in Education

As schools continue to fill many roles in the lives of students, challenges arise. Historical issues include the racial desegregation of schools, marked by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling. In today's diverse educational landscape, socioeconomic status and diversity remain at the heart of issues in education, with programs such as the Head Start program attempting to give students equal footing. Other educational issues that impact society include charter schools, teaching to the test, student loan debt, and homeschooling. One hot topic is the Common Core State Standards, or the Common Core. The primary controversy over the Common Core, from the standpoint of teachers, parents and students, and even administrators, is not so much the standards themselves, but the assessment process and the high stakes involved.

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. A. culture B. imagination C. method D. tool

B. imagination

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: A. compare the behavior of individuals from different societies B. compare one society to another C. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure D. compare individuals to groups

C. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

16.1 Education around the World

Educational systems around the world have many differences, though the same factors—including resources and money—affect every educational system. Educational distribution is a major issue in many nations, including in the United States, where the amount of money spent per student varies greatly by state. Education happens through both formal and informal systems; both foster cultural transmission. Universal access to education is a worldwide concern.

14.2 Variations in Family Life

People's concepts of marriage and family in the United States are changing. Increases in cohabitation, same-sex partners, and singlehood are altering of our ideas of marriage. Similarly, single parents, same-sex parents, cohabitating parents, and unwed parents are changing our notion of what it means to be a family. While most children still live in opposite-sex, two-parent, married households, that is no longer viewed as the only type of nuclear family.

1.3 Theoretical Perspectives

Sociologists develop theories to explain social events, interactions, and patterns. A theory is a proposed explanation of those social interactions. Theories have different scales. Macro-level theories, such as structural functionalism and conflict theory, attempt to explain how societies operate as a whole. Micro-level theories, such as symbolic interactionism, focus on interactions between individuals.

14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?

Sociologists view marriage and families as societal institutions that help create the basic unit of social structure. Both marriage and a family may be defined differently—and practiced differently—in cultures across the world. Families and marriages, like other institutions, adapt to social change.

1.1 What Is Sociology?

Sociology is the systematic study of society and social interaction. In order to carry out their studies, sociologists identify cultural patterns and social forces and determine how they affect individuals and groups. They also develop ways to apply their findings to the real world.

1.2 The History of Sociology

Sociology was developed as a way to study and try to understand the changes to society brought on by the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of the earliest sociologists thought that societies and individuals' roles in society could be studied using the same scientific methodologies that were used in the natural sciences, while others believed that is was impossible to predict human behavior scientifically, and still others debated the value of such predictions. Those perspectives continue to be represented within sociology today.

1.4 Why Study Sociology?

Studying sociology is beneficial both for the individual and for society. By studying sociology people learn how to think critically about social issues and problems that confront our society. The study of sociology enriches students' lives and prepares them for careers in an increasingly diverse world. Society benefits because people with sociological training are better prepared to make informed decisions about social issues and take effective action to deal with them.

16.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Education

The major sociological theories offer insight into how we understand education. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that contributes both manifest and latent functions. Functionalists see education as serving the needs of society by preparing students for later roles, or functions, in society. Conflict theorists see schools as a means for perpetuating class, racial-ethnic, and gender inequalities. In the same vein, feminist theory focuses specifically on the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education. The theory of symbolic interactionism focuses on education as a means for labeling individuals.

14.3 Challenges Families Face

Today's families face a variety of challenges, specifically to marital stability. While divorce rates have decreased in the last twenty-five years, many family members, especially children, still experience the negative effects of divorce. Children are also negatively impacted by violence and abuse within the home, with nearly 6 million children abused each year.

verstehen

a German word that means to understand in a deep way

family of procreation

a family that is formed through marriage

Head Start program

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

polygyny

a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time

polyandry

a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time

tracking

a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities

shaken baby syndrome

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head

society

a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture

culture

a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs

extended family

a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

marriage

a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship

kinship

a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)

theory

a proposed explanation about social interactions or society

family life cycle

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time

education

a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

family life course

a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages

dynamic equilibrium

a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly

matrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family

patrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband's family

dramaturgical analysis

a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

hypothesis

a testable proposition

functionalism

a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society

symbolic interactionism

a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

conflict theory

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

ambilineal

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively.

patrilineal descent

a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only

matrilineal descent

a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only

Same-sex couple households account for _____ percent of American households. a. 1 b. 10 c. 15 d. 30

a. 1

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? a. A large survey b. A literature search c. An in-depth interview d. A review of television programs

a. A large survey

Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? a. Herbert Blumer b. Max Weber c. Lester F. Ward d. W.I. Thomas

a. Herbert Blumer

The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for __________. a. access to education b. average spending on students c. desegregation of schools d. teacher salary

a. access to education

Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

a. conflict theory

Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of ________. a. cultural transmission b. educational access c.formal education d. informal education

a. cultural transmission

Sociologists tend to define family in terms of a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption b. the connection of bloodlines c. the status roles that exist in a family structure d. how closely members adhere to social norms

a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: a. interact b. work in the same industry c. speak different languages d. practice a recognized religion

a. interact

Children of divorced parents are _______ to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married. a. more likely b. less likely c. equally likely

a. more likely

Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that _____________. a. racial segregation in schools was allowed b. separate schools for black and white students were unconstitutional c. students do not have a right to free speech in public schools d. students have a right to free speech in public schools

a. racial segregation in schools were allowed

What are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world? a. Resources and money b. Student interest c. Teacher interest d. Transportation

a. resources and money

The majority of U.S. children live in: a. two-parent households b. one-parent households c. no-parent households d. multigenerational households

a. two-parent households

No Child Left Behind Act

an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

grand theories

an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

reification

an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

constructivism

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? a. Astrology b. Economics c. Physics d. History

b. Economics

Which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model? a. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family. b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages. c. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behavior. d. It is not based on comprehensive research.

