Sole Chapter 12 Advanced, Critical Care Midterm ch 1-12 #2

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A patient is admitted to the coronary care unit with an inferior wall myocardial infarction and develops symptomatic bradycardia with premature ventricular contractions every third beat (trigeminy). The nurse knows to prepare to administer which drug? A. Amiodarone B. Atropine C. Lidocaine D. Magnesium

A critically ill patient has a living will in the chart. The patient's condition has deteriorated, but the spouse wants "everything done," regardless of the patient's wishes. Which ethical principle is the spouse violating? a. Autonomy b. Beneficence c. Justice d. Nonmaleficence

A patient has been prescribed nitroglycerin (NTG) in the ED for chest pain. In taking the health history, the nurse will be sure to verify whether the patient has taken medications before admission for: a. erectile dysfunction. b. prostate enlargement. c. asthma. d. peripheral vascular disease.

A patient is admitted to the cardiac care unit with an acute anterior myocardial infarction. The nurse assesses the patient to be diaphoretic and tachypneic, with bilateral crackles throughout both lung fields. Following insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter by the physician, which hemodynamic values is the nurse most likely to assess? A. High pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and low cardiac output B. Low pulmonary artery occlusive pressure and low cardiac output C. Low systemic vascular resistance and high cardiac output D. Normal cardiac output and low systemic vascular resistance

A patient is admitted to the emergency department with clinical indications of an acute myocardial infarction. Symptoms began 3 hours ago. The facility does not have the capability for percutaneous coronary intervention. Given this scenario, what is the priority intervention in the treatment and nursing management of this patient? a. Administer thrombolytic therapy unless contraindicated b. Diurese aggressively and monitor daily weight c. Keep oxygen saturation levels to at least 88% d. Maintain heart rate above 100 beats/min

A patient presents to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain that he has had for the past 2 hours. The patient is nauseated and diaphoretic, with dusky skin color. The electrocardiogram shows ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. Which therapeutic intervention would the nurse question? a. Emergent pacemaker insertion b. Emergent percutaneous coronary intervention c. Emergent thrombolytic therapy d. Immediate coronary artery bypass graft surgery

A patient's endotracheal tube is not secured tightly. The respiratory care practitioner assists the nurse in taping the tube. After the tube is retaped, the nurse auscultates the patient's lungs and notes that the breath sounds over the left lung fields are absent. The nurse suspects that: a. the endotracheal tube is in the right mainstem bronchus. b. the patient has a left pneumothorax. c. the patient has aspirated secretions during the procedure. d. the stethoscope earpiece is clogged with wax.

Approximately 5 days after starting tube feedings, a patient develops extreme diarrhea. A stool specimen is collected to check for which possible cause? a. Clostridium difficile b. Escherichia coli c. Occult blood d. Ova and parasites

Sleep often is disrupted for critically ill patients. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to promote sleep and rest? A. Consult with the pharmacist to adjust medication times to allow periods of sleep or rest between intervals. B. Encourage family members to talk with the patient whenever they are present in the room. C. Keep the television on to provide white noise and distraction. D. Leave the lights on in the room so that the patient is not frightened of his or her surroundings.

The American Nurses Credential Center Magnet Recognition Program supports many actions to ensure that nurses are engaged and empowered to participate in ethical decision making. Which of the following would assist nurses in being involved in research studies? a. Education on protection of human subjects b. Participation of staff nurses on ethics committees c. Written descriptions of how nurses participate in ethics programs d. Written policies and procedures related to response to ethical issues

The charge nurse is supervising the care of four critical care patients being monitored using invasive hemodynamic modalities. Which patient should the charge nurse evaluate first? A. A patient in cardiogenic shock with a cardiac output (CO) of 2.0 L/min B. A patient with a pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PAP) of 20 mm Hg C. A hypovolemic patient with a central venous pressure (CVP) of 6 mm Hg D. A patient with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 10 mm Hg

The nurse chooses which method and concentration of oxygen administration until intubation is established in a patient who has sustained a cardiopulmonary arrest? A. Bag-valve-mask at FiO2 of 100% B. Bag-valve-mask at FiO2 of 50% C. Mouth-to-mask ventilation with supplemental oxygen D. Non-rebreather mask at FiO2 of 100%

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with hypovolemic shock. The nurse palpates thready brachial pulses but is unable to auscultate a blood pressure. What is the best nursing action? A. Assess the blood pressure by Doppler. B. Estimate the systolic pressure as 60 mm Hg. C. Obtain an electronic blood pressure monitor. D. Record the blood pressure as "not assessable."

The nurse is caring for a patient who has positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) as an adjunct to the ventilation. When PEEP is increased, the nurse is prepared for which assessment finding? a. A decrease in cardiac output b. A decrease in inspiratory pressure c. An increase in tidal volume d. An increased work of breathing

The nurse is caring for a patient who is mechanically ventilated. As part of the nursing care, the nurse understands that: a. communication with intubated patients is often difficult. b. controlled ventilation is the preferred mode for most patients. c. patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease wean easily from mechanical ventilation. d. wrist restraints are applied to all patients to avoid self-extubation.

The nurse is caring for a patient who is on a cardiac monitor. The nurse realizes that the sinus node is the pacemaker of the heart because it is a. the fastest pacemaker cell in the heart. b. the only pacemaker cell in the heart. c. the only cell that does not affect the cardiac cycle. d. located in the left side of the heart.

The nurse is caring for an athlete with a possible cervical spine (C5) injury following a diving accident. The nurse assesses a blood pressure of 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 45 beats/min, and respirations 26 breaths/min. The patient's skin is warm and flushed. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse? A. The patient is developing neurogenic shock. B. The patient is experiencing an allergic reaction. C. The patient most likely has an elevated temperature. D. The vital signs are normal for this patient.

The nurse is providing care to a patient on fibrinolytic therapy. Which statement from the patient warrants further assessment and intervention by the critical care nurse? a. "I have an incredible headache!" b. "There is blood on my toothbrush!" c. "Look at the bruises on my arms!" d. "My arm is bleeding where my IV is!"

The nurse is reading the cardiac monitor and notes that the patient's heart rhythm is extremely irregular and that there are no discernible P waves. The ventricular rate is 90 beats per minute, and the patient is hemodynamically stable. The nurse realizes that the patient's rhythm is a. atrial fibrillation. b. atrial flutter. c. atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response. d. junctional escape rhythm.

The patient's heart rhythm shows an inverted P wave with a PR interval of 0.06 seconds. The heart rate is 54 beats per minute. The nurse recognizes the rhythm is due to the a. loss of sinus node activity. b. increased rate of the AV node. c. increased rate of the SA node. d. decreased rate of the AV node.

The patient's monitor shows bradycardia (heart rate of 40 beats/min) and frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with a measured blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg. The nurse anticipates the use of which drug? A. Atropine 0.5 to 1 mg intravenous push B. Dopamine drip—continuous infusion C. Lidocaine 1 mg/kg intravenous push D. Transcutaneous pacemaker

Upon entering the room of a patient with a right radial arterial line, the nurse assesses the waveform to be slightly dampened and notices blood to be backed up into the pressure tubing. What is the best action by the nurse? A. Check the inflation volume of the flush system pressure bag. B. Disconnect the flush system from the arterial line catheter. C. Zero reference the transducer system at the phlebostatic axis. D. Reduce the number of stopcocks in the flush system tubing.

What is the major reason for using a treatment to lower body temperature after cardiac arrest to promote better neurological recovery? A. Hypothermia decreases the metabolic rate by 7% for each decrease of 1C. B. Lower body temperatures are beneficial in patients with low blood pressure. C. Temperatures of 40C may reduce neurological impairment. D. The lower body temperature leads to decreased oxygen delivery.

When doing manual ventilations during a code, the nurse would administer ventilations following which guideline? A. Approximately 8 to 10 breaths per minute B. During the fifth chest compression C. Every 3 seconds or 20 times per minute D. While compressions are stopped

Which patient being cared for in the emergency department is most at risk for developing hypovolemic shock?

A patient with a 2-day history of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

The patient is in third-degree heart block (complete heart block) and is symptomatic. The treatment for this patient is which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Transcutaneous pacemaker b. Atropine IV c. Temporary transvenous pacemaker d. Permanent pacemaker e. Amiodarone IV

A, C, D

A patient is admitted to the critical care unit with bradycardia at a heart rate of 39 beats/min and frequent premature ventricular contractions. The nurse notes that the patient is lethargic and reports dizziness for the past 12 hours. Which of the following are acceptable initial treatments for this patient? (Select all that apply.) A. Atropine B. Epinephrine C. Lidocaine D. Transcutaneous pacemaker E. Magnesium sulfate infusion

A, D

23. The transplant clinic nurse is conducting a pretransplant education session for patients being evaluated for liver transplantation. Which statement by the nurse provides the best explanation of the numeric system used to classify the severity of a patient's liver disease? a. "A score is calculated based upon kidney function, clotting time, and bilirubin levels." b. "A score is calculated that ranges between 6 and 40, with the lower score being more serious." c. "There are currently no exceptions to the MELD score calculation for severity of disease." d. "The calculated score represents the patient's risk of death within 1 year of diagnosis."

ANS: A The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score uses the patient's serum creatinine, international normalized ratio (INR) for prothrombin time, and serum bilirubin to predict survival. Calculated MELD scores range between 6 and 40, with higher scores directly associated with the patient's risk of death in 3 months. Patients with an acute onset of liver disease and a life expectancy of hours to a few days are the only exception to the use of a calculated MELD score. The MELD score measures the severity of liver disease.

22. The nurse is providing postoperative education to a transplant patient's family. When asked about detecting rejection, which answer by the nurse is most appropriate? a. "Endomyocardial biopsies will be performed weekly for the first six weeks after surgery." b. "Increased shortness of breath most likely indicates immediate, acute rejection of the heart." c. "Biopsies of the heart are done every 6 months after the day of the transplant surgery." d. "As time passes, the more biopsies that are performed, the more reliable the results become."

ANS: A The traditional method of rejection surveillance in a heart transplant recipient is through endometrial biopsies performed weekly during the first six weeks posttransplant. Shortness of breath can be a symptom of rejection, but only in combination with other symptoms. Rejection is confirmed through biopsy. Over time, with frequent biopsies, cardiac tissue becomes scarred, making detection of rejection impossible.

It is determined that the patient needs a transcutaneous pacemaker until a transvenous pacemaker can be inserted. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention? A. Apply conductive gel to the skin. B. Provide adequate sedation and analgesia. C. Recheck leads to make sure that the rhythm is asystole. D. Set the milliamperes to 2 mA below the capture level.

Malnutrition contributes to infection risk by a. hampering normal gastrointestinal motility. b. impairing immune function. c. increasing blood glucose. d. increasing drug interactions.

1. The family of a critically ill patient has asked to discuss organ donation with the patient's nurse. When preparing to answer the family's questions, the nurse understands which concern(s) most often influence a family's decision to donate? (Select all that apply.) a. Donor disfigurement influences on funeral care b. Fear of inferior medical care provided to donor c. Age and location of all possible organ recipients d. Concern that donated organs will not be used e. Fear that the potential donor may not be deceased f. Concern over financial costs associated with donation

ANS: A, B, E, F Common fears and concerns that can influence a family's decision to donate include fear of disfigurement of the donor, fear of inferior medical care being provided to the donor in order to hasten the process, fear that the donor may not really be deceased, and concern that the family of the donor will assume the financial burden associated with the donation. The number of individuals awaiting transplant along with the current UNOS registry system ensures all procured organs will be transplanted. The age and location of recipients are not disclosed by the OPO.

16. The transplant clinic nurse is conducting patient education on the importance of follow-up health screening activities important in detecting complications associated with long-term immunosuppressant therapy. Which statement is most important for the nurse to include in the discussion? a. "Application of sunscreen may cause a reaction." b. "Avoid sun exposure during peak hours of the day." c. "Melanoma is the most common type of cancer." d. "Skin examinations should occur every 5 years."

ANS: B The nurse should instruct the patient to avoid sun exposure during peak hours of the day. Application of sunscreen is a priority to reduce the risk of sunburn and subsequent skin cancer. The most common type of skin cancer is squamous cell cancer. Skin examinations should be conducted annually.

12. The nurse is caring for a postoperative renal transplant recipient in the critical care unit. After seeing minimal urine output in the catheter for most of the day, the patient expresses concern to the nurse. What is the best response by the nurse? a. "Your kidney has unfortunately failed and will be removed." b. "It can take a few days for your kidney to start working" c. "You are experiencing an acute rejection episode." d. "You will have to undergo daily hemodialysis treatments."

ANS: B There are many factors that can delay normal functioning of a transplanted renal graft (e.g., prolonged cold times, altered perfusion states during surgery). It can take a few days for the transplant to function optimally. Low urine output alone is not the sole indicator of kidney failure or an acute rejection episode. Hemodialysis treatments are not routine in the presence of low urine output following a renal transplant.

17. The nurse obtains initial vital signs on a patient 2 weeks posttransplant who presents for follow-up monitoring to the outpatient transplant clinic. Which assessment finding by the nurse requires immediate action? a. Blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg b. Serum creatinine of 1.5 mg/dL c. Hemoglobin of 9.2 gm/dL d. Tenderness over graft site

ANS: D Tenderness over the graft site may be indicative of acute rejection in a renal transplant recipient 2 weeks posttransplant. Blood pressure, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin values are all within acceptable ranges and do not require immediate action.

24. Which statement best represents appropriate donor-to-recipient criteria for liver transplantation? a. Blood type and HLA tissue type b. HLA tissue type and body type c. Body type and body size d. Blood type and donor history

ANS: C Blood type and body size are the two criteria necessary for matching a donor liver to a recipient. HLA tissue typing is not used because it has not been known to affect outcomes. Donors are carefully screen for infectious diseases and carcinomas during the process, but blood type and body type are the essential matching criteria.

29. The nurse is preparing to administer a renal transplant recipient's first dose of mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept). Prior to administering the medication, the nurse appropriately reviews drug formulary information. What is the best understanding of this medication by the nurse? a. It is a calcineurin inhibitor used for induction therapy. b. It is an antimetabolite used for maintenance therapy. c. It is a polyclonal antibody used for maintenance therapy. d. It is an mTOR inhibitor used for maintenance therapy.

ANS: C Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) is an antimetabolite that inhibits T lymphocytes. CellCept is used for maintenance immunosuppression therapy.

One of the functions of the atrioventricular (AV) node is to a. pace the heart if the ventricles fail. b. slow the impulse arriving from the SA node. c. send the impulse to the SA node. d. allow for ventricular filling during systole.

31. Which clinical scenario best represents hyperacute rejection? a. A cardiac transplant patient with a 3-month history of shortness of breath b. A lung transplant patient with small pustules that follow a dermatome c. A liver transplant patient with several small lumps under the skin d. An implanted renal transplant that, upon reperfusion, becomes cyanotic

ANS: D A hyperacute rejection occurs within hours or days of the transplanted organ. An implanted renal transplant that becomes cyanotic upon reperfusion represents a hyperacute rejection. A cardiac transplant patient with a 3-month history of shortness of breath represents an acute rejection. Small pustules that follow a dermatome most likely represent herpes zoster. Several small lumps under the skin may indicate squamous cell carcinoma.

After receiving a handoff report from the night shift, the nurse completes the morning assessment of a patient with severe sepsis. Vital sign assessment notes blood pressure 95/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respirations 32 breaths/min, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 96% on 45% oxygen via Venturi mask, temperature 101.5 F, central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) 2 mm Hg, and urine output of 10 mL for the past hour. The nurse initiates which active physician order first?

Administer infusion of 500 mL 0.9% normal saline every 4 hours as needed if the CVP is < 5 mm Hg.

Application of slow rewarming measures

Assess core body temperature.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with hypovolemic shock. The nurse palpates thready brachial pulses but is unable to auscultate a blood pressure. What is the best nursing action?

Assess the blood pressure by Doppler.

A PaCO2 of 48 mm Hg is associated with: a. hyperventilation. b. hypoventilation. c. increased absorption of O2. d. increased excretion of HCO3.

A patient is brought to the critical care unit after a motor vehicle crash. On admission, the patient reports dyspnea and chest pain. Upon examination, the nurse notes a lack of breath sounds on the left side and a tracheal shift. The patient suddenly experiences cardiac arrest. What assessment by the nurse takes priority? A. Heart tones B. Lung sounds C. Peripheral pulses D. Neurological status

A patient is having complications from abdominal surgery and remains NPO. Because enteral tube feedings are not possible, the decision is to initiate parenteral feedings. What are the major complications for this therapy? a. Aspiration pneumonia and sepsis b. Sepsis and fluid and electrolyte imbalances c. Fluid overload and pulmonary edema d. Hypoglycemia and renal insufficiency

Ten minutes following administration of an antibiotic, the nurse assesses a patient to have edematous lips, hoarseness, and expiratory stridor. Vital signs assessed by the nurse include blood pressure 70/40 mm Hg, heart rate 130 beats/min, and respirations 36 breaths/min. What is the priority intervention? A. Diphenhydramine 50 mg intravenously B. Epinephrine 3 to 5 mL of a 1:10,000 solution intravenously C. Methylprednisolone 125 mg intravenously D. Ranitidine 50 mg intravenously

The VALUE mnemonic is a helpful strategy to enhance communication with family members of critically ill patients. Which of the following statements describes a VALUE strategy? A. View the family as guests on the unit. B. Acknowledge family emotions. C. Learn as much as you can about family structure and function. D. Use a trained interpreter if the family does not speak English.

The best nursing approach to prevent feeding tube obstruction is to a. dilute the feeding to make it flow more easily. b. flush the tube every 4 hours with 20 to 30 mL of tap water. c. pass a stylet daily to keep the tubing clear. d. use a larger bore tube where possible.

The family members of a critically ill patient bring a copy of the patient's living will to the hospital, which identifies the patient's wishes regarding health care. You discuss contents of the living will with the patient's physician. This is an example of implementation of which of the AACN Standards of Professional Performance? a. Acquires and maintains current knowledge of practice b. Acts ethically on the behalf of the patient and family c. Considers factors related to safe patient care d. Uses clinical inquiry and integrates research findings in practice

The monitor technician notifies the nurse "stat" that the patient has a rapid, chaotic rhythm that looks like ventricular tachycardia. What is the nurse's first action? A. Call a code overhead. B. Check the patient immediately. C. Go to the nurses' station and look at the rhythm strip. D. Take the crash cart to the room.

The normal rate for the SA node when the patient is at rest is a. 40 to 60 beats per minute. b. 60 to 100 beats per minute. c. 20 to 40 beats per minute. d. more than100 beats per minute.

The nurse has just completed an infusion of a 1000 mL bolus of 0.9% normal saline in a patient with severe sepsis. One hour later, which laboratory result requires immediate nursing action? A. Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL B. Lactate 6 mmol/L C. Potassium 3.8 mEq/L D. Sodium 140 mEq/L

The nurse is assigned to care for a patient who is a non-native English speaker. What is the best way to communicate with the patient and family to provide updates and explain procedures? A. Conduct a Google search on the computer to identify resources for the patient and family in their native language. Print these for their use. B. Contact the hospital's interpreter service for someone to translate. C. Get in touch with one of the residents who you know is fluent in the native language and ask him if he can come up to the unit. D. Use the patient's 8-year-old child who is fluent in both English and the native language to translate for you.

The nurse is calculating the rate for a regular rhythm. There are 20 small boxes between each P wave and 20 small boxes between each R wave. What is the ventricular rate? a. 50 beats/min b. 75 beats/min c. 85 beats/min d. 100 beats/min

The nurse is caring for a 70-kg patient in hypovolemic shock. Upon initial assessment, the nurse notes a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 125 beats/min, respirations 32 breaths/min, central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) of 3 mm Hg, and urine output of 5 mL during the past hour. Following physician rounds, the nurse reviews the orders and questions which order? A. Administer acetaminophen 650-mg suppository prn every 6 hours for pain. B. Titrate dopamine intravenously for blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg systolic. C. Complete neurological assessment every 4 hours for the next 24 hours. D. Administer furosemide 20 mg IV every 4 hours for a CVP greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg.

The nurse is caring for a critically ill patient on mechanical ventilation. The physician identifies the need for a bronchoscopy, which requires informed consent. For the physician to obtain consent from the patient, the patient must be able to a. be weaned from mechanical ventilation. b. have knowledge and competence to make the decision. c. nod his head that it is okay to proceed. d. read and write in English.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has had an arterial line inserted. To reduce the risk of complications, what is the priority nursing intervention? A. Apply a pressure dressing to the insertion site. B. Ensure that all tubing connections are tightened. C. Obtain a portable x-ray to confirm placement. D. Restrain the affected extremity for 24 hours.

The nurse is caring for a patient who is declared brain dead and is an organ donor. The following events occur: 1300 Diagnostic tests for brain death are completed. 1330 Intensivist reviews diagnostic test results and writes in the progress note that the patient is brain dead. 1400 Patient is taken to the operating room for organ retrieval. 1800 All organs have been retrieved for donation. The ventilator is discontinued. 1810 Cardiac monitor shows flatline. What is the official time of death recorded in the medical record? a. 1300 b. 1330 c. 1400 d. 1800 e. 1810

The nurse is caring for a patient with a left subclavian central venous catheter (CVC) and a left radial arterial line. Which assessment finding by the nurse requires immediate action? A. A dampened arterial line waveform B. Numbness and tingling in the left hand C. Slight bloody drainage at subclavian insertion site D. Slight redness at subclavian insertion site

The patient is admitted with a fever and rapid heart rate. The patient's temperature is 103° F (39.4° C). The nurse places the patient on a cardiac monitor and finds the patient's atrial and ventricular rates are above 105 beats per minute. P waves are clearly seen and appear normal in configuration. QRS complexes are normal in appearance and 0.08 seconds wide. The rhythm is regular, and blood pressure is normal. The nurse should focus on providing: a. medications to lower heart rate. b. treatment to lower temperature. c. treatment to lower cardiac output. d. treatment to reduce heart rate.

The patient is admitted with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Three days later the nurse is concerned that the patient may have a papillary muscle rupture. Which assessment data may indicate a papillary muscle rupture? a. Gallop rhythm b. New murmur c. S1 heart sound d. S3 heart sound

The patient's spouse is feeling overwhelmed about cooking different dinners for the patient and the rest of the family to satisfy a cholesterol-reducing diet. Which response by the nurse is best? a. "It will be worth it to have a healthy spouse, won't it?" b. "The low-cholesterol diet is one from which everyone can benefit." c. "As long as you change at least a few things in the diet, it will be okay." d. "You can go on the diet with him, and then let the children eat whatever they want."

The provider writes an order to discontinue a patient's left radial arterial line. When discontinuing the patient's invasive line, what is the priority nursing action? A. Apply an air occlusion dressing to insertion site. B. Apply pressure to the insertion site for 5 minutes. C. Elevate the affected limb on pillows for 24 hours. D. Keep the patient's wrist in a neutral position.

The rhythm on the cardiac monitor is showing numerous pacemaker spikes, but no P waves or QRS complexes following the spikes. The nurse recognizes this as: a. normal pacemaker function. b. failure to capture. c. failure to pace. d. failure to sense.

Which comment by the patient indicates a good understanding of a diagnosis of coronary heart disease? a. "I had a heart attack because I work too hard, and it puts too much strain on my heart." b. "The pain in my chest gets worse each time it happens. I think that there is more damage to my heart vessels as time goes on." c. "If I change my diet and exercise more, I should get over this and be healthy." d. "What kind of pills can you give me to get me over this and back to my lifestyle?"

The nurse is caring for a young adult patient admitted with shock. The nurse understands which assessment findings best assess tissue perfusion in a patient in shock? (Select all that apply.)

Blood pressure Level of consciousness Urine output

A patient is admitted with the diagnosis of unstable angina. The nurse knows that the physiological mechanism present is most likely which of the following? a. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery b. Fatty streak within the intima of a coronary artery c. Partial occlusion of a coronary artery with a thrombus d. Vasospasm of a coronary artery

A patient is being fed through a nasogastric tube placed in his stomach. The nurse would carry out which intervention to minimize aspiration risk? a. Add blue dye to the formula. b. Assess the residual every hour. c. Elevate the head of the bed 30 degrees. d. Provide feedings via continuous infusion.

Open visitation policies are expected by many professional organizations. Which statement reflects adherence to current recommendations? A. Allow animals on the unit; however, these can only be "therapy" animals through the hospital's pet therapy program. B. Allow family visitation throughout the day except at change of shift and during rounds. C. Determine, in collaboration with the patient and family, who can visit and when. Facilitate open visitation policies. D. Permit open visitation by adults 18 years of age and older; limit visits of children to 1 hour.

Patients experiencing severe physiological stress increase their nutritional requirements to: a. 20 kcal/kg/day. b. 30 kcal/kg/day. c. 35 kcal/kg/day. d. 50 kcal/kg/day.

The charge nurse is supervising care for a group of patients monitored with a variety of invasive hemodynamic devices. Which patient should the charge nurse evaluate first? A. A patient with a central venous pressure (RAP/CVP) of 6 mm Hg and 40 mL of urine output in the past hour B. A patient with a left radial arterial line with a BP of 110/60 mm Hg and slightly dampened arterial waveform C. A patient with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 25 mm Hg and an oxygen saturation of 89% on 3 L of oxygen via nasal cannula D. A patient with a pulmonary artery pressure of 25/10 mm Hg and an oxygen saturation of 94% on 2 L of oxygen via nasal cannula

The code team has just defibrillated a patient in ventricular fibrillation. Following CPR for 2 minutes, what is the next action to take? A. Administer amiodarone. B. Administer lidocaine. C. Assess rhythm and pulse. D. Prepare for transcutaneous pacing.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the critical care unit 48 hours ago with a diagnosis of severe sepsis. As part of this patient's care plan, what intervention is most important for the nurse to discuss with the multidisciplinary care team? A. Frequent turning B. Monitoring intake and output C. Enteral feedings D. Pain management

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with a traumatic brain injury following a motor vehicle crash. Several weeks later, the patient is still ventilator dependent and unresponsive to stimulation but occasionally takes a spontaneous breath. The physician explains to the family that the patient has severe neurological impairment and is not expected to recover consciousness. The nurse recognizes that this patient is a. an organ donor. b. brain dead. c. in a persistent vegetative state. d. terminally ill.

The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock who is being treated with an infusion of dobutamine. The physician's order calls for the nurse to titrate the infusion to achieve a cardiac index of greater than or equal to 2.5 L/min/m2. The nurse measures a cardiac output, and the calculated cardiac index for the patient is 4.6 L/min/m2. What is the best action by the nurse? A. Obtain a stat serum potassium level. B. Order a stat 12-lead electrocardiogram. C. Reduce the rate of dobutamine. D. Assess the patient's hourly urine output.

The nurse is caring for a patient in spinal shock. Vital signs include blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, heart rate 70 beats/min, respirations 24 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 95% on room air, and an oral temperature of 94.8° F. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care? A. Administration of atropine sulfate (Atropine) B. Application of 100% oxygen via face mask C. Application of slow rewarming measures D. Infusion of IV phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)

The nurse is caring for a patient in the ICU. Lab results show a PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg. How should the nurse interpret this? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

The nurse is caring for a patient who is not responding to medical treatment. The intensivist holds a conference with the family, and a decision is made to withdraw life support. The nurse's religious beliefs are not in agreement with the withdrawal of life support. However, the nurse assists with the process to avoid confronting the charge nurse. Afterward the nurse feels guilty for "killing the patient." This scenario is likely to cause a. abandonment. b. family stress. c. moral distress. d. negligence.

The nurse is starting to administer a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) to a patient admitted in hypovolemic shock secondary to hemorrhage. Vital signs include blood pressure 60/40 mm Hg, heart rate 150 beats/min, respirations 42 breaths/min, and temperature 100.6° F. What is the best action by the nurse? A. Administer blood transfusion over at least 4 hours. B. Notify the physician of the elevated temperature. C. Titrate rate of blood administration to patient response. D. Notify the physician of the patient's heart rate.

The nurse knows that which of the following statements about organ donation is true? a. Anyone who is comfortable approaching the family should discuss the option of organ donation. b. Brain death determination is required before organs can be retrieved for transplant. c. Donation of selected organs after cardiac death is ethically acceptable. d. Family members should consider the withdrawal of life support so that the patient can become an organ donor.

The nurse notes that the patient's arterial blood gas levels indicate hypoxemia. The patient is not intubated and has a respiratory rate of 22 breaths/min. The nurse's first intervention to relieve hypoxemia is to: a. call the physician for an emergency intubation procedure. b. obtain an order for bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP). c. notify the provider of values and obtain order for oxygen. d. suction secretions from the oropharynx.

The nurse notices that the patient has a first-degree AV block. Everything else about the rhythm is normal. The nurse should a. prepare to place the patient on a transcutaneous pacemaker. b. give the patient atropine to shorten the PR interval. c. monitor the rhythm and patient's condition. d. give the patient an antiarrhythmic medication.

The provider prescribes a pharmacological stress test for a patient with activity intolerance. The nurse would anticipate that the drug of choice would be a. dopamine. b. dobutamine. c. adenosine. d. atropine.

The provider prescribes a pulmonary artery occlusive pressure reading (PAOP) for a patient being monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. Immediately after obtaining an occlusive pressure, the nurse notes the change in waveform indicated on the strip below. What are the best actions by the nurse? A. Turn the patient to the left side; obtain a stat portable chest x-ray. B. Place the patient supine; repeat zero referencing of the system. C. Document the wedge pressure; continue to monitor the patient. D. Perform an immediate dynamic response test; obtain a chest x-ray.

The synergy model of practice focuses on a. allowing unrestricted visiting for the patient 24 hours a day. b. holistic and alternative therapies. c. the needs of patients and their families, which drive nursing competency. d. patients' needs for energy and support.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can be classified as which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Angina b. Nonischemic c. Non-Q wave d. Q wave e. Frequent PVCs

C, D

9. The constant noise of a ventilator, monitor alarms, and infusion pumps predisposes the patient to: A. Anxiety. B. Pain. C. Powerlessness. D. Sensory overload.

A patient presents to the emergency department demonstrating agitation and complaining of numbness and tingling in his fingers. His arterial blood gas levels reveal the following: pH 7.51, PaCO2 25, HCO3 25. The nurse interprets these blood gas values as: a. compensated metabolic alkalosis. b. normal values. c. uncompensated respiratory acidosis. d. uncompensated respiratory alkalosis.

A specific request made by a competent person that directs medical care related to life-prolonging procedures in the event that person loses capacity to make decisions is called a a. "do not resuscitate" order. b. health care proxy. c. informed consent. d. living will.

The charge nurse has a pulse contour cardiac output monitoring system available for use in the surgical intensive care unit. For which patient is use of this device most appropriate? A. A patient with a history of aortic insufficiency admitted with a postoperative myocardial infarction B. A mechanically ventilated patient with cardiogenic shock being treated with an intraaortic balloon pump C.A patient with a history of atrial fibrillation having frequent episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia D. A mechanically ventilated patient admitted following repair of an acute bowel obstruction

The charge nurse is responsible for making the patient assignments on the critical care unit. An experienced, certified nurse is assigned to care for the acutely ill patient with sepsis who also requires continuous renal replacement therapy and mechanical ventilation. The nurse with less than 1 year of experience is assigned to two patients who are more stable. This assignment reflects implementation of the a. crew resource management model. b. National Patient Safety Goals. c. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) model. d. synergy model of practice.

The main purpose of certification is to a. assure the consumer that you will not make a mistake. b. prepare for graduate school. c. promote magnet status for your facility. d. validate knowledge of critical care nursing.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with the early stages of septic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to be tachypneic, with a respiratory rate of 32 breaths/min. Arterial blood gas values assessed on admission are pH 7.50, CO2 28 mm Hg, HCO3 26. Which diagnostic study result reviewed by the nurse indicates progression of the shock state? A. pH 7.40, CO2 40, HCO3 24 B. pH 7.45, CO2 45, HCO3 26 C. pH 7.35, CO2 40, HCO3 22 D. pH 7.30, CO2 45, HCO3 18

The nurse is caring for a patient in the early stages of septic shock. The patient is slightly confused and flushed, with bounding peripheral pulses. Which hemodynamic values is the nurse most likely to assess? A. High pulmonary artery occlusive pressure and high cardiac output B. High systemic vascular resistance and low cardiac output C. Low pulmonary artery occlusive pressure and low cardiac output D. Low systemic vascular resistance and high cardiac output

The nurse is caring for a patient whose ventilator settings include 15 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The nurse understands that although beneficial, PEEP may result in: a. fluid overload secondary to decreased venous return. b. high cardiac index secondary to more efficient ventricular function. c. hypoxemia secondary to prolonged positive pressure at expiration. d. low cardiac output secondary to increased intrathoracic pressure

The nurse is caring for a patient with a left radial arterial line and a pulmonary artery catheter inserted into the right subclavian vein. Which action by the nurse best ensures the safety of the patient being monitored with invasive hemodynamic monitoring lines? A. Document all waveform values. B. Limit the pressure tubing length. C. Zero reference the system daily. D. Ensure alarm limits are turned on.

The nurse is caring for a patient with an admitting diagnosis of congestive heart failure. While attempting to obtain a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in the supine position, the patient becomes anxious and tachypneic. What is the best action by the nurse? A. Limit the patient's supine position to no more than 10 seconds. B. Administer antianxiety medications while recording the pressure. C. Encourage the patient to take slow, deep breaths while supine. D. Elevate the head of the bed 45 degrees while recording pressures.

The nurse prepares to suction the endotracheal tube of an intubated patient. Which action is important for the nurse to take? a. Set the suction vacuum as high as possible. b. Instill normal saline before the procedure. c. Avoid hyperoxygenation during the procedure. d. Keep suction time to less than 10 to 15 seconds.

The patient is admitted with a condition that requires cardiac rhythm monitoring. To apply the monitoring electrodes, the nurse must first a. apply a moist gel to the chest. b. make certain that the electrode gel is dry. c. avoid soaps to avoid skin irritation. d. clip chest hair if needed.

The patient is to start parenteral nutrition. The nurse knows to prepare which site for catheter insertion? a. Basilic vein b. Femoral vein c. Radial artery d. Subclavian vein

The patient's heart rate is 165 beats per minute. The cardiac monitor shows a rapid rate with narrow QRS complexes. The P waves cannot be seen, but the rhythm is regular. The patient's blood pressure has dropped from 124/62 mm Hg to 78/30 mm Hg. The patient's skin is cold and diaphoretic, and the patient is complaining of nausea. The nurse prepares the patient for a. administration of beta blockers. b. administration of atropine. c. transcutaneous pacemaker insertion. d. emergent cardioversion.

During the initial stages of shock, what are the physiological effects of decreased cardiac output?

Increased sympathetic stimulation

The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock who is being treated with an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP). The family inquires about the primary reason for the device. What is the best statement by the nurse to explain the IABP?

The action of the machine will improve blood supply to the damaged heart.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with cardiogenic shock. Hemodynamic readings obtained with a pulmonary artery catheter include a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 18 mm Hg and a cardiac index (CI) of 1.0 L/min/m2. What is the priority pharmacological intervention?

Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

Fifteen minutes after beginning a transfusion of O negative blood to a patient in shock, the nurse assesses a drop in the patients blood pressure to 60/40 mm Hg, heart rate 135 beats/min, respirations 40 breaths/min, and a temperature of 102 F. The nurse notes the new onset of hematuria in the patients Foley catheter. What are the priority nursing actions? (Select all that apply.)

Document the patients response. Notify the blood bank. Notify the physician. Stop the transfusion.

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient following insertion of a left subclavian central venous catheter (CVC). What action by the nurse best protects against the development of a central lineassociated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)?

Documentation of insertion date

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the critical care unit 48 hours ago with a diagnosis of severe sepsis. As part of this patients care plan, what intervention is most important for the nurse to discuss with the multidisciplinary care team?

Enteral feedings

Epinephrine 3 to 5 mL of a 1:10,000 solution intravenously

The nurse is caring for a patient with severe sepsis who was resuscitated with 3000 mL of lactated Ringer solution over the past 4 hours. Morning laboratory results show a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL and hematocrit of 28%. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse?

Hemoglobin and hematocrit results indicate hemodilution.

The emergency department nurse admits a patient following a motor vehicle collision. Vital signs include blood pressure 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 140 beats/min, respiratory rate 36 breaths/min, temperature 101 F and oxygen saturation (SpO2) 95% on 3 L of oxygen per nasal cannula. Laboratory results include hemoglobin 6.0 g/dL, hematocrit 20%, and potassium 4.0 mEq/L. Based on this assessment, what is most important for the nurse to include in the patients plan of care?

Insertion of an 18-gauge peripheral intravenous line

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with severe sepsis. Vital signs assessed by the nurse include blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg, heart rate 120 beats/min, respirations 28 breaths/min, oral temperature of 102 F, and a right atrial pressure (RAP) of 1 mm Hg. Assuming physician orders, which intervention should the nurse carry out first?

Isotonic fluid challenge

The nurse has just completed an infusion of a 1000 mL bolus of 0.9% normal saline in a patient with severe sepsis. One hour later, which laboratory result requires immediate nursing action?

Lactate 6 mmol/L

A patient is admitted after collapsing at the end of a summer marathon. She is lethargic, with a heart rate of 110 beats/min, respiratory rate of 30 breaths/min, and a blood pressure of 78/46 mm Hg. The nurse anticipates administering which therapeutic intervention?

Lactated Ringers bolus

Low systemic vascular resistance and high cardiac output

Nitroglycerin infusion titrated at a rate of 5-10 mcg/min as needed for chest pain

The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock who is being treated with an infusion of dobutamine (Dobutrex). The physicians order calls for the nurse to titrate the infusion to achieve a cardiac index of >2.5 L/min/m2. The nurse measures a cardiac output, and the calculated cardiac index for the patient is 4.6 L/min/m2. What is the best action by the nurse?

Reduce the rate of dobutamine (Dobutrex).

The nurse has been administering 0.9% normal saline intravenous fluids as part of early goal-directed therapy protocols in a patient with severe sepsis. To evaluate the effectiveness of fluid therapy, which physiological parameters would be most important for the nurse to assess?

Right atrial pressure and urine output

The patient is at risk for developing hypovolemic shock.

The nurse is caring for an 18-year-old athlete with a possible cervical spine (C5) injury following a diving accident. The nurse assesses a blood pressure of 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 45 beats/min, and respirations 26 breaths/min. The patients skin is warm and flushed. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse?

The patient is developing neurogenic shock.

Titrate dopamine (Intropin) intravenously for blood pressure < 90 mm Hg systolic.

Titrate rate of blood administration to patient response.

Urine output of 0.5 mL/kg/hr

A patient is admitted to the hospital with multiple trauma and extensive blood loss. The nurse assesses vital signs to be BP 80/50 mm Hg, heart rate 135 beats/min, respirations 36 breaths/min, cardiac output (CO) of 2 L/min, systemic vascular resistance of 3000 dynes/sec/cm-5, and a hematocrit of 20%. The nurse anticipates administration of which the following therapies or medications? A. Blood transfusion B. Furosemide C. Dobutamine infusion D. Dopamine hydrochloride infusion

A patient presents to the ED complaining of severe substernal chest pressure radiating to the left shoulder and back that started about 12 hours ago. The patient delayed coming to the ED, hoping the pain would go away. The patient's 12-lead ECG shows ST-segment depression in the inferior leads. Troponin and CK-MB are both elevated. What does the nurse understand about thrombolysis in this patient? a. The patient is not a candidate for thrombolysis. b. The patient's history makes him a good candidate for thrombolysis. c. Thrombolysis is appropriate for a candidate having a non-Q wave MI. d. Thrombolysis should be started immediately.

A patient's ventilator settings are adjusted to treat hypoxemia. The fraction of inspired oxygen is increased from .60 to .70, and the positive end-expiratory pressure is increased from 10 to 15 cm H2O. Shortly after these adjustments, the nurse notes that the patient's blood pressure drops from 120/76 mm Hg to 90/60 mm Hg. What is the most likely cause of this decrease in blood pressure? a. Decrease in cardiac output b. Hypovolemia c. Increase in venous return d. Oxygen toxicity

After receiving a handoff report from the night shift, the nurse completes the morning assessment of a patient with severe sepsis. Vital signs are: blood pressure 95/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respirations 32 breaths/min, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 96% on 45% oxygen via Venturi mask, temperature 101.5° F, central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) 2 mm Hg, and urine output of 10 mL for the past hour. The nurse initiates which provider prescription first? A. Administer infusion of 500 mL 0.9% normal saline every 4 hours as needed if the CVP is less than 5 mm Hg. B. Increase supplemental oxygen therapy to maintain SpO2 greater than 94%. C. Administer 40 mg furosemide (Lasix) intravenous as needed if the urine output is less than 30 mL/hr. D. Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) 650-mg suppository per rectum as needed to treat temperature greater than 101° F.

If the low-exhaled volume alarm is sounding on a mechanical ventilator, the nurse should: a. assess to see that the ventilator is attached to the endotracheal tube. b. contact the respiratory therapist to set the tidal volume at a higher level. c. extubate the patient and ventilate with a bag-valve device. d. see whether the patient is biting the endotracheal tube.

In addition to residual stomach volume, what other evidence suggests feeding intolerance? a. Abdominal distension b. Absence of tympany on percussion c. Active bowel sounds d. Elevated blood glucose by fingerstick

The emergency department nurse admits a patient following a motor vehicle collision. Vital signs include blood pressure 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 140 beats/min, respiratory rate 36 breaths/min, temperature 101° F and oxygen saturation (SpO2) 95% on 3 L of oxygen per nasal cannula. Laboratory results include hemoglobin 6.0 g/dL, hematocrit 20%, and potassium 4.0 mEq/L. Based on this assessment, what is most important for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care? A. Insertion of an 18-gauge peripheral intravenous line B. Application of cushioned heel protectors C. Implementation of fall precautions D. Implementation of universal precautions

The nurse is caring for a 100-kg patient being monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. The nurse assesses a blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respirations 36/min, oxygen saturation of 89% on 3 L of oxygen via nasal cannula. Bilateral crackles are audible upon auscultation. Which hemodynamic value requires immediate action by the nurse? A. Cardiac index (CI) of 1.2 L/min/m3 B. Cardiac output (CO) of 4 L/min C. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 80 dynes/sec/cm-5 D. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) of 1400 dynes/sec/cm-5

The nurse is caring for a 70-kg patient in septic shock with a pulmonary artery catheter. Which hemodynamic value indicates an appropriate response to therapy aimed at enhancing oxygen delivery to the organs and tissues? A. Arterial lactate level of 1.0 mEq/L B. Cardiac output of 2.5 L/min C. Mixed venous (SvO2) of 40% D. Cardiac index of 1.5 L/min/m2

The patient has a permanent pacemaker inserted. The provider has set the pacemaker to the demand mode at a rate of 60 beats per minute. The nurse realizes that a. the pacemaker will pace only if the patient's intrinsic heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute. b. the demand mode often competes with the patient's own rhythm. c. the demand mode places the patient at risk for the R-on-T phenomenon. d. the fixed-rate mode is safer and is the mode of choice.

The patient has an irregular heart rhythm. To determine an accurate heart rate, the nurse would first a. identify the markers on the ECG paper that indicate a 6-second strip. b. count the number of small boxes between two consecutive P waves. c. count the number of small boxes between two consecutive QRS complexes. d. divides the number of complexes in a 6-second strip by 10.

The patient has pulseless electrical activity (PEA). What action by the nurse takes priority? A. Begin high-quality CPR. B. Assist with chest tube placement. C. Prepare equipment for a pericardiocentesis. D. Attach the patient to a transcutaneous pacemaker.

The patient is admitted with a suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In assessing the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, which findings would indicate to the nurse that the patient is in the process of an evolving Q wave myocardial infarction (MI)? a. ST-segment elevation on ECG and elevated CPK-MB or troponin levels b. Depressed ST-segment on ECG and elevated total CPK c. Depressed ST-segment on ECG and normal cardiac enzymes d. Q wave on ECG with normal enzymes and troponin levels

The patient is having premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). The nurse's greatest concern should be: a. the proximity of the R wave of the PVC to the T wave of a normal beat. b. the fact that PVCs are occurring, because they are so rare. c. whether the number of PVCs is decreasing. d. whether the PVCs are wider than 0.12 seconds.

While monitoring a patient for signs of shock, the nurse understands which system assessment to be of priority? A. Central nervous system B. Gastrointestinal system C. Renal system D. Respiratory system

The normal width of the QRS complex is which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. 0.06 to 0.10 seconds. b. 0.12 to 0.20 seconds. c. 1.5 to 2.5 small boxes. d. 3.0 to 5.0 small boxes. e. 0.04 seconds or greater.

A, C

A patient with a 10-year history of heart failure presents to the emergency department reporting severe shortness of breath. Assessment reveals crackles throughout the lung fields and labored breathing. The patient takes beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics as directed. What treatment strategies does the nurse plan to implement for immediate short-term management? (Select all that apply.) a. Dobutamine b. Intraaortic balloon pump c. Nesiritide d. Ventricular assist device e. Biventricular pacemaker

A, B, C

Postresuscitation goals include which of the following? (Select all that apply) A. Control dysrhythmias B. Maintain airway C. Maintain blood pressure D. Wean off oxygen E. Early ambulation

A, B, C

The patient tells the nurse, "I didn't think I was having a heart attack because the pain was in my neck and back." The nurse explains: (Select all that apply.) a. "Pain can occur anywhere in the chest, neck, arms, or back. Don't hesitate to call the emergency medical services if you think it's a heart attack." b. "For many people chest pain from a heart attack occurs in the center of the chest, behind the breastbone." c. "The sooner the patient can get medical help, the less damage is likely to occur in case of a heart attack." d. "You need to make sure it's a heart attack before you call the emergency response personnel." e. "Often symptoms can be treated with nitroglycerin, so be sure to take several before calling 911."

A, B, C

Which of the following statements is true about insulin and parenteral nutrition? (Select all that apply.) a. The amount of parenteral insulin is adjusted based on the previous 24-hour laboratory values. b. Insulin may be added to a parenteral nutrition solution. c. Subcutaneous insulin is used on a sliding scale during parenteral nutrition. d. Supplemental insulin is rarely required for patients receiving parenteral nutrition. e. Lingering hyperglycemia after parenteral nutrition has stopped requires continuing insulin.

A, B, C

A patient is admitted with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The nurse monitors for which potential complications? (Select all that apply.) a. Cardiac dysrhythmias b. Heart failure c. Pericarditis d. Ventricular rupture e. Chest pain

A, B, C, D

Sinus bradycardia is a symptom of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Calcium channel blocker medication b. Beta blocker medication c. Athletic conditioning d. Hypothermia e. Hyperthyroidism

A, B, C, D

Benefits of having the family present during resuscitation include which of the following? (Select all that apply) A. Facilitates the grief process B. Lets the family see that everything is being done C. Sustains patient-family relationships D. Allows the staff easy access to ask for organ transplant E. Provides a sense of closure

A, B, C, E

Which nursing actions are most important for a patient with a right radial arterial line? (Select all that apply.) A. Checking the circulation to the right hand every 2 hours B. Maintaining a pressurized flush solution to the arterial line setup C. Monitoring the waveform on the monitor for dampening D. Restraining all four extremities with soft limb restraints E. Ensuring all junctions remain tightly connected

A, B, C, E

Identify the priority interventions for managing symptoms of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the ED. (Select all that apply.) a. Administration of morphine b. Administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) c. Dopamine infusion d. Oxygen therapy e. Transfusion of packed red blood cells

A, B, D

The nurse is caring for a patient with severe neurological impairment following a massive stroke. The physician has ordered tests to determine brain death. The nurse understands that criteria for brain death include (Select all that apply.) a. absence of cerebral blood flow. b. absence of brainstem reflexes on neurological examination. c. Cheyne-Stokes respirations. d. flat electroencephalogram. e. responding only to painful stimuli.

A, B, D

When performing an initial pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), what are the best nursing actions? (Select all that apply.) A. Inflate the balloon for no more than 8 to 10 seconds while noting the waveform change. B. Inflate the balloon with air, recording the volume necessary to obtain a reading. C. Maintain the balloon in the inflated position for 8 hours following insertion. D. Zero reference and level the air-fluid interface of the transducer at the level of the phlebostatic axis. E. Inflate and deflate the balloon on an hourly schedule

A, B, D

Which of the following are common causes of sinus tachycardia? (Select all that apply.) a. Hyperthyroidism b. Hypovolemia c. Hypothyroidism d. Heart Failure e. Sleep

A, B, D

Which statements about total parenteral nutrition are correct? (Select all that apply.) a. assessing fluid volume status and preventing infection are important nursing considerations. b. fingerstick glucose levels are assessed every 6 hours and prn. c. total parenteral nutrition is administered through a feeding tube and pump. d. total parenteral nutrition with added lipids provides adequate levels of protein, carbohydrates, and fats. e. soy-based lipids should not be given during the first week of a critical illness.

A, B, D, E

Which clinical manifestations are indicative of right ventricular failure? (Select all that apply.) a. Jugular venous distension b. Peripheral edema c. Crackles audible in the lungs d. Weak peripheral pulses e. Hepatomegaly

A, B, E

The nurse is caring for a patient whose condition has deteriorated and who is not responding to standard treatment. The physician calls for an ethical consultation with the family to discuss potential withdrawal of treatment versus aggressive treatment. The nurse understands that applying a model for ethical decision making involves which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Burden versus benefit b. Family's wishes c. Patient's wishes d. Potential outcomes of treatment options e. Cost savings of withdrawing treatment

A, C, D

The nurse should call the rapid response team for which patients? (Select all that apply) A. 53-year-old with pneumonia and severe respiratory distress B. 17-year-old with apnea following a severe head injury C. 24-year-old experiencing a severe asthmatic attack with stridor D. 73-year-old patient with bradycardia of 40 beats per minute E. 52-year-old patient with no palpable pulse

A, C, D

Which of the following statements about defibrillation are correct? (Select all that apply) A. Early defibrillation (if warranted) is recommended before other actions. B. It is not necessary to ensure that personnel are clear of the patient if hands-off defibrillation is used. C. It is not necessary to synchronize the defibrillation shocks. D. Paddles/patches can be placed anteriorly and posteriorly on the chest. E. All models of defibrillators are the same for standardization.

A, C, D

Which statements are true regarding the symptoms of an AMI? (Select all that apply.) a. Dysrhythmias are common occurrences. b. Men have more atypical symptoms than women. c. Midsternal chest pain is a common presenting symptom. d. Some patients are asymptomatic. e. Patients may complain of jaw or back pain.

A, C, D, E

The nurse is caring for a patient who has atrial fibrillation. Sequelae that place the patient at greater risk for mortality/morbidity include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Stroke b. Ashman beats c. Pulmonary emboli d. Prolonged PR interval e. Decreased cardiac output

A, C, E

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with shock. The nurse understands which assessment findings best assess tissue perfusion in a patient in shock? (Select all that apply.) A. Blood pressure B. Heart rate C. Level of consciousness D. Pupil response E. Respirations F. Urine output

A, C, F

The most important outcome of effective communication is to a. demonstrate caring practices to family members. b. ensure that patient teaching is done. c. meet the diversity needs of patients. d. reduce patient errors.

The nurse is caring for an 80-year-old patient who has been treated for gastrointestinal bleeding. The family has agreed to withhold additional treatment. The patient has a written advance directive specifying requests. The directive notes that the patient wants food and fluid to be continued. The nurse anticipates that several orders may be written to comply with this request, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. "Do not resuscitate." b. Change antibiotic to a less expensive medication. c. Discontinue tube feeding. d. Stop any further blood transfusions. e. Water boluses every 4 hours with tube feeding.

A, D, E

The nurse is preparing to obtain a right atrial pressure (RAP/CVP) reading. What are the most appropriate nursing actions? (Select all that apply.) A. Compare measured pressures with other physiological parameters. B. Flush the central venous catheter with 20 mL of sterile saline. C. Inflate the balloon with 3 mL of air and record the pressure tracing. D. Obtain the right atrial pressure measurement during end exhalation. E. Zero reference the transducer system at the level of the phlebostatic axis.

A, D, E

2. The nurse is assisting with endotracheal intubation of the patient and recognizes that the procedure will be done in what order: _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________? (Put a comma and space between each answer choice.) A. Assess balloon on endotracheal tube for symmetry and leaks. B. Assess lung fields for bilateral expansion. C. Inflate balloon of endotracheal tube. D. Insert endotracheal tube with laryngoscope and blade. E. Suction oropharynx.

A, E, D, C, B

3. The charge nurse is reviewing the status of patients in the critical care unit. Which patient should the nurse notify the organ procurement organization to evaluate for possible organ donation? a. A 36-year-old patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 with no activity on electroencephalogram b. A 68-year-old male admitted with unstable atrial fibrillation who has suffered a stroke c. A 40-year-old brain-injured female with a history of ovarian cancer and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7 d. A 53-year-old diabetic male with a history of unstable angina status post resuscitation

ANS: A A patient with a GCS score of 3 and no activity on EEG is facing impending death. The OPO should be notified. There are no indications of impending death in any of the other patient scenarios.

5. The nurse is caring for a patient who is being evaluated clinically for brain death by a physician. Which assessment findings by the nurse support brain death? a. Absence of a corneal reflex b. Unequal, reactive pupils c. Withdrawal from painful stimuli d. Core temperature of 100.8° F

ANS: A Absence of a corneal reflex indicates altered brainstem activity and is a component used in the clinical evaluation of brain death. Reactive pupils, withdrawal reaction to painful stimuli, and the ability to maintain core temperature indicate brainstem activity.

6. The nurse is providing preoperative care to a patient who will receive a transplant. The patient has high panel reactive antibodies (PRA). As part of induction therapy for this patient, the nurse understands which medication to be of priority for administration in the operating room? a. Alemtuzumab (Campath) b. Tacrolimus (Prograf) c. Sirolimus (Rapamune) d. Cyclosporine (Neoral)

ANS: A Alemtuzumab (Campath) is a monoclonal antibody used as an induction agent in patients that are at high immunological risk. Tacrolimus (Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), and cyclosporine (Neoral) are all immunosuppressive agents used as part of ongoing maintenance therapy.

11. The nurse is caring for a renal transplant recipient in the post-anesthesia care unit. Blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg; heart rate is 115 beats/min; respiratory rate is 24 breaths/min; oxygen saturation (SpO2) is 95% on 3 L/min of oxygen via nasal cannula, temperature is 97.8° F, and the central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) is 2 mm Hg. What is the best action by the nurse? a. Administer fluid replacement therapy; monitor intake and output closely. b. Increase supplemental oxygen to 100% non-rebreather mask; notify physician. c. Apply thermal warming blanket; administer all fluids through warming device. d. Assess the patient for pain; administer pain medications as ordered.

ANS: A Fluid replacement therapy is a priority in a postoperative renal transplant patient with a CVP of 2 mm Hg and elevated heart rate. An oxygen saturation of 95% on 3 L/min via cannula is an acceptable value. The patient is normothermic; application of active warming measures is not indicated. Although pain assessment is an important part of postoperative nursing care, it is not the priority in this scenario.

1. The nurse is working for a hospital that holds an agreement with a local organ procurement organization (OPO). The patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3 and discussions have been held with the family about withdrawing life support. Which statement by the nurse best describes requirements that must be met to sustain Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Conditions of Participation? a. "I need to notify TransLife (OPO) of my patient's impending death." b. "I will contact the physician to obtain informed consent for organ donation." c. "The charge nurse will notify TransLife (OPO) once the patient has been pronounced brain dead." d. "I need the physician to evaluate my patient's suitability for organ donation."

ANS: A Hospitals that receive Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement must notify the local OPO in cases of impending death. It is the responsibility of the organ procurement organization, not the physician, to obtain family consent for organ donation and to evaluate the patient for potential suitability as a donor. Notification of the organ procurement organization must occur prior to death, not after the patient has been pronounced dead.

27. A renal transplant recipient presents to the outpatient transplant clinic with blood glucose values for the past 3 days exceeding 250 mg/dL. The patient takes prednisone 5 mg daily and tacrolimus (Prograf) 2 mg twice daily. Hemoglobin A1C level drawn the day of the clinic appointment was 8.5%. What is the best interpretation of this finding by the nurse? a. The patient is at increased risk for infection. b. The patient has developed posttransplant diabetes. c. Temporary elevations in blood sugars are normal. d. Discontinuation of steroids will normalize values.

ANS: B A patient taking steroids and calcineurin inhibitors is at risk for the development of posttransplant diabetes as a complication of long-term medication therapy. Although the lab values in isolation do not indicate infection, blood sugars must be normalized to promote healing. Hemoglobin A1C levels indicate the level of blood sugar control over the past 2 to 3 months. Findings should not be considered temporary. Although steroids can elevate blood sugar values, discontinuation of steroid therapy may not be feasible in all transplant recipients.

28. The postanesthesia care unit receives handoff communication from the CRNA indicating that the renal transplant recipient received induction therapy in the operating room with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). What is the best understanding of the administration of this drug by the nurse? a. The drug is administered for recipients of CMV-positive donor organs. b. Administration of the drug decreases initial postoperative rejection rates. c. Antiproliferative agents are recommended for routine induction therapy. d. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is given as a single dose in the OR.

ANS: B Administration of antiproliferative agents such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG) has been shown to decrease rejection rates in the initial postoperative period. Antiviral agents are administered if CMV donor status is positive. Antiproliferative agents are recommended as first choice for induction therapy in recipients at high immunological risk. ATG is given in the operating room as well as for several days postoperative.

7. The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient following bilateral lung transplantation. When planning the care of this patient, what is the priority nursing intervention? a. Thirty-degree elevation of head of bed b. Endotracheal suctioning as needed c. Frequent side to side repositioning d. Sequential compression stockings

ANS: B Denervation of the lung that occurs during lung transplantation causes changes in mucus production and ciliary movement. As a result, to promote the drainage of secretions and prevent mucus plugging, endotracheal and oral suctioning should be a priority of nursing care in the postoperative lung transplant patient. Head of bed elevation, side to side repositioning, and application of sequential compression stockings are appropriate nursing interventions, but they are not the priority intervention.

13. The nurse is providing discharge instructions to a renal transplant recipient. The patient has a follow-up appointment the next day for routine post-transplant laboratory bloodwork, including trough levels of anti-rejection medications.Which instruction describes what the patient should do regarding the anti-rejection medications the next day? a. "Take your morning dose of medications at midnight with sips of water." b. "Take your morning dose of medications after labs have been drawn." c. "Skip your morning dose of medications and then resume your evening doses." d. "Hold all doses of your medications the day you have labs drawn."

ANS: B Medication trough levels are used to guide dosing. The patient should not take his morning dose of medications until labs have been drawn so that an accurate trough level is obtained. Transplant medication is administered at regular dosing intervals (e.g. every 12 hours) to maintain therapeutic drug levels and intervals should not be independently adjusted. Medication should not be skipped when lab is drawn. The patient should be instructed to take the medication immediately after lab work has been drawn. Medication is not to be held for an entire day as doing so places the patient at risk for rejection.

34. The nurse is caring for a renal transplant patient admitted with an acute rejection episode. The patient asks the nurse how the doctors will know if the kidney has been rejected. What is the best response by the nurse? a. "Your admission lab results will determine if your kidney is being rejected." b. "A procedure called a renal biopsy will be the best way to confirm rejection." c. "Monitoring over the next few days will determine if your kidney is failing." d. "An ultrasound of your kidney will determine if your kidney has failed."

ANS: B Renal biopsy confirms the presence of rejection. Admission lab results will provide information related to the current functional level of the kidney but will not confirm rejection. Monitoring the patient will not confirm the presence of rejection. An ultrasound of the kidney will determine if there is blood flow to the kidney but will not provide information at the cellular level.

8. A family member approaches the nurse caring for their gravely ill son and states, "We want to donate our son's organs." What is the best action by the nurse? a. Arrange a multidisciplinary meeting with physicians. b. Consult the hospital's ethics committee for a ruling. c. Notify the organ procurement organization (OPO). d. Obtain family consent to withdraw life support.

ANS: C It is the ultimate responsibility of the organ procurement organization to approach the family and obtain consent for organ donation. The best action by the nurse is to notify the OPO. Arranging a multidisciplinary meeting with physicians and consulting the hospital's ethics committee are not appropriate actions in this scenario. Informed consent to withdraw life support is provided by the physician.

20. The nurse is educating a renal transplant patient about his immunosuppressant medication therapy. Which statement by the patient best indicates an appropriate understanding? a. "I will be gradually weaned off my medications during my lifetime." b. "After 6 months, I will be down to taking one medication for life." c. "My doctors may try to stop my steroids soon after my transplant." d. "I will only need to take my mediations every other day for life."

ANS: C Transplant programs vary in the immunosuppressant medications that are prescribed; some programs withdraw steroids after a predetermined amount of time. Transplant recipients will be on immunosuppressant medications for life taking, at minimum, two medications—a calcineurin inhibitor or mTOR inhibitor and an antimetabolite. Medications are taken at regular daily prescribed intervals to maintain therapeutic blood levels.

30. A patient presents to the outpatient transplant clinic stating, "I would like to donate one of my kidneys." What is the best response by the nurse? a. "To be a living donor, you must be related to the recipient." b. "You must be over the age of 30 to be a living donor." c. "Living donor donation is coordinated by UNOS." d. "Let us orient you to the process required to become a donor."

ANS: D An altruistic living donor is an individual who makes a decision to donate an organ or part of an organ to a stranger. The nurse can help the patient navigate the donation process. Living donors may be related or unrelated to the potential recipient. In general, living donors are usually between the ages of 18 and 60 years. All transplant centers coordinate the living donation process.

A 53-year-old, 80-kg patient is admitted to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Four hours after admission to the surgical intensive care unit at 4 PM, the patient has stable vital signs and normal arterial blood gases (ABGs) and is placed on a T-piece for ventilatory weaning. During the nurse's 7 PM (1900) assessment, the patient is restless, heart rate has increased to 110 beats/min, respirations are 36 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 156/98 mm Hg. The cardiac monitor shows sinus tachycardia with 10 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per minute. Pulmonary artery pressures are elevated. The nurse suctions the patient and obtains pink, frothy secretions. Loud crackles are audible throughout lung fields. The nurse notifies the physician, who orders an ABG analysis, electrolyte levels, and a portable chest x-ray study. In communicating with the physician, which statement indicates the nurse understands what is likely occurring with the patient? a. "May we have an order for cardiac enzymes? This patient is exhibiting signs of a myocardial infarction." b. "My assessment indicates potential fluid overload." c. "The patient is having frequent PVCs that are compromising the cardiac output." d. "The patient is having a hypertensive crisis; what medications would you like to order?"

A 53-year-old, 80-kg patient is admitted to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Four hours after admission to the surgical intensive care unit at 4 PM, the patient has stable vital signs and normal arterial blood gases (ABGs), and is placed on a T-piece for ventilatory weaning. During the nurse's 7 PM (1900) assessment, the patient is restless, heart rate has increased to 110 beats/min, respirations are 36 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 156/98 mm Hg. The cardiac monitor shows sinus tachycardia with 10 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per minute. Pulmonary artery pressures are elevated. The nurse suctions the patient and obtains pink, frothy secretions. Loud crackles are audible throughout lung fields. The nurse notifies the physician, who orders an ABG analysis, electrolyte levels, and a portable chest x-ray study. How does the nurse interpret the following blood gas levels? pH 7.28, PaCO2 46 mm Hg, Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L, PaO2 58 mm Hg, O2 saturation 88% a. Hypoxemia and compensated respiratory alkalosis b. Hypoxemia and uncompensated respiratory acidosis c. Normal arterial blood gas levels d. Normal oxygen level and partially compensated metabolic acidosis

A 65-year-old patient is admitted to the progressive care unit with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The patient has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes. A set of arterial blood gases obtained on admission without supplemental oxygen shows pH 7.35; PaCO2 55 mm Hg; bicarbonate 30 mEq/L; PaO2 65 mm Hg. These blood gases reflect: a. hypoxemia and compensated metabolic alkalosis. b. hypoxemia and compensated respiratory acidosis. c. normal oxygenation and partly compensated metabolic alkalosis. d. normal oxygenation and uncompensated respiratory acidosis.

A patient is having a stent and asks why it is necessary after having an angioplasty. Which response by the nurse is best? a. "The angioplasty was a failure, and so this procedure has to be done to fix the heart vessel." b. "The stent is inserted to enhance the results of the angioplasty, by helping to keep the vessel open and prevent it from closing again." c. "This procedure is being done instead of using clot-dissolving medication to help keep the heart vessel open." d. "The stent will remove any clots that are in the vessel and protect the heart muscle from damage."

A patient is having difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. The nurse assesses the patient for a potential cause of this difficult weaning, which includes: a. cardiac output of 6 L/min. b. hemoglobin of 8 g/dL. c. negative sputum culture and sensitivity. d. white blood cell count of 8000.

A patient was admitted in terminal heart failure and is not eligible for transplant. The family wants everything possible done to maintain life. Which procedure might be offered to the patient for this condition to increase the patient's quality of life? a. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) b. Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) c. Nothing, because the patient is in terminal heart failure d. Nothing additional; medical management is the only option

Following insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), the provider requests the nurse obtain a blood sample for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2). Which action by the nurse best ensures the obtained value is accurate? A. Zero referencing the transducer at the level of the phlebostatic axis following insertion B. Calibrating the system with a central venous blood sample and arterial blood gas value C. Ensuring patency of the catheter using a 0.9% normal saline solution pressurized at 300 mm Hg D. Using noncompliant pressure tubing that is no longer than 36 to 48 inches and has minimal stopcocks

One of the early signs of the effect of hypoxemia on the nervous system is: a. cyanosis. b. restlessness. c. tachycardia. d. tachypnea.

Oxygen saturation (SaO2) represents: a. alveolar oxygen tension. b. oxygen that is chemically combined with hemoglobin. c. oxygen that is physically dissolved in plasma. d. total oxygen consumption.

The nurse has just completed administration of a 500 mL bolus of 0.9% normal saline in a patient with hypovolemic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to be slightly confused, with a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 50 mm Hg, a heart rate of 110 beats/min, urine output of 10 mL for the past hour, and a central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) of 3 mm Hg. What is the best interpretation of these results by the nurse? A. Patient response to therapy is appropriate. B. Additional interventions are indicated. C. More time is needed to assess response. D. Values are normal for the patient condition.

The nurse identifies which patient at greatest risk for malabsorption of protein? a. The patient with gallbladder obstruction b. The patient with ileitis c. The patient with distal colon resection d. The patient with jejunal tumor

The nurse is administering intravenous norepinephrine at 5 mcg/kg/min via a 20-gauge peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter. Which assessment finding requires immediate action by the nurse? A. Blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg B. Swelling at the IV site C. Heart rate of 110 beats/min D. Central venous pressure (CVP) of 8 mm Hg

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient being monitored with a left radial arterial line. During the inspiratory phase of ventilation, the nurse assesses a 20 mm Hg decrease in arterial blood pressure. What is the best interpretation of this finding by the nurse? A. The mechanical ventilator is malfunctioning. B. The patient may require fluid resuscitation. C. The arterial line may need to be replaced. D. The left limb may have reduced perfusion.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has been declared brain dead. The patient is considered a potential organ donor. To proceed with donation, the nurse understands that a. a signed donor card mandates that organs be retrieved in the event of brain death. b. after brain death has been determined, perfusion and oxygenation of organs is maintained until organs can be removed in the operating room. c. the health care proxy does not need to give consent for the retrieval of organs. d. once a patient has been established as brain dead, life support is withdrawn and organs are retrieved.

The nurse is caring for a patient with severe sepsis who was resuscitated with 3000 mL of lactated Ringer's solution over the past 4 hours. Morning laboratory results show a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL and hematocrit of 28%. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse? A. Blood transfusion with packed red blood cells is required. B. Hemoglobin and hematocrit results indicate hemodilution. C. Fluid resuscitation has resulted in fluid volume overload. D. Fluid resuscitation has resulted in third-spacing of fluid.

The nurse is caring for an elderly patient who is in cardiogenic shock. The patient has failed to respond to medical treatment. The intensivist in charge of the patient conducts a conference to explain that treatment options have been exhausted and to suggest that the patient be given a "do not resuscitate" status. This scenario illustrates the concept of a. brain death. b. futility. c. incompetence. d. life-prolonging procedures.

The nurse using cardiac monitoring understands that each horizontal box on the electrocardiogram (ECG) paper indicates a. 200 milliseconds or 0.20 seconds duration. b. 40 milliseconds or 0.04 seconds duration. c. 3 seconds duration. d. millivolts of amplitude.

The nurse utilizes which of the following strategies when encountering an ethical dilemma in practice? (Select all that apply.) a. Change-of-shift report updates b. Ethics consultation services c. Formal multiprofessional ethics committees d. Pastoral care services e. Social work consultation

B, C

Which nursing interventions would be appropriate after angioplasty? (Select all that apply.) a. Elevate the head of the bed by 45 degrees for 6 hours. b. Assess pedal pulses on the involved limb every 15 minutes for 1 to 2 hours. c. Monitor the vascular hemostatic device for signs of bleeding. d. Instruct the patient to bend his or her knee every 15 minutes while the sheath is in place. e. Maintain NPO status for 12 hours.

B, C

3. The nurse is assisting with endotracheal intubation and understands correct placement of the endotracheal tube in the trachea would be identified by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Auscultation of air over the epigastrium b. Equal bilateral breath sounds upon auscultation c. Position above the carina verified by chest x-ray d. Positive detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) through CO2 detector devices

B, C, D

Risks of total parenteral nutrition include: (Select all that apply.) a. diarrhea. b. elevated blood sugar. c. infection at the catheter site. d. volume overload. e. aspiration.

B, C, D

The charge nurse is reviewing the patients on the critical care floor. Which patients does the charge nurse anticipate as benefiting from noninvasive positive pressure ventilation? Select all that apply. a. Acute respiratory distress syndrome b. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation c. Obstructive sleep apnea d. Pulmonary edema

B, C, D

Which code drugs can be given safely through an endotracheal tube? (Select all that apply) A. Adenosine B. Atropine C. Epinephrine D. Vasopressin E. Amiodarone

B, C, D

Which of the following situations may result in a low cardiac output and low cardiac index? (Select all that apply.) A. Exercise B. Hypovolemia C. Myocardial infarction D. Shock E. Fever

B, C, D

A patient has been successfully converted from ventricular tachycardia with a pulse to a sinus rhythm. Upon further assessment, it is noted that the patient is hypotensive. The appropriate treatment for her hypotension may include (Select all that apply) A. Adenosine. B. Dopamine infusion. C. Magnesium. D. Normal saline infusion. E. Sodium bicarbonate.

B, D

Which interventions are critical during intravenous lipid administration? (Select all that apply.) a. Assess glucose levels every 6 hours. b. Change the tubing every 24 hours. c. Hold lipids when administering antibiotics through the same line. d. Monitor triglyceride levels periodically. e. Maintain elevation of the head of the bed.

B, D

The correct order of actions for a patient starting enteral nutrition with a feeding tube is: _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________. a. initiate tube feeding b. insert feeding tube c. flush tube to verify patency d. obtain chest radiograph e. assess residuals

B, D, C, A, E

2. Select all of the factors that may predispose the patient to respiratory acidosis. a. Anxiety and fear b. Central nervous system depression c. Diabetic ketoacidosis d. Nasogastric suctioning e. Overdose of sedatives

B, E

A 53-year-old, 80-kg patient is admitted to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery with the following arterial blood gas (ABG) levels. What is the nurse's interpretation of these values? pH 7.4, PaCO2 40 mm Hg, Bicarbonate 24 mEq/L, PaO2 95 mm Hg, O2 saturation 97%, Respirations 20 breaths per minute a. Compensated metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Normal ABG values d. Respiratory acidosis

A 72-year-old woman is brought to the ED by her family. The family states that she's "just not herself." Her respirations are slightly labored, and her heart monitor shows sinus tachycardia (rate 110 beats/min) with frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). She denies any chest pain, jaw pain, back discomfort, or nausea. Her troponin levels are elevated, and her 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) shows elevated ST segments in leads II, III, and aVF. The nurse knows that these symptoms are most likely associated with which diagnosis? a. Hypokalemia b. Non-Q wave MI c. Silent myocardial infarction d. Unstable angina

A mode of pressure-targeted ventilation that provides positive pressure to decrease the workload of spontaneous breathing through the endotracheal tube is: a. continuous positive airway pressure. b. positive end-expiratory pressure. c. pressure support ventilation. d. T-piece adapter.

A patient has been admitted to the critical care unit after a stroke. After "failing" a swallow study, the patient is placed on enteral feedings. Following placement of a nasogastric tube for tube feeding, what is the next critical step? a. Administer medications. b. Cap off and wait 24 hours before starting feedings. c. Obtain a chest radiograph. d. Start the tube feeding.

After pulmonary artery catheter insertion, the nurse assesses a pulmonary artery pressure of 45/25 mm Hg, a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 20 mm Hg, a cardiac output of 2.6 L/min and a cardiac index of 1.9 L/min/m2. Which provider order is of the highest priority? A. Apply 50% oxygen via Venturi mask. B. Insert an indwelling urinary catheter. C. Begin a dobutamine infusion. D. Obtain stat cardiac enzymes and troponin.

An important nutritional consideration in the elderly population is a. a decrease in protein requirements. b. an increase in caloric requirements with age. c. the potential for drug-nutrient interaction related to polypharmacy. d. the presence of other diseases that decrease caloric needs.

Following insertion of a central venous catheter, the nurse obtains a stat chest x-ray film to verify proper catheter placement. The radiologist reports to the nurse: "The tip of the catheter is located in the superior vena cava." What is the best interpretation of these results by the nurse? A. The catheter is not positioned correctly and should be removed. B. The catheter position increases the risk of ventricular dysrhythmias. C. The distal tip of the catheter is in the appropriate position. D. The physician should be called to advance the catheter into the pulmonary artery.

Ideally, an advance directive should be developed by the a. family if the patient is in critical condition. b. patient as part of the hospital admission process. c. patient before hospitalization. d. patient's health care surrogate.

In evaluating a patient's nutrition, the nurse would monitor which blood test as the most sensitive indicator of protein synthesis and catabolism? a. Albumin b. BUN c. Prealbumin d. Triglycerides

Neuromuscular blocking agents are used in the management of some ventilated patients. Their primary mode of action is: a. analgesia. b. anticonvulsant. c. paralysis. d. sedation.

The nurse caring for patients on cardiac monitors assesses the patient with a prolonged QT interval for a. electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia. b. symptomatic bradycardias. c. the development of lethal dysrhythmias. d. difficulty maintaining the blood pressure.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted following a motor vehicle crash. Over the past 2 hours, the patient has received 6 units of packed red blood cells and 4 units of fresh frozen plasma by rapid infusion. To prevent complications, what is the priority nursing intervention? A. Administer pain medication. B. Turn patient every 2 hours. C. Assess core body temperature. D. Apply bilateral heel protectors.

The nurse is caring for a patient with an arterial monitoring system. The nurse assesses the patient's noninvasive cuff blood pressure to be 70/40 mm Hg. The arterial blood pressure measurement via an intraarterial catheter in the same arm is assessed by the nurse to be 108/70 mm Hg. What is the best action by the nurse? A. Activate the rapid response system. B. Place the patient in Trendelenburg position. C. Assess the cuff for proper arm size. D. Administer 0.9% normal saline bolus.

The nurse is caring for a patient with an endotracheal tube. The nurse understands that endotracheal suctioning is needed to facilitate removal of secretions and that the procedure: a. decreases intracranial pressure. b. depresses the cough reflex. c. is done as indicated by patient assessment. d. is more effective if preceded by saline instillation to loosen secretions.

The nurse understands that in a third-degree AV block a. every P wave is conducted to the ventricles. b. some P waves are conducted to the ventricles. c. none of the P waves are conducted to the ventricles. d. the PR interval is prolonged.

The patient has a permanent pacemaker in place with a demand rate set at 60 beats/min. The cardiac monitor is showing a heart rate of 44 beats/min with no pacemaker spikes. The nurse recognizes this as: a. normal pacemaker function. b. failure to capture. c. failure to pace. d. failure to sense.

The patient has a transcutaneous pacemaker in place. Pacemaker spikes followed by QRS complexes are noted on the cardiac rhythm strip. To determine if the pacemaker is working, the nurse must do which of the following? A. Obtain a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). B. Call for a pacemaker interrogation. C. Palpate the pulse. D. Run a 2-minute monitor strip for analysis.

The patient is admitted with recurrent supraventricular tachycardia that the cardiologist believes to be related to an accessory conduction pathway or a reentry pathway. The nurse anticipates which procedure to be planned for this patient? a. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement b. Permanent pacemaker insertion c. Radiofrequency catheter ablation d. Temporary transvenous pacemaker placement

The patient is scheduled to have a permanent pacemaker implanted. The patient asks the nurse, "How long will the battery in this thing last?" The nurse should answer, a. "Life expectancy is about 1 year. Then it will need to be replaced." b. "Pacemaker batteries can last up to 25 years with constant use." c. "Battery life varies depending on usage, but it can last up to 10 years." d. "Pacemakers are used to treat temporary problems, so the batteries don't last long."

The patient presents to the ED with sudden, severe sharp chest discomfort, radiating to the back and down both arms, as well as numbness in the left arm. While taking the patient's vital signs, the nurse notices a 30-point discrepancy in systolic blood pressure between the right and left arm. Based on these findings, the nurse should: a. contact the physician and report the cardiac enzyme results. b. contact the physician and prepare the patient for thrombolytic therapy. c. contact the physician immediately and begin prepping the patient for surgery. d. give the patient aspirin and heparin.

Which patient being cared for in the emergency department is most at risk for developing hypovolemic shock? A. A patient admitted with abdominal pain and an elevated white blood cell count B. A patient with a temperature of 102° F and a general dermal rash C. A patient with a 2-day history of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea D. A patient with slight rectal bleeding from inflamed hemorrhoids

Which statement regarding ethical concepts is true? a. A living will is the same as a health care proxy. b. A signed donor card ensures that organ donation will occur in the event of brain death. c. A surrogate is a competent adult designated by a person to make health care decisions in the event the person is incapacitated. d. A persistent vegetative state is the same as brain death in most states.

While inflating the balloon of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) with 1.0 mL of air to obtain a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), the nurse encounters resistance. What is the best nursing action? A. Add an additional 0.5 mL of air to the balloon and repeat the procedure. B. Advance the catheter with the balloon deflated and repeat the procedure. C. Deflate the balloon and obtain a chest x-ray study to determine line placement. D. Lock the balloon in the inflated position, and flush the distal port of the PAC with normal saline.

While instructing a patient on what occurs with a myocardial infarction, the nurse plans to explain which process? a. Coronary artery spasm. b. Decreased blood flow (ischemia). c. Death of cardiac muscle from lack of oxygen (tissue necrosis). d. Sporadic decrease in oxygen to the heart (transient oxygen imbalance).

Ventricular fibrillation should initially be treated by which of the following? (Select all that apply) A. Administration of amiodarone, followed by defibrillation at 360 J B. Atropine 1 mg, followed by defibrillation at 200 J C. Defibrillation at 200 J with biphasic defibrillation D. Defibrillation at 360 J with monophasic defibrillation E. Dopamine continuous infusion.

C, D

While monitoring a patient for signs of shock, the nurse understands which system assessment to be of priority?

Central nervous system

A nursing home patient is admitted to the critical care unit with a severe case of pneumonia. No living will or designation of health care surrogate is noted on the chart. In the event this patient needs intubation and/or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, what should be the nurse's action? A. Activate the code team, but initiate a "slow" code. B. Call the nursing home to determine the patient's or family's wishes. C. Code the patient for 5 minutes and then cease efforts. D. Initiate intubation and/or cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts.

A patient has coronary artery bypass graft surgery and is transported to the surgical intensive care unit at noon. He is placed on mechanical ventilation. Interpret his initial arterial blood gas levels: pH 7.31 PaCO2 48 mm Hg Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L PaO2 115 mm Hg O2 saturation 99% a. Normal arterial blood gas levels with a high oxygen level b. Partly compensated respiratory acidosis, normal oxygen c. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis with high oxygen levels d. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis; hyperoxygenated

A patient is admitted to the critical care unit following coronary artery bypass surgery. Two hours postoperatively, the nurse assesses the following information: pulse is 120 beats/min; blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg; pulmonary artery diastolic pressure is 2 mm Hg; cardiac output is 4 L/min; urine output is 250 mL/hr; chest drainage is 200 mL/hr. What is the best interpretation by the nurse? A. The assessed values are within normal limits. B. The patient is at risk for developing cardiogenic shock. C. The patient is at risk for developing fluid volume overload. D. The patient is at risk for developing hypovolemic shock.

A patient is being mechanically ventilated in the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation mode at a rate of 4 breaths/min. His spontaneous respirations are 12 breaths/min. He receives a dose of morphine sulfate, and his respirations decrease to 4 breaths/min. What adjustments may need to be made to the patient's ventilator settings? a. Add positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). b. Add pressure support. c. Change to assist/control ventilation at a rate of 4 breaths/min. d. Increase the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation respiratory rate.

Objective data designating that the nutrition goals are not being met include a. hyperglycemia, normovolemia, and increased protein level. b. overhydration, hypoglycemia, and weight gain. c. weight gain, inconsistent glucose, and normovolemia. d. weight loss, elevated glucose, and dehydration.

Percutaneous coronary intervention is contraindicated for patients with lesions in which coronary artery? a. Right coronary artery b. Left coronary artery c. Circumflex d. Left main coronary artery

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a mode of ventilatory assistance that produces the following condition: a. Each time the patient initiates a breath, the ventilator delivers a full preset tidal volume. b. For each spontaneous breath taken by the patient, the tidal volume is determined by the patient's ability to generate negative pressure. c. The patient must have a respiratory drive, or no breaths will be delivered. d. There is pressure remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration that is measured in cm H2O.

Pulse oximetry measures: a. arterial blood gases. b. hemoglobin values. c. oxygen consumption. d. oxygen saturation.

Select the physiological reasoning behind enteral therapy as the preferred source of nutritional therapy. a. Gut overgrowth increases. b. Gastroparesis increases. c. Bacterial translocation is initiated. d. Gut mucosa is preserved.

The amount of effort needed to maintain a given level of ventilation is termed: a. compliance. b. resistance. c. tidal volume. d. work of breathing.

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient and notes the high pressure alarm sounding. The nurse cannot quickly identify the cause of the alarm and notes the patient's oxygen saturation is decreasing and heart rate and respiratory rate are increasing. The nurse's priority action is to: a. ask the respiratory therapist to get a new ventilator. b. call the rapid response team to assess the patient. c. continue to find the cause of the alarm and fix it. d. manually ventilate the patient while calling for a respiratory therapist.

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient. The physicians are considering performing a tracheostomy because the patient is having difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. Related to tracheostomy, the nurse understands which of the following? a. Patient outcomes are better if the tracheostomy is done within a week of intubation. b. Percutaneous tracheostomy can be done safely at the bedside by the respiratory therapist. c. Procedures performed in the operating room are associated with fewer complications. d. The greatest risk after a percutaneous tracheostomy is accidental decannulation.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with severe sepsis. Vital signs assessed by the nurse include blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg, heart rate 120 beats/min, respirations 28 breaths/min, oral temperature of 102° F, and a right atrial pressure (RAP) of 1 mm Hg. Which intervention should the nurse carry out first? A. Acetaminophen suppository B. Blood cultures from two sites C. IV antibiotic administration D. Isotonic fluid challenge

The nurse is caring for a patient with a pulmonary artery catheter. Assessment findings include a blood pressure of 85/40 mm Hg, heart rate of 125 beats/min, respiratory rate 35 breaths/min, and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of 90% on a 50% Venturi mask. Hemodynamic values include a cardiac output (CO) of 1.0 L/min, central venous pressure (CVP) of 1 mm Hg, and a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 3 mm Hg. The nurse questions which of the following physician's orders? A. Titrate supplemental oxygen to achieve a SpO2 ≥94%. B. Infuse 500 mL 0.9% normal saline over 1 hour. C. Obtain arterial blood gas and serum electrolytes. D. Administer furosemide (Lasix) 20 mg intravenously.

Which of the following organizations requires a mechanism for addressing ethical issues? a. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses b. American Hospital Association c. Society of Critical Care Medicine d. The Joint Commission

Which of the following statements about resuscitation is true? a. Family members should never be present during resuscitation. b. It is not necessary for a physician to write "do not resuscitate" orders in the chart if a patient has a health care surrogate. c. "Slow codes" are ethical and should be considered in futile situations if advanced directives are unavailable. d. Withholding "extraordinary" resuscitation is legal and ethical if specified in advance directives and physician orders.

Which statement is true about normal function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract? a. Failure of the tight junctions allows bacteria to invade the GI tract. b. The gut lacks protective mechanisms; thus, infection is always a concern. c. Water is reabsorbed at the beginning of the colon. d. Without nutritional stimulation, mucosal villi atrophy.

While caring for a patient with a pulmonary artery catheter, the nurse notes the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) to be significantly higher than previously recorded values. The nurse assesses respirations to be unlabored at 16 breaths/min, oxygen saturation of 98% on 3 L of oxygen via nasal cannula, and lungs clear to auscultation bilaterally. What is the priority nursing action? A. Increase supplemental oxygen and notify respiratory therapy. B. Notify the provider immediately of the assessment findings. C. Obtain a stat chest x-ray film to verify proper catheter placement. D. Zero reference and level the catheter at the phlebostatic axis.

Fifteen minutes after beginning a transfusion of O negative blood to a patient in shock, the nurse assesses a drop in the patient's blood pressure to 60/40 mm Hg, heart rate 135 beats/min, respirations 40 breaths/min, and a temperature of 102° F. The nurse notes the new onset of hematuria in the patient's Foley catheter. What are the priority nursing actions? (Select all that apply.) A. Administer acetaminophen. B. Document the patient's response. C. Increase the rate of transfusion. D. Notify the blood bank. E. Notify the provider. F. Stop the transfusion.

D, E, F

a. A decrease in cardiac output Because PEEP increases intrathoracic pressure, cardiac output may decrease.

c. Respiratory acidosis An elevated PaCO2 is seen in respiratory acidosis.

a. assess to see that the ventilator is attached to the endotracheal tube. A low-exhaled volume alarm indicates the patient did not get the prescribed tidal volume. Connection of the ventilator tubing to the endotracheal tube should be checked quickly. The nurse should check the patient quickly; the therapist is contacted quickly if the cause of the alarm is not detected. Setting the tidal volume at a higher level will not correct the underlying problem. The patient is extubated only if the tube is in the esophagus. Biting the endotracheal tube results in a high-pressure alarm.

Which interventions are components of the ventilator bundle of care? Select all that apply. a. Daily assess the readiness for weaning/extubation. b. Elevate the head of the bed at least 30 degrees. c. Provide prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis. d. Provide stress ulcer prophylaxis. e. Provide therapeutic paralysis.

a.Daily assess the readiness for weaning/extubation. b. Elevate the head of the bed at least 30 degrees. c. Provide prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis. d. Provide stress ulcer prophylaxis. Therapeutic paralysis is not part of the ventilator bundle. The other responses, along with oral care, are part of the ventilator bundle.

b. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation c. Obstructive sleep apnea d. Pulmonary edema Noninvasive ventilation is not appropriate for management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The other conditions are often treated initially with noninvasive ventilation.

Which intervention is appropriate to assist the patient in coping with admission to the critical care unit? A. Allowing unrestricted visiting by several family members at one time B. Explaining all procedures in easy-to-understand terms C. Providing back massage and mouth care D. Turning down the alarm volume on the cardiac monitor

The nurse is assisting in weaning a patient from long-term mechanical ventilation. Which action should the nurse be prepared to take? a. Slowly wean over several hours using a T-piece. b. Expect that the patient will not be affected by fever or abdominal distension. c. Wean the patient by protocol-driven methods. d. Wean the patient while the patient's family is present in the room.

c. Wean the patient by protocol-driven methods. Research has shown that protocol-driven methods for weaning facilitate the process and shorten weaning time. T-piece trials are sometimes done as part of the weaning process; however, it is not always an easy process. Fever and abdominal distension are factors that impede weaning attempts. Family members may be able to provide psychological support during the weaning process.

d. Keep suction time to less than 10 to 15 seconds. To prevent hypoxemia, suction time must not exceed 10 to 15 seconds. The vacuum is set between 80 and 120 mm Hg. Normal saline is not recommended. To prevent hypoxemia, all patients should be hyperoxygenated before suctioning.

In caring for a patient who is intubated with an endotracheal tube, which complication should the nurse assess for? a. Community-acquired pneumonia b. Oxygen toxicity c. Tension pneumothorax d. Tube placed in the right mainstem bronchus

d. Tube placed in the right mainstem bronchus Right mainstem bronchus intubation is common; breath sounds are assessed after intubation and a chest x-ray is done to verify placement. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of mechanical ventilation. Oxygen toxicity is associated with mechanical ventilation with high oxygen levels. A tension pneumothorax is a rare, but life-threatening, complication of mechanical ventilation.

Assess and interpret the following arterial blood gases: pH 7.48, PaCO2 33 mm Hg, HCO2 20 mEq/L, PaO2 85 mm Hg. a. Fully compensated metabolic acidosis; normal oxygenation b. Normal ventilation and oxygenation c. Partly compensated respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia d. Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis; normal oxygenation

d. Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis; normal oxygenation The high pH, low PaCO2, normal bicarbonate, and normal oxygen levels indicate uncompensated respiratory alkalosis.

As part of nursing management of a critically ill patient, orders are written to keep the head of the bed elevated at 30 degrees, awaken the patient from sedation each morning to assess readiness to wean from mechanical ventilation, and implement oral care protocols every 4 hours. These interventions are done as a group to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. This group of evidence-based interventions is often called a a. bundle of care. b. clinical practice guideline. c. patient safety goal. d. quality improvement initiative.

Elderly patients who require critical care treatment are at risk for increased mortality, functional decline, or decreased quality of life after hospitalization. Assuming each of these patients was discharged from the hospital, which of the following patients is at greatest risk for decreased functional status and quality of life? A. A 70-year-old man who had coronary artery bypass surgery. He developed complications after surgery and had difficulty being weaned from mechanical ventilation. He required a tracheostomy and gastrostomy. He is being discharged to a long-term acute care hospital. He is a widower. B. A 79-year-old woman admitted for exacerbation of heart failure. She manages her care independently but needed diuretic medications adjusted. She states that she is compliant with her medications but sometimes forgets to take them. She lives with her 82-year-old spouse. Both consider themselves to be independent and support each other. C. A 90-year-old man admitted for a carotid endarterectomy. He lives in an assisted living facility (ALF) but is cognitively intact. He is the "social butterfly" at all of the events at the ALF. He is hospitalized for 4 days and discharged to the ALF. D. An 84-year-old woman who had stents placed to treat coronary artery occlusion. She has diabetes that has been managed, lives alone, and was driving prior to hospitalization. She was discharged home within 3 days of the procedure.

Laypersons should use which device to treat lethal ventricular dysrhythmias that occur outside a hospital setting? A. Automatic external defibrillator B. Carbon dioxide detector C. Pocket mask D. Transcutaneous pacemaker

Patients often have recollections of the critical care experience. Which is likely to be the most common recollection of patients who required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation? A. Difficulty in communicating B. Inability to get comfortable C. Pain D. Sleep disruption

The nurse is a member of a committee to design a critical care unit in a new building. Which design trend would best facilitate family-centered care? A.Ensure that the patient's room is large enough and has adequate space for a sleeper sofa and storage for family members' personal belongings. B. Include a diagnostic suite in close proximity to the unit so that the patient does not have to travel far for testing. C. Incorporate a large waiting room on the top floor of the hospital with a scenic view and amenities such as coffee and tea. D. Provide access to a scenic garden for meditation.

The patient is diagnosed with abrupt onset of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). The nurse prepares which medication to administer to the patient? A. Adenosine B. Amiodarone C. Diltiazem D. Procainamide

Family presence is encouraged during resuscitation and invasive procedures. Which findings about this practice have been reported in the literature? (Select all that apply.) A. Families benefit by witnessing that everything possible was done. B. Families report reduced anxiety and fear about what is being done to the patient. C. Presence encourages family members to seek litigation for improper care. D. Presence reduces nurses' involvement in explaining things to the family. E. Families report that staff conversations during this time were distressing.

A, B

Which nursing interventions would best support the family of a critically ill patient? A. Encourage family members to stay all night in case the patient needs them. B. Give a condition update each morning and whenever changes occur. C. Limit visitation from children into the critical care unit. D. Provide beverages and snacks in the waiting room.

The nurse has just completed administration of a 1000-L bolus of 0.9% normal saline. The nurse assesses the patient to be slightly confused, with a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 50 mm Hg, a heart rate of 110 beats/min, urine output of 10 mL for the past hour, and a central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) of 3 mm Hg. What is the best interpretation of these results by the nurse?

Additional interventions are indicated.

You are caring for a critically ill patient whose urine output has been low for 2 consecutive hours. After a thorough patient assessment, you call the intensivist with report. Which information do you convey regarding background? a. Urine output of 40 mL/2 hours b. Current vital signs and history of aortic aneurysm repair 4 hours ago c. A statement that the patient is possibly hypovolemic d. A request for IV fluids

You work in an intermediate care unit and have asked to be involved in developing new guidelines to prevent pressure ulcers in your patient population. The nurse manager tells you that you do not yet have enough experience to be on the prevention task force and that your ideas will be rejected by others. This situation is an example a. a barrier to handoff communication. b. a work environment that is unhealthy. c. ineffective decision making. d. nursing practice that is not evidence-based.

The AACN Standards for Acute and Critical Care Nursing Practice use what framework to guide critical care nursing practice? a. Evidence-based practice b. Healthy work environment c. National Patient Safety Goals d. Nursing process

The first critical care units were (Select all that apply.) a. burn units. b. coronary care units. c. recovery rooms. d. neonatal intensive care units. e. high-risk OB units.

B, C

The nurse is caring for a patient in septic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to have a blood pressure of 105/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respiratory rate 32 breaths/min, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 95% on 45% supplemental oxygen via Venturi mask, and a temperature of 102 F. The physician orders stat administration of an antibiotic. Which additional physician order should the nurse complete first?

Blood cultures

A nurse has been working as a staff nurse in the surgical intensive care unit for 2 years and is interested in certification. Which credential would be most applicable for the nurse to seek? A. ACNPC-AG b. CNML c. CCRN d. PCCN

The intensive care nurse is working on a committee to reduce noise in the unit. Which recommendation should the nurse propose first? A. Change telephones to blinking lights instead of audible ringtones. B. Invest in call lights that page the nursing staff instead of beeping. C. Recommend that nurses turn off cardiac monitors on stable patients. D. Soundproof the pneumatic tube system.

Cardiac index (CI) of 2.5 L/min/m2

The spouse of a patient who is hospitalized in the critical care unit following resuscitation for a sudden cardiac arrest at work demands to meet with the nursing manager. The spouse demands, "I want you to reassign us to another nurse. His current nurse is not in the room enough to make sure everything is okay." The nurse recognizes that this response most likely is due to the spouse's A. Desire to pursue a lawsuit if the assignment is not changed. B. Inability to participate in the husband's care. C. Lack of prior experience in a critical care setting. D. Sense of loss of control of the situation.

Which of the following statements describes the core concept of the synergy model of practice? a. All nurses must be certified in order to have the synergy model implemented. b. Family members must be included in daily interdisciplinary rounds. c. Nurses and physicians must work collaboratively and synergistically to influence care. d. Unique needs of patients and their families influence nursing competencies.

High pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and low cardiac output

The nurse is administering intravenous norepinephrine (Levophed) at 5 mcg/kg/min via a 20-gauge peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter. What assessment finding requires immediate action by the nurse?

Swelling at the IV site

.The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with the early stages of septic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to be tachypneic, with a respiratory rate of 32 breaths/min. Arterial blood gas values assessed on admission are pH 7.50, CO2 28 mm Hg, HCO3 26. Which diagnostic study result reviewed by the nurse indicates progression of the shock state?

pH 7.30, CO2 45, HCO3 18

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient following insertion of a left subclavian central venous catheter (CVC). Which action by the nurse best protects against the development of a central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)? A. Documentation of insertion date B. Elevation of the head of the bed C. Assessment for weaning readiness D. Appropriate sedation management

The nurse is caring for a patient following insertion of a left subclavian central venous catheter (CVC). Which action by the nurse best reduces the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)? A. Review daily the necessity of the central venous catheter. B. Cleanse the insertion site daily with isopropyl alcohol. C. Change the pressurized tubing system and flush bag daily. D. Maintain a pressure of 300 mm Hg on the flush bag.

The nurse is caring for a patient following insertion of a left subclavian central venous catheter (CVC). Which assessment finding 2 hours after insertion by the nurse warrants immediate action? A. Diminished breath sounds over left lung field B. Localized pain at catheter insertion site C. Measured central venous pressure of 5 mm Hg D. Slight bloody drainage around insertion site

The nurse is caring for a patient following insertion of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) for cardiogenic shock unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. Which hemodynamic parameter best indicates an appropriate response to therapy? A. Cardiac index (CI) of 2.5 L/min/m2 B. Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of 26 mm Hg C. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 22 mm Hg D. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) of 1600 dynes/sec/cm−5

The patient presents to the ED with severe chest discomfort. A cardiac catheterization and angiography shows an 80% occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Which procedure will be most likely performed on this patient? a. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery b. Intracoronary stent placement c. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) d. Transmyocardial revascularization

The nurse is preparing for insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). During insertion of the catheter, what are the priority nursing actions? (Select all that apply.) A. Allay the patient's anxiety by providing information about the procedure. B. Ensure that a sterile field is maintained during the insertion procedure. C. Inflate the balloon during the procedure when indicated by the provider. D. Monitor the patient's cardiac rhythm throughout the procedure. E. Obtain informed consent by informing the patient of procedural risks.

A, B, C, D

Which of the following are documented as part of the cardiopulmonary arrest record? (Select all that apply) A. Medication administration times B. Defibrillation times, joules, outcomes C. Rhythm strips of cardiac rhythm(s) noted D. Signatures of recorder and other personnel E. Model of defibrillator used.

A, B, C, D

Warning signs that can assist the critical care nurse in recognizing that an ethical dilemma may exist include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Family members are confused about what is happening to the patient. b. Family members are in conflict as to the best treatment options. They disagree with one another and cannot come to consensus. c. The family asks that the patient not be told of treatment plans. d. The patient's condition has changed dramatically for the worse and is not responding to conventional treatment. e. The physician is considering the use of a medication that is not approved to treat the patient's condition.

A, B, C, D, E

MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient and responds to a high inspiratory pressure alarm. Recognizing possible causes for the alarm, the nurse assesses for which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Coughing or attempting to talk b. Disconnection from the ventilator c. Kinks in the ventilator tubing d. Need for suctioning

A, C, D

19. The transplant clinic nurse is educating a patient about the renal criteria that must be met in order to be placed on the transplant waiting list. Which statement by the patient best indicates an understanding of the criteria? a. "I qualify if my glomerular filtration rate is less than 20 mL per minute." b. "I will not qualify until I have to go on regular hemodialysis treatments." c. "My blood type does not have to be a match with the donor blood type." d. "The national waiting list is based on the ability to pay for medications."

ANS: A Candidates are placed on the UNOS national waiting list once they become dialysis dependent or have a glomerular filtration rate of less than 20 mL/minute if not on dialysis. ABO compatibility is necessary for successful renal transplantation. A point system is used to rank candidates to determine who will receive a kidney when a donor becomes available.

18. The transplant clinic social worker is completing a social history on a patient with end-stage renal disease who is being evaluated for transplant. Which statement by the patient warrants further action? a. "I only smoke marijuana on an occasional basis." b. "I have two sisters who live within two hours of me." c. "I have attended all of my scheduled dialysis sessions." d. "My mother's side of the family has a history of cancer."

ANS: A Current recreational drug use is a contraindication to transplantation. Family support is critical during posttransplant care. Adherence to dialysis indicates likely success in adhering to future treatment plans. A patient history of active or recent malignancy is a contraindication to transplantation.

21. The nurse is preparing to admit a patient with heart failure who has been listed on the UNOS transplant list as status 1A. What is the best understanding of this classification by the nurse? a. The patient can be managed at home with a left ventricular assist device. b. Hospitalization is required with mechanical support and vasoactive infusions. c. The patient has advanced heart failure and is being managed with medication. d. An advanced heart failure patient not successfully managed on medications.

ANS: B Status 1A is the most urgent status assigned to advanced heart failure awaiting transplantation. Status 1A patients are expected to die within a week without transplant. Status 1B patients are less urgent and can be managed at home with a left ventricular assist device. A patient with advanced heart failure being managed with medications is being managed appropriately. An advanced heart failure patient not successfully managed on medications has the option of listing for a heart transplant.

4. The transplant clinic coordinator is evaluating relatives of a patient with end-stage renal disease, whose blood type is A positive, for suitability as a living donor for kidney transplantation. Which family member best qualifies for evaluation? a. A 65-year-old brother with a history of hypertension; blood type A positive b. A 35-year-old female with a history of food allergies; blood type O negative c. A 14-year-old son, otherwise healthy with no history; blood type B negative d. A 70-year-old mother, with a history of sinus infections; blood type A positive

ANS: B To qualify as a living donor, an individual must be free from hypertension, diabetes, cancer, kidney disease, and heart disease and generally between 18 and 60 years of age. A 35-year-old female with a history of food allergies; blood type O negative (universal donor) best qualifies for evaluation. The brother and mother, although blood-type compatible, are outside of acceptable age ranges for living donation. The minor son does not qualify based on blood type.

A patient with acute pancreatitis is started on parenteral nutrition. The student nurse listed possible interventions for this patient. Which intervention needs correction before finalizing the plan of care? a. Change the intravenous tubing every 24 hours. b. Infuse antibiotics through the intravenous line. c. Monitor the blood glucose every 6 hours. d. Monitor the fluid and electrolyte balance.

An essential aspect of teaching that may prevent recurrence of heart failure is a. notifying the provider if a 2-lb weight gain occurs in 24 hours. b. compliance with diuretic therapy. c. taking nitroglycerin if chest pain occurs. d. assessment of an apical pulse.

