"Socratic Logic," Chapter III: Material Fallacies (For Exam)

Petitio Principii ("begging the question")

"Assuming what you set out to prove" in an argument, by tucking the conclusion back into the premises, oftentimes using different words so it is merely a tautology

Genetic Fallacy

'Refutes' an idea by showing some suspicious psychological origin of it.

Accent

A kind of ambiguity that happens from voice inflection, ironic or sarcastic tone, or even facial expression or innuendo create confusion and misunderstanding between terms.

Ad Hominem

An argument addressed and against "to the person" or the personality, instead of to the issue.

Fallacy of Division

Assuming that something true for the whole must also be true for some of its parts; or, conversely, that because a whole has some quality, that its parts also have that quality

Formal Fallacies

Errors in reasoning, whereby something has gone wrong in reasoning from a collection of propositions to the conclusions

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Latin for, "fter this, therefore caused by this"; assuming something caused something else, based on the (bad) observation that the "caused event" happened after the "causal event"

Non Sequitur

Latin, "it does not follow," in that the conclusion simply does not follow logically from the premises or the reasons or the evidence given.

Material Fallacies

Mistakes in understanding and the meaning or use of terms

Ad baculum

The "appeal to force" and to fear, instead of reasoned argumentation.

Ad ignorantiam

The "appeal to ignorance," citing ignorance as a premise in an argument.

Ad Misericordiam

The "appeal to pity."

Ad Ignominiam

The "appeal to shame," making people feel bad should they accept or reject an argument.

Ad Populum

The "appeal to the people," accepting or rejecting an argument because of the number of people on each side.

Ad verecundiam

The appeal to reverence and reverence to authority.

Equivocation

The same term is used in two or more different senses in the course of an argument.

Straw Man

This kind of fallacy consists in refuting an unfairly weak, stupid, or ridiculous version of your opponent's idea

Fallacy of Composition

Wrongfully assuming is true of the whole because it is true of its parts; or, conversely, wrongfully assuming that what is true of a member of a group is true for the group as a whole

Black & White Fallacy

Wrongfully assuming that an issue has only two extreme solutions or positions