b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? a. Emile Comte b. Karl Marx c. Plato d. Herbert Spencer

b. Karl Marx

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Erving Goffmann d. George Herbert Mead

b. Karl Marx

Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States? a. Physical abuse b. Neglect c. Shaken-baby syndrome d. Verbal mistreatment

b. Neglect

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? a. Surveys b. Participant observation c. Quantitative data analysis d. None of the above

b. Participant observation

Which of the following is not a manifest function of education? a. Cultural innovation b. Courtship c. Social placement d. Socialization

b. courtship

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: a. beneficial b. harmful c. illegald d. of no importance

b. harmful

Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ________. a. challenge gifted students b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status c. help students who need additional support d. teach respect for authority

b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status

Informal education _________________. a. describes when students teach their peers b. refers to the learning of cultural norms c. only takes place at home d. relies on a planned instructional process

b. refers to the learning of cultural norms

Key predictors for student success include ____________. a. how many school-age siblings the student has b. socioeconomic status and family background c. the age of the student when she or he enters kindergarten d. how many students attend the school

b. socioeconomic status and family background

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: a. drugs b. their culture c. their genetic makeup d. the researcher

b. their culture

What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common? a. They are all in Asia. b. They recruit top teachers. c. They spend more money per student. d. They use cutting-edge technology in classrooms.

b. they recruit top teachers

Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)? a. IPV victims are more frequently men than women. b. One in ten women is a victim of IPV. c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol. d. Rape is the most common form of IPV.

c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol.

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a. The study of individual behavior b. The study of cultures c. The study of society and social interaction d. The study of economics

c. The study of society and social interaction

Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _______ than the family they grew up with. a. less close b. more close c. at least as close d. none of the above

c. at least as close

Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: a. monumental moments in people's lives b. common everyday life events c. both a and b d. none of the above

c. both a and b

In general, children in ______ households benefit from divorce. a. stepfamily b. multigenerational c. high-conflict d. low-conflict

c. high-conflict

The median age of first marriage has ______ in the last 50 years. a. increased for men but not women b. decreased for men but not women c. increased for both men and women d. decreased for both men and women

c. increased for both men and women

Public schools must guarantee that ___________. a. all students graduate from high school b. all students receive an equal education c. per-student spending is equitable d. the amount spent on each student is equal to that spent regionally

c. per-student spending is equitable

A woman being married to two men would be an example of: a. monogamy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. cohabitation

c. polyandry

Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ______ couples who did not cohabitate before marriage to be married at least 10 years. a. far more likely than b. far less likely than c. slightly less likely than d. equally as likely as

c. slightly less likely than

Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________. a. cultural innovation b. social control c. social placement d. Socialization

c. social placement

Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________. a. affirmative action b. social control c. social promotion d. socialization

c. social promotion

What term describes the separation of students based on merit? a. Cultural transmission b. Social control c. Sorting d. Hidden curriculum

c. sorting

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above

c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society

sorting

classifying students based on academic merit or potential

cultural capital

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? a. Structural functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Positivism d. Symbolic interactionism

d. Symbolic interactionism

Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of _________. a. families b. society c. the individual d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Studying Sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: a. interview techniques b. to apply statistics c. to generate theories d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to the study cited from the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with ______ grow up with more advantages than children who live with ______. a. one unwed parent; one divorced parent b. one divorced parent; two married parents c. one grandparent; two married parents d. one divorced parent; one unwed parent

d. one divorced parent; one unwed parent

A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a _____ society. a. matrilocal b. bilateral c. matrilineal d. patrilineal

d. patrilineal

Current divorce rates are: a. at an all-time high b. at an all-time low c. steadily increasing d. steadily declining

d. steadily declining

Which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

d. symbolic interactionism

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: a. behaviors b. conflicts c. human organs d. theatrical roles

d. theatrical roles

Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why? a. They are scored in a way that is subject to human error. b. They do not give children with learning disabilities a fair chance to demonstrate their true intelligence. c. They don't involve enough test items to cover multiple intelligences. d. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.

d. they reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upperclass culture

What term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability? a. Hidden curriculum b. Labeling c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Tracking

d. tracking

Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ________. a. a latent function b. a manifest function c. informal education d. transmission of moral education

d. transmission of moral education

informal education

education that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society

Introduction to Sociology 2e -Chapter 01 (Introduction to Sociology) -Chapter 14 (Marriage and Family) -Chapter 16 (Education)

https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:TrIRM88K@9/Introduction-to-Sociology

qualitative sociology

in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

micro

level theories- the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups

macro

level- a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

social institutions

patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

paradigms

philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

dysfunctions

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

family

socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society

manifest functions

sought consequences of a social process

significant others

specific individuals that impact a person's life

quantitative sociology

statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants

sociological imagination

the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular

cohabitation

the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married

monogamy

the act of being married to only one person at a time

bigamy

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

credentialism

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications

universal access

the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system

family of orientation

the family into which one is born

grade inflation

the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago

social facts

the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

formal education

the learning of academic facts and concepts

generalized others

the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

function

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

figuration

the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior

positivism

the scientific study of social patterns

social solidarity

the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

polygamy

the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time

sociology

the systematic study of society and social interaction

bilateral descent

the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines

unilateral descent

the tracing of kinship through one parent only.

hidden curriculum

the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

latent functions

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

social placement

the use of education to improve one's social standing

antipositivism

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

cultural transmission

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture

nuclear family

two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household

intimate partner violence (IPV)

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship