SOP 3004 Unit 2 Quiz ?'s

Basking in reflected glory

We feel good about ourselves when a member of our social group does well

Self-handicapping

actions people take to handicap own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipated failure, fear of failure

Pronin & Ross (2006)

the observer prospective gives us better insight on ourselves by observing ourselves the way others do (greater trait consistency perceptions of the self)

3 dimensions of attitude

Affect (feelings) Behavior Cognition (thoughts)

When it comes to attitude certainty, ________ is more predictive of our private behavior, whereas ___________ is more predictive of our public behavior. Extremity; self-monitoring Correctness; clarity Clarity; correctness

Clarity; correctness

Newheiser & Barreto (2014)

Concealing one's identity can undermine self-esteem and increase psychological distress, loneliness

what is persuasion

Efforts to change attitudes by using various types of messages. depends on communicator, message, and audience.

One result of tokenism is that it ______. Increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits Helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair Increases the likelihood of minority group protests

Helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

Fleming & Petty (2000)

People whose gender is highly important to them preferred products liked by their gender group (bitches be petty. bitches. BITCHES.)

What is the most common way of measuring self-esteem? Rosenberg Scale Positive Self-Talk Method Implicit Association Test

Rosenberg Scale

Mischel & Baker (1975)

Self-control and delayed gratification Predicted future SAT scores

sociometer theory

Self-esteem as an internal cue that monitors our social standing Informs us whether we are included or excluded by others

pluralistic ignorance

We believe others have different attitudes than we do, even when they don't

When is introspection more likely to be accurate? When we ignore certain aspects of the situation When the behavior is a result of conscious decision-making When the behavior is the result of emotions

When the behavior is a result of conscious decision-making

Schmitt, Silvia, and Branscombe (2000)

Women who indicated being creative was important to them. compared to person > poor performing over high performing compared to gender > high performing over low performing

implicit self-esteem

a person's unintentional, and perhaps unconscious, evaluation of his or her self-concept

Personal vs. Social Identity Continuum

at the personal level, the self is thought of as a unique individual, whereas at the social identity level, the self is seen as a member of a group. social self > intergroup personal seld > intragroup

implicit attitudes

attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level. "fast" thinking, intuitive

explicit attitudes

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report. "slow" thinking

How are attitudes formed?

classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning

counterarguments (resisting persuasion)

come up with arguments to undermine attitudes different from our own

ego depletion

diminished ability to self-control after we previously self -controlled. self control as a "muscle"

cognitive dissonance

discomfort when we realize our attitudes and behaviors, can sometimes result in attitude change. stronger when its hard to explain our actions.

classical conditioning

dog with UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR

attitude correctness

feeling one's attitude is the valid or proper one to hold. greater when you think others share your attitude. predicts SOCIAL behavior

Wheeler, Brinol, & Hermann (2007)

ego depletion and persuasion Persuaded regardless of argument strength only when depleted (given a hard task)

what is an attitude

evaluation of something 1. (un)favorable 2. (un)stable 3. (un)certain

selective avoidance (resisting persuasion)

giving attention to attitude-confirming information and ignoring attitude-disconfirming information

Self-verification perspective

we want others to agree with our self-views Even if not entirely flattering!

peripheral route persuasion

heuristic processing mental shortcuts to judge message less effort, automatic

On average, men have ____________ self-esteem compared to women. Similar Lower Higher

higher

Which of the following is TRUE about self-talk? Positive self-talk can remind people with low self-esteem that they may not measure up Positive self-talk improves low self-esteem by making people feel better about themselves, at least temporarily Positive self-talk can paradoxically reduce self-esteem in people with high self-esteem

idk

Self-deprecation

implying we aren't as good as others by building them up / bringing ourselves down

social identity theory

indicates that we can think about ourselves differently depending on which aspect of self is salient along the personal vs social identity continuum.

when comparing oneself to someone who is worse:

individual comparison feels good but social group member comparison feels bad

attitude clarity

knowing what ones attitude is. greater when we repeat attitude or successfully defend attitude. predicts PRIVATE behavior

observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

ingratiation

make others like us by praising / flattering them

Baumeister & Leary, 1995

need to belong is a fundamental human motivation

migration has a _______ effect at first on self-esteem, then a ______ effect

negative effect at first, may improve over time

Reactance (resisting persuasion)

negative reactions to others telling us what to do

gender differences in self-construal will be exhibited most when ________

our gender group identity is salient

self-talk

people engage with this before challenges, but does not improve feelings in those with low self-esteem