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient with acute respiratory failure. Which intervention is most beneficial in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation and its complications? a. Administration of neuromuscular blockade b. Daily interruption of sedation and assessment of readiness to wean/extubate c. Frequent turning and early mobility, including ambulation if possible d. Regular and frequent oral care

The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock experiencing chest pain. Hemodynamic values assessed by the nurse include a cardiac index (CI) of 2.5 L/min/m2, heart rate of 70 beats/min, and a systemic vascular resistance (SVR) of 2200 dynes/sec/cm−5. Upon review of physician orders, which order is most appropriate for the nurse to initiate? A. Furosemide 20 mg intravenous (IV) every 4 hours as needed for CVP greater than or equal to ≥20 mm Hg B. Nitroglycerin infusion titrated at a rate of 5 to 10 mcg/min as needed for chest pain C. Dobutamine infusion at a rate of 2 to 20 mcg/kg/min as needed for CI less than 2 L/min/m2 D. Dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 to 10 mcg/kg/min to maintain a systolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg

The nurse is educating a patient's family member about a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). Which statement by the family member best indicates understanding of the purpose of the PAC? A. "The catheter will provide multiple sites to give intravenous fluid." B. "The catheter will allow the provider to better manage fluid therapy." C. "The catheter tip comes to rest inside my brother's pulmonary artery." D. "The catheter will be in position until the heart has a chance to heal."

The nurse is examining the patient's cardiac rhythm strip in lead II and notices that all of the P waves are upright and look the same except one that has a different shape and is inverted. The nurse realizes that the P wave with the abnormal shape is probably a. from the SA node because all P waves come from the SA node. b. from some area in the atria other than the SA node. c. indicative of ventricular depolarization. d. normal even though it is inverted in lead II.

The nurse is preparing to measure the thermodilution cardiac output (TdCO) in a patient being monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. Which action by the nurse best ensures the safety of the patient? A. Ensure the transducer system is zero referenced at the level of the phlebostatic axis. B. Avoid infusing vasoactive agents in the port used to obtain the TdCO measurement. C. Maintain a pressure of 300 mm Hg on the flush solution using a pressure bag. D. Limit the length of the noncompliant pressure tubing to a maximum 48 inches.

The nurse notices ventricular tachycardia on the heart monitor. When the patient is assessed, the patient is found to be unresponsive with no pulse. The nurse should a. treat with intravenous amiodarone or lidocaine. b. begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced life support. c. provide electrical cardioversion. d. ignore the rhythm because it is benign.

The nurse returns from the cardiac catheterization laboratory with a patient following insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter and assists in transferring the patient from the stretcher to the bed. Before obtaining a cardiac output, which action is most important for the nurse to complete? A. Document a pulmonary artery catheter occlusion pressure. B. Zero reference the transducer system at the phlebostatic axis. C. Inflate the pulmonary artery catheter balloon with 1 mL air. D. Inject 10 mL of 0.9% normal saline into the proximal port

The patient has undergone open chest surgery for coronary artery bypass grafting. One of the nurse's responsibilities is to monitor the patient for which common postoperative dysrhythmia? a. Second-degree heart block b. Atrial fibrillation or flutter c. Ventricular ectopy d. Premature junctional contractions

Which of the following cardiac diagnostic tests would include monitoring the gag reflex before giving the patient anything to eat or drink? a. Barium swallow b. Transesophageal echocardiogram c. MUGA scan d. Stress test

While caring for a patient with a small bowel obstruction, the nurse assesses a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 1 mm Hg and hourly urine output of 5 mL. The nurse anticipates which therapeutic intervention? A. Diuretics B. Intravenous fluids C. Negative inotropic agents D. Vasopressors

A nurse caring for a patient with neurological impairment often must use painful stimuli to elicit the patient's response. The nurse uses subtle measures of painful stimuli, such as nailbed pressure. She neither slaps the patient nor pinches the nipple to elicit a response to pain. In this scenario, the nurse is exemplifying the ethical principle of a. beneficence. b. fidelity. c. nonmaleficence. d. veracity.

A patient is admitted after collapsing at the end of a summer marathon. The patient is lethargic, with a heart rate of 110 beats/min, respiratory rate of 30 breaths/min, and a blood pressure of 78/46 mm Hg. The nurse anticipates administering which therapeutic intervention? A. Human albumin infusion B. Hypotonic saline solution C. Lactated Ringer's bolus D. Packed red blood cells

A patient is admitted with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The nurse knows that an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor should be started within 24 hours to reduce the incidence of which process? a. Myocardial stunning b. Hibernating myocardium c. Myocardial remodeling d. Tachycardia

A patient is admitted with angina. The nurse anticipates which drug regimen to be initiated? a. ACE inhibitors and diuretics b. Morphine sulfate and oxygen c. Nitroglycerin, oxygen, and beta blockers d. Statins, bile acid, and nicotinic acid

A patient is being mechanically ventilated in the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation mode at a rate of 4 breaths/min. His spontaneous respirations are 12 breaths/min. He receives a dose of morphine sulfate, and his respirations decrease to 4 breaths/min. Which acid-base disturbance will likely occur? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

A patient is having a cardiac evaluation to assess for possible valvular disease. Which study best identifies valvular function and measures the size of the cardiac chambers? a. 12-lead electrocardiogram b. Cardiac catheterization c. Echocardiogram d. Electrophysiology study

A patient who is receiving continuous enteral feedings has just vomited 250 mL of milky green fluid. What action by the nurse takes priority? a. Notify the provider. b. Assess the patient's lungs and oxygen saturation. c. Stop the tube feeding. d. Slow the rate of the infusion.

A patient's status worsens and needs mechanical ventilation. The pulmonologist wants the patient to receive 10 breaths/min from the ventilator but wants to encourage the patient to breathe spontaneously in between the mechanical breaths at his own tidal volume. This mode of ventilation is called: a. assist/control ventilation b. controlled ventilation c. intermittent mandatory ventilation d. positive end-expiratory pressure

The nurse caring for patients with cardiac monitoring understands that when an electrical signal is aimed directly at the positive electrode, the inflection will be: a. negative. b. upside down. c. upright. d. equally positive and negative.

The nurse is assessing a patient with left-sided heart failure. Which symptom would the nurse expect to find? a. Dependent edema b. Distended neck veins c. Dyspnea and crackles d. Nausea and vomiting

The nurse is assessing the exhaled tidal volume (EVT) in a mechanically ventilated patient. The rationale for this assessment is to: a. assess for tension pneumothorax. b. assess the level of positive end-expiratory pressure. c. compare the tidal volume delivered with the tidal volume prescribed. d. determine the patient's work of breathing.

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient with a pulmonary artery catheter who is receiving continuous enteral tube feedings. When obtaining continuous hemodynamic monitoring measurements, what is the best nursing action? A. Do not document hemodynamic values until the patient can be placed in the supine position. B. Level and zero reference the air-fluid interface of the transducer with the patient in the supine position and record hemodynamic values. C. Level and zero reference the air-fluid interface of the transducer with the patient's head of bed elevated to 30 degrees and record hemodynamic values. D. Level and zero reference the air-fluid interface of the transducer with the patient supine in the side-lying position and record hemodynamic values.

The patient is asymptomatic but is diagnosed with second-degree heart block Mobitz I. The patient is on digitalis medication at home. The nurse should expect that a. the patient has had an anterior wall myocardial infarction. b. the physician will order the digitalis to be continued in the hospital. c. a digitalis level would be ordered upon admission. d. the patient will require a transcutaneous pacemaker.

COMPLETION 1. The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient and is charting outside the patient's room when the ventilator alarm sounds. What is the priority order for the nurse to complete these actions: _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________? (Put a comma and space between each answer choice.) A. Check quickly for possible causes of the alarm that can be fixed. B. After troubleshooting, connect back to mechanical ventilator and reassess patient. C. Go to patient's bedside. D. Manually ventilate the patient while getting respiratory therapist.

C, A, D, B

Current guidelines recommend the oral route for endotracheal intubation. The rationale for this recommendation is that nasotracheal intubation is associated with a greater risk for: a. basilar skull fracture. b. cervical hyperextension. c. impaired ability to "mouth" words. d. sinusitis and infection.

A patient has elevated blood lipids. The nurse anticipates which classification of drugs to be prescribed for the patient? a. Bile acid resins b. Nicotinic acid c. Nitroglycerin d. Statins

A patient is being ventilated and has been started on enteral feedings with a nasogastric small-bore feeding tube. What is the primary reason the nurse must frequently assess tube placement? a. To assess for paralytic ileus b. To maintain the patency of the feeding tube c. To monitor for skin breakdown on the nose d. To prevent aspiration of the feedings

A patient is having an emergent coronary intervention, and the nurse is starting an infusion of abciximab. The patient asks what the purpose of this drug is. What response by the nurse is best? a. "This will help prevent chest pain until the intervention is complete." b. "This medication dries oral and respiratory secretions during the procedure." c. "This is a mild sedative and amnesic agent, so you'll be very relaxed." d. "This drug helps prevent blood clotting and is often used for this procedure."

A patient is receiving enteral feedings and reports fullness and abdominal discomfort. What action by the nurse is best? a. Connect the feeding tube to suction. b. Continue the tube feeding. c. Decrease the tube feeding. d. Assess the patient's gastric residual.

A patient is receiving enteral tube feedings and has developed drug-nutrient interactions. The nurse recognizes which drug as having the potential for causing drug-nutrient reactions? a. Aspirin b. Enoxaparin c. Ibuprofen d. Phenytoin

A patient, who has a tube feeding, requires a chest x-ray study for evaluation of a cough. To reduce the risk of aspiration, the nurse: a. helps the radiology technician to position the patient to avoid dislodging the tube. b. slows the rate of the feedings until placement has been verified. c. cuts the infusion rate by half. d. stops feedings 10 to 15 minutes before placing flat to obtain the radiograph.

During insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter, the provider asks the nurse to assist by inflating the balloon with 1.5 mL of air. As the provider advances the catheter, the nurse notices premature ventricular contractions on the monitor. What is the best action by the nurse? A. Deflate the balloon while slowly withdrawing the catheter. B. Instruct the patient to cough and deep-breathe forcefully. C. Inflate the catheter balloon with an additional 1 mL of air. D. Ensure lidocaine hydrochloride (IV) is immediately available.

During the initial stages of shock, what are the physiological effects of decreased cardiac output? A. Arterial vasodilation B. High urine output C. Increased parasympathetic stimulation D. Increased sympathetic stimulation

The nurse has been administering 0.9% normal saline intravenous fluids in a patient with severe sepsis. To evaluate the effectiveness of fluid therapy, which physiological parameters would be most important for the nurse to assess? A. Breath sounds and capillary refill B. Blood pressure and oral temperature C. Oral temperature and capillary refill D. Right atrial pressure and urine output

The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock being treated with an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP). The family inquires about the primary reason for the device. What is the best statement by the nurse to explain the IABP? A. "The action of the machine will improve blood supply to the damaged heart." B. "The machine will beat for the damaged heart with every beat until it heals." C. "The machine will help cleanse the blood of impurities that might damage the heart." D. "The machine will remain in place until the patient is ready for a heart transplant."

The nurse is caring for a patient in septic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to have a blood pressure of 105/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respiratory rate 32 breaths/min, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 95% on 45% supplemental oxygen via Venturi mask, and a temperature of 102° F. The physician orders stat administration of an antibiotic. Which additional physician order should the nurse complete first? A. Blood cultures B. Chest x-ray C. Foley insertion D. Serum electrolytes

Which of the following assists the critical care nurse in ensuring that care is appropriate and based on research? a. Clinical practice guidelines b. Computerized physician order entry c. Consulting with advanced practice nurses d. Implementing Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals

Which of the following devices is best suited to deliver 65% oxygen to a patient who is spontaneously breathing? a. Face mask with non-rebreathing reservoir b. Low-flow nasal cannula c. Simple face mask d. Venturi mask

Which of the following professional organizations best supports critical care nursing practice? A. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses B. American Heart Association C. American Nurses Association D. Society of Critical Care Medicine

Which of the following statements about family assessment is false? A. Assessment of structure (who comprises the family) is the last step in assessment. B. Interaction among family members is assessed. C. It is important to assess communication among family members to understand roles. D. Ongoing assessment is important, because family functioning may change during the course of illness.

The critical care environment is often stressful to a critically ill patient. Identify stressors that are common. (Select all that apply.) A. Alarms that sound from various devices B. Bright fluorescent lighting C. Lack of day-night cues D. Sounds from the mechanical ventilator E. Visiting hours tailored to meet individual needs

A, B, C, D

Which of the following nursing activities demonstrates implementation of the AACN Standards of Professional Performance? (Select all that apply.) a. Attending a meeting of the local chapter of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses in which a continuing education program on sepsis is being taught b. Collaborating with a pastoral services colleague to assist in meeting spiritual needs of the patient and family c. Participating on the unit's nurse practice council d. Posting an article from Critical Care Nurse on the management of venous thromboembolism for your colleagues to read e. Using evidence-based strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia

A, B, C, D, E

Noise in the critical care unit can have negative effects on the patient. Which of the following interventions assists in reducing noise levels in the critical care setting? (Select all that apply.) A. Ask the family to bring in the patient's iPod or other device with favorite music. B. Invite a volunteer harpist to play on the unit on a regular basis. C. Remodel the unit to have two-patient rooms to facilitate nursing care. D. Remodel the unit to install acoustical ceiling tiles. E. Turn the volume of equipment alarms as low as they can be adjusted, and "off" if possible.

A, B, D

The critical care environment is stressful to the patient. Which interventions assist in reducing this stress? (Select all that apply.) A. Adjust lighting to promote normal sleep-wake cycles. B. Provide clocks, calendars, and personal photos in the patient's room. C. Talk to the patient about other patients you are caring for on the unit. D. Tell the patient the day and time when you are providing routine nursing interventions. E. Allow unlimited visitation tailored to the patient's individual needs.

A, B, E

Which of the following is (are) official journal(s) of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses? (Select all that apply.) a. American Journal of Critical Care b. Critical Care Clinics of North America c. Critical Care Nurse d. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly e. Critical Care Nursing Management

A, C

Which of the following is a National Patient Safety Goal? (Select all that apply.) a. Accurately identify patients. b. Eliminate the use of patient restraints. c. Reconcile medications across the continuum of care. d. Reduce risks of health care-acquired infection. e. Reduce costs associated with hospitalization.

A, C, D

Which strategy is important in addressing issues associated with the aging workforce? (Select all that apply.) a. Allowing nurses to work flexible shift durations b. Encouraging older nurses to transfer to an outpatient setting that is less stressful c. Hiring nurse technicians who are available to assist with patient care, such as turning the patient d. Remodeling patient care rooms to include devices to assist in patient lifting e. Developing a staffing model that accurately reflects the unit's needs.

A, C, D

It is important for critically ill patients to feel safe. Which nursing strategies help the patient to feel safe in the critical care setting? (Select all that apply.) A. Allow family members to remain at the bedside. B. Consult with the charge nurse before making any patient care decisions. C. Provide informal conversation by discussing your plans for after work. D. Respond promptly to call bells or other communication for assistance. E. Inform the patient that you have cared for many similar patients.

A, D

To reduce relocation stress in patients transferring out of the intensive care unit, the nurse can (Select all that apply.) A. Ask the nurses on the intermediate care unit to give the family a tour of the new unit. B. Contact the intensivist to see if the patient can stay one additional day in the critical care unit so that he and his family can adjust better to the idea of a transfer. C. Ensure that the patient will be located near the nurses' station in the new unit. D. Invite the nurse who will be assuming the patient's care to meet with the patient and family in the critical care unit prior to transfer. E. Help the patient and family focus on the positive meaning of a transfer.

A, D, E

Which of the following strategies will assist in creating a healthy work environment for the critical care nurse? (Select all that apply.) a. Celebrating improved outcomes from a nurse-driven protocol with a pizza party b. Implementing a medication safety program designed by pharmacists c. Modifying the staffing pattern to ensure a 1:1 nurse/patient ratio d. Offering quarterly joint nurse-physician workshops to discuss unit issues e. Using the Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation (SBAR) technique for handoff communication

A, D, E

15. While following up on a postoperative renal transplant recipient, the nurse discovers that the donor tested positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV). What is the priority action by the nurse? a. Notify the OPO transplant coordinator. b. Verify results with the lab technician. c. Repeat all pre-procedure viral studies. d. Continue to monitor for signs of rejection.

ANS: A It is mandatory to report any donor-derived infections to the organ procurement organization (OPO). The priority action is to notify the transplant coordinator. Verifying results with the lab technician, if indicated, would be the responsibility of the transplant coordinator. Repeating viral studies and continuing to monitor for signs of rejection are appropriate actions but not the immediate priority.

25. The nurse assesses morning lab results for a postoperative day 1 liver transplant recipient. Lab results noted by the nurse include aspartate transaminase (AST) 365 U/L; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 400 U/L; and serum glucose of 85 mg/dL. What is the best action by the nurse? a. Notify the physician of liver enzyme results. b. Treat hypoglycemia with 50 mL 5% dextrose. c. Repeat the liver enzyme results in 4 hours. d. Prepare to administer IV insulin infusion.

ANS: A Laboratory values should be trended, but the nurse should notify the physician of the elevated liver enzyme results, as significantly elevated results could indicate hepatic artery thrombosis. Glucose of 85 mg/dL is considered within normal limits by most laboratories and would not require treatment with glucose or insulin to normalize. Repeating the enzyme results in 4 hours would be appropriate, but it is not the immediate priority.

32. Which statement best describes the lung allocation score (LAS) used to prioritize lung transplant recipients? a. The LAS is based on lab values, diagnostic tests, and medical diagnosis. b. Lungs from children and adolescents are offered to adults first. c. The LAS is limited to candidates under the age of 65 years. d. The score was developed to estimate 5-year survival rates.

ANS: A The LAS is based on lab values, diagnostic tests, and medical diagnosis; candidates with higher LASs have higher priority than those with lower scores. Lungs from children and adults are offered to pediatric and adolescent candidates first. The LAS is used for all patients who are listed on the organ donor registry. The LAS was developed to estimate the change of first-year survival after transplantation.

2. The nurse is managing a donor patient six hours prior to the scheduled harvesting of the patient's organs. Which assessment finding requires immediate action by the nurse? a. Morning serum blood glucose of 128 mg/dL b. pH 7.30; PaCO2 38 mm Hg; HCO3 16 mEq/L c. Pulmonary artery temperature of 97.8° F d. Central venous pressure of 8 mm Hg

ANS: B Donor management, focuses on maintaining hemodynamic stability and normal laboratory parameters. Care of the patient is under the direction of the OPO coordinator working collaboratively with the physician and critical care nurses. Standardized order sets are usually used, and they focus on preserving organ function and viability.Immediate action is required for an arterial blood gas value of pH 7.30; PaCO2 38 mmHg; HCO3 16 mEq/L which indicates metabolic acidosis. All other values are within normal limits.

26. The transplant clinic nurse is educating a group of transplant recipients on health promotion and maintenance. What is the priority statement by the nurse? a. "Adhere to all future scheduled appointments with the clinic." b. "Obtain annual vaccinations for pneumonia from your physician." c. "Report all routine lab results to your primary care physician." d. "Notify the transplant clinic of all future hospital admissions."

ANS: B To protect against viruses that would be detrimental to a transplant recipient, it is most important for transplant patients to consult with their clinic providers to obtain the appropriate vaccinations. Adherence to future scheduled appointments, reporting lab results, and notifying the clinic of all future hospitalizations are part of long-term care, but appropriate vaccinations are essential to the health of the patient.

9. The nurse is caring for a patient in the critical care unit who, after being declared brain dead, is being managed by the OPO transplant coordinator. Thirty minutes into the shift, assessment by the nurse includes a blood pressure 75/50 mm Hg, heart rate 85 beats/min, and respiratory rate 12 breaths/min via assist/control ventilation. The oxygen saturation (SpO2) is 99% and core temperature 93.8° F. Which physician order should the nurse implement first? a. Apply forced air warming device to keep temperature > 96.8° b. Obtain basic metabolic panel every 4 hours until surgery c. Begin phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) for systolic BP < 90 mm Hg d. Draw arterial blood gas every 4 hours until surgery

ANS: C Hemodynamic stability is a priority in donor management. Following brain death, loss of autoregulation results in intense vasodilation. To maintain perfusion to the vital organs, the priority action is to begin a phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) infusion to get systolic BP > 90 mm Hg. Maintaining normothermia is the next priority. Obtaining laboratory tests and arterial blood gasses is a part of donor management but not the priority in this scenario.

33. The nurse is caring for a renal transplant recipient in the postanesthesia care unit. Handoff communication from the OR included a reported output of 500 mL following anastomosis of the renal vessels and reperfusion. One hour after the transplant recipient was admitted to the PACU, the RN notes no urine output. Which physician order should the nurse implement first? a. Administer 20 mg furosemide intravenous (IV) every 4 hours as needed for urine output < 30 mL/hr. b. Administer a 500-mL bolus of 0.9% normal saline intravenously over 2 hours. c. Irrigate the indwelling urinary catheter gently with 30 mL 0.9% normal saline. d. Provide maintenance IV fluids of D5 NS to infuse at 100 mL/hr.

ANS: C Surgical complications following renal transplantation include ureteral obstruction. The nurse should gently irrigate the Foley catheter to determine patency. Furosemide administration should not occur until catheter obstruction has been ruled out. Administration of a fluid bolus should not occur until catheter obstruction has been ruled out. Maintenance fluids administration should be a part of the plan of care but is not the priority in this scenario.

10. The charge nurse of a transplant unit is reviewing the clinical course of several transplant patients being cared for in the unit. Which patient assessed by the charge nurse requires immediate action? a. Renal transplant recipient, 1 day post op with a 3/10 pain level b. Lung transplant recipient, 1 day post op with a productive cough c. Heart transplant recipient, 1 day post op with a cardiac output of 4 L/min d. Liver transplant recipient, 12 hours post op with a serum glucose of 58 mg/dL

ANS: D Hypoglycemia may indicate a poorly functioning liver and requires immediate action. Postoperative pain level of 3/10 in a renal transplant patient, a lung transplant patient with a productive cough, and a heart transplant recipient with a cardiac output of 4 L/min are normal or expected findings requiring no immediate action.

14. The nurse is caring for a patient following a bilateral lung transplant. When planning postoperative care of the patient, priority is placed on pulmonary hygiene. Which statement provides the best explanation for this priority? a. Immunosuppressant medications reduce the body's ability to fight infections. b. During the early postoperative period, atelectasis decreases oxygenation. c. Pulmonary hygiene reduces the risk of early primary graft dysfunction. d. Loss of cough reflex results in decreased ability to remove secretions effectively.

ANS: D Nerves of the autonomic nervous system are severed during lung transplant surgery. This results in denervation of the lung and loss of the cough reflex. Loss of this reflex places the patient at greater risk for infection because of the potential inability to clear secretions effectively. Although immunosuppressant medications reduce the body's ability to fight infections, this is a general explanation for all increased risk of infection in transplant recipients. Atelectasis decreases oxygenation. The primary reason for pulmonary hygiene is to expectorate secretions. Primary graft dysfunction is caused by ischemia, surgical trauma, or denervation and is similar to acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Critical illness often results in family conflicts. Which scenario is most likely to result in the greatest conflict? A. A 21-year-old college student of divorced parents hospitalized with multiple trauma. She resides with her mother. The parents are amicable with each other and have similar values. The father blames the daughter's boyfriend for causing the accident. B. A 36-year-old male admitted for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. He has been living with his 34-year-old girlfriend for 8 years, and they have a 4-year-old daughter. He does not have a written advance directive. His parents arrive from out-of-state and are asked to make decisions about his health care. He has not seen them in over a year. C. A 58-year-old male admitted for coronary artery bypass surgery. He has been living with his same-sex partner for 20 years in a committed relationship. He has designated his sister, a registered nurse, as his health care proxy in a written advance directive. D. A 78-year-old female admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding. Her hemoglobin is decreasing to a critical level. She is a Jehovah's Witness and refuses the treatment of a blood transfusion. She is capable of making her own decisions and has a clearly written advance directive declining any transfusions. Her son is upset with her and tells her she is "committing suicide."

During cardioversion, the nurse would synchronize the electrical charge to coincide with which wave of the ECG complex? A. P B. R C. S D. T

Family assessment can be challenging, and each nurse may obtain additional information regarding family structure and dynamics. What is the best way to share this information from shift to shift? A. Create an informal family information sheet that is kept on the bedside clipboard. That way, everyone can review it quickly when needed. B. Develop a standardized reporting form for family information that is incorporated into the patient's medical record and updated as needed. C. Require that the charge nurse have a detailed list of information about each patient and family member. Thus, someone on the unit is always knowledgeable about potential issues. D. Try to remember to discuss family structure and dynamics as part of the change-of-shift report.

Family members have a need for information. Which interventions best assist in meeting this need? A.Handing family members a pamphlet that explains all of the critical care equipment B. Providing a daily update of the patient's progress and facilitating communication with the intensivist C. Telling them that you are not permitted to give them a status report but that they can be present at 4:00 PM for family rounds with the intensivist D. Writing down a list of all new medications and doses and giving the list to family members during visitation

The nurse knows that in advanced cardiac life support, the secondary survey includes steps A-B-C-D, in which "D" refers to: A. Defibrillate. B. Differential diagnosis. C. Diltiazem intravenous push. D. Do not resuscitate.

Nursing strategies to help families cope with the stress of critical illness include: (Select all that apply.) A.. Asking the family to leave during the morning bath to promote the patient's privacy. B. Encouraging family members to make notes of questions they have for the physician during family rounds. C. If possible, providing continuity of nursing care. D. Providing a daily update of the patient's condition to the family spokesperson. E. Ensuring that a waiting room stocked with snacks is nearby.

B, C, D

A nurse who plans care based on the patient's gender, ethnicity, spirituality, and lifestyle is said to a. be a moral advocate. b. facilitate learning. c. respond to diversity. d. use clinical judgment.

A patient develops frequent ventricular ectopy. The nurse prepares to administer which drug? A. Adenosine B. Atropine C. Lidocaine D. Magnesium

Comparing the patient's current (home) medications with those ordered during hospitalization and communicating a complete list of medications to the next provider when the patient is transferred within an organization or to another setting are strategies to: a. improve accuracy of patient identification. b. prevent errors related to look-alike and sound-alike medications. c. reconcile medications across the continuum of care. d. reduce harms associated with the administration of anticoagulants.

During a code, the nurse would place paddles for anterior defibrillation in what locations? A. Second intercostal space, left sternal border and fourth intercostal space, left midclavicular line B. Second intercostal space, right sternal border and fourth intercostal space, left midaxillary line C. Second intercostal space, right sternal border and fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line D. Fourth intercostal space, right sternal border and fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line

Family assessment is essential to meet family needs. Which of the following must be assessed first to assist the nurse in providing family-centered care? A. Assessment of patient and family's developmental stages and needs B. Description of the patient's home environment C. Identification of immediate family, extended family, and decision makers D. Observation and assessment of how family members function with each other

Many critically ill patients experience anxiety. The nurse can reduce anxiety with which approach? A. Ask family members to limit their visitation to 2-hour periods in morning, afternoon, and evening. B. Explain the unit routine. C. Explain procedures before and while you are doing them. D. Suction Mr. J.'s endotracheal tube immediately when he starts to cough.

The family of your critically ill patient tells you that they have not spoken with the physician in over 24 hours and that they have some questions they want clarified. During morning rounds, you convey this concern to the attending intensivist and arrange a meeting with the family at 4:00 PM. Which competency of critical care nursing does this represent? a. Advocacy and moral agency in solving ethical issues b. Clinical judgment and clinical reasoning skills c. Collaboration with patients, families, and team members d. Facilitation of learning for patients, families, and team members

The nurse is caring for a patient who sustained a head injury and is unresponsive to painful stimuli. Which intervention is most appropriate while bathing the patient? A. Ask a family member to help you bathe the patient, and discuss the family structure with the family member during the procedure. B. Because the patient is unconscious, complete care as quickly and quietly as possible. C. Tell the patient the day and time, and that you are providing a bath. Reassure the patient that you are there. D. Turn the television on to the evening news so that you and the patient can be updated to current events.

The patient has been admitted to a critical care unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Suddenly the monitor alarms and the screen shows a flat line. What action should the nurse take first? A. Administer epinephrine by intravenous push. B. Begin chest compressions. C. Check patient for unresponsiveness. D. Defibrillate at 360 J.

The vision of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses is a health care system driven by a. a healthy work environment. b. care from a multiprofessional team under the direction of a critical care physician. c. the needs of critically ill patients and families. d. respectful, healing, and humane environments.

When addressing an ethical dilemma, contextual, physiological, and personal factors of the situation must be considered. Which of the following is an example of a personal factor? a. The hospital has a policy that everyone must have an advance directive on the chart. b. The patient has lost 20 pounds in the past month and is fatigued all the time. c. The patient has told you what quality of life means and his or her wishes. d. The physician considers care to be futile in a given situation.

When assessing the patient for hypoxemia, the nurse recognizes that an early sign of the effect of hypoxemia on the cardiovascular system is: a. heart block. b. restlessness. c. tachycardia. d. tachypnea.

Which intervention about visitation in the critical care unit is true? A. The majority of critical care nurses implement restricted visiting hours to allow the patient to rest. B. Children should never be permitted to visit a critically ill family member. C. Visitation that is individualized to the needs of patients and family members is ideal. D. Visiting hours should always be unrestricted.

Which rhythm would be an emergency indication for the application of a transcutaneous pacemaker? A. Asystole B. Bradycardia (heart rate 40 beats/min), normotensive and alert C. Bradycardia (heart rate 50 beats/min) with hypotension and syncope D. Supraventricular tachycardia (heart rate 150 beats/min), hypotensive

Which scenarios contribute to effective handoff communication at change of shift? (Select all that apply.) a. The nephrology consultant physician is making rounds and asks you for an update on the patient's status and to assist in placing a central line for hemodialysis. b. The noise level is high because twice as many staff members are present and everyone is giving report in the nurses' station. c. The unit has decided to use a standardized checklist/tool for change-of-shift reports and patient transfers. d. You and the oncoming nurse conduct a standardized report at the patient's bedside and review key assessment findings. e. The off-going nurse is giving the patient medications at the same time as giving handoff report to the oncoming nurse.

C, D

Changing visitation policies can be challenging. The nurse manager recognizes which of the following as an effective strategy for promoting changes in practice? A. Ask the clinical nurse specialist to lead a journal club on open visitation after each nurse is tasked to read one research article about visitation. B. Discuss the pros and cons of open visitation at the next staff meeting. C. Invite the nurses with the most experience to develop a revised policy. D. Task the unit-based nurse practice council to invite volunteers to serve on the council to revise the current policy toward more liberal visitation.

During a code situation, the nurse would prepare to use which preferred intravenous fluid? A. 5% dextrose in 0.45% normal saline B. 5% dextrose in water C. Dopamine infusion D. Normal saline

The critical care nurse wants a better understanding of when to initiate an ethics consult. After attending an educational program, the nurse understands that the following situation would require an ethics consultation: a. Conflict has occurred between the physician and family regarding treatment decisions. A family conference is held, and the family and physician agree to a treatment plan that includes aggressive treatment for 24 hours followed by reevaluation. b. Family members disagree as to a patient's course of treatment. The patient has designated a health care proxy and has a written advance directive. c. Patient postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery who sustained a cardiopulmonary arrest in the operating room. He was successfully resuscitated, but now is not responding to treatment. He has a written advance directive, and his wife is present. d. Patient with multiple trauma and is not responding to treatment. No family members are known, and the health care team is debating if care is futile.

The nurse is administering both crystalloid and colloid intravenous fluids as part of fluid resuscitation in a patient admitted in severe sepsis. What findings assessed by the nurse indicate an appropriate response to therapy? A. Normal body temperature B. Balanced intake and output C. Adequate pain management D. Urine output of 0.5 mL/kg/hr

The nurse is caring for a critically ill patient with terminal cancer. The monitor alarms and shows a potentially lethal rhythm. The patient has no pulse. The patient does not have a "do not resuscitate" order written on the chart. What is the appropriate nursing action? a. Contact the attending physician immediately to determine if CPR should be initiated. b. Contact the family immediately to determine if they want CPR to be started. c. Give emergency medications but withhold intubation. d. Initiate CPR and call a code.

The nurse is preparing to obtain a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) reading for a patient who is mechanically ventilated. Ensuring that the air-fluid interface is at the level of the phlebostatic axis, what is the best nursing action? A. Place the patient in the supine position and record the PAOP immediately after exhalation. B. Place the patient in the supine position and document the average PAOP obtained after three measurements. C. Place the patient with the head of bed elevated 30 degrees and document the average PAOP pressure obtained. D. Place the patient with the head of bed elevated 30 degrees and record the PAOP just before the increase in pressures during inhalation.

The nurse is talking with the patient when the monitor alarms and shows a wavy baseline without a PQRST complex. The nurse should a. defibrillate the patient immediately. b. initiate basic life support. c. initiate advanced life support. d. assess the patient and the electrical leads.

The nurse needs to evaluate arterial blood gases before the administration of which drug? A. Calcium chloride B. Magnesium sulfate C. Potassium D. Sodium bicarbonate

The nurse notices sinus bradycardia on the patient's cardiac monitor. The nurse should a. give atropine to increase heart rate. b. begin transcutaneous pacing of the patient. c. start a dopamine infusion to stimulate heart function. d. assess for hemodynamic instability.

The physician orders the following mechanical ventilation settings for a patient who weighs 75 kg. The patient's spontaneous respiratory rate is 22 breaths/min. What arterial blood gas abnormality may occur if the patient continues to be tachypneic at these ventilator settings? Settings: Tidal volume: 600 mL (8 mL per kg) FiO2: 0.5 Respiratory rate: 14 breaths/min Mode assist/control Positive end-expiratory pressure: 10 cm H2O a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis

b. Daily interruption of sedation and assessment of readiness to wean/extubate Daily assessment of readiness to extubate is the best approach for determining readiness to wean and for assisting in decreased duration of mechanical ventilation. Neuromuscular blockade prolongs mechanical ventilation. Turning and mobility are important interventions to prevent complications, but they do not necessarily affect duration of ventilation.

Sole Chapter 12 Advanced, Critical Care Midterm ch 1-12 #2

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