Toma & Carlson 2015

people portray themselves more positively online (tomas w never accepted u on ig, dm carson)

introspection

privately thinking about the factors that made us who we are

forewarning (resisting persuasion)

resist persuasion when we know we're going to be targeted

Measuring Self-Esteem

rosenberg self-esteem scale

LeBoeuf, Shafir, & Bayuk (2010)

same identity salient > enjoyed film other/inconsistent identity salient > didnt enjoy film - our choices and experiences depend on what self is salient

When we attempt to present our positive characteristics to other people, we are engaging in _____________. Self-promotion Self-verification Ingratiation

self promotion

Swann 2005

self verification; negotiation occurs in attempts to get others to agree with our self-claims

interdependent self-construal

sense of self based on connection to others

independent self-construal

sense of self based on independence, individuation, and separation from others

central route persuasion

systematic processing carefully consider message content effortful, deliberate

elaboration likelihood model

take central route when we have knowledge on the topic, peripheral route when we don't.

downward social comparison

the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are. boosts our self esteem and image.

social comparison theory

the hypothesis that people compare themselves to other people in order to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states

self-evaluation maintenance model

the idea that people are motivated to view themselves favorably, achieved through distancing from people who are better performers, and closer to those who are worse.

above average effect

the tendency for people to rate themselves as above the average on most positive social attributes

what determines the strength of an emotional reaction/attitude

vested interest (how relevant the consequences) ex: people under 21 dont want age to rise.

self control is most likely to be achieved when ____________

we focus on abstract goals rather than the details of what we are doing right now

The diminished capacity to exert self-control after previously doing so is known as ______________. Mental exhaustion Self-regulation Ego depletion

Ego depletion

Which of the following is NOT a way that we resist persuasion attempts? Forewarning Ego depletion Reactance

Ego depletion

factors that can influence what aspect of the self is salient

1) the context makes one aspect particularly relevant 2) the context makes one distinct from others 3) when one is of greater importance to us 4) others treatment of us/language use

Attitude to behavior process model

A model of how attitudes guide behavior that emphasizes the influence of attitudes and stored knowledge of what is appropriate in a given situation on an individual's definition of the present situation. interpretation influences behavior.

According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior? An emotional process An unconscious process A rational process

A rational process

Which of the following is usually TRUE of a persuasive communicator? A communicator who arouses fear is more persuasive than a communicator who doesn't A communicator lacking expertise is as persuasive as a communicator with expertise An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator

Self-promotion:

Attempting to present our positive characteristics to other people

Trafimow, Silverman, Fan, & Law (1997)

Bilingual Hong Kong students "I am" activity in English = independent self-construal "I am" activity in Chinese = interdependent self-construal

We form attitudes via classical conditioning by ____________________. Focusing on our own thoughts Developing associations Observing others' behaviors

Developing associations

Comparing yourself to someone less competent than you is called ________, whereas comparing yourself to someone more competent than you is called _________. Negative social comparison; positive social comparison Downward social comparison; upward social comparison Inferior social comparison; superior social comparison

Downward social comparison; upward social comparison

Which attitudinal factor describes how strongly an individual feels about an issue? Certainty Personal experience Extremity

Extremity

Cognitive dissonance is stronger when we have ______ reasons for engaging in attitude-discrepant behavior. Diverse Many Few

Few

Role of social context

affects when attitudes predict behavior. social norms can pressure us to refrain from behaviors. we want to act similarly to our group members.

instrumental conditioning

aka operant conditioning Strengthens responses with positive outcomes and weakens responses with negative outcomes

Vazire & Mehl (2008)

conducted study of self-perceptions and behavior frequencies with digital audio recorder. At times we know ourselves better, other times our friends do.

one response to perceived rejection by others to one of our selves is _________

to emphasize the aspect of one's identity that differentiates the self from those rejecting us.

When personal identity is salient we are likely to engage in _________ comparison, whereas when social identity is salient we are likely to engage in ____________ comparison. Intragroup; intergroup Intrapersonal; interpersonal Intergroup; intragroup

Intragroup; intergroup

According to the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ________. Desire to arrive at the best decision and personality Capacity to process information and level of motivation Level of motivation and concern for pleasing others

Capacity to process information and level of motivation

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model. Inclusiveness Shifting standards Common ingroup identity

Common ingroup identity

What is meant by the term "self-construal"? How we think about ourselves depends on the context The process through which we come to understand our own behavior How good or bad we feel about ourselves as a whole

How we think about ourselves depends on the context

measuring implicit attitudes

IAT (implicit association test). response time = bias. AMP. primed with photo, then describe Chinese character as (un)pleasant.

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________. Decreased contact between group members is necessary for the reduction of prejudice Increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce the prejudice between groups Increased contact between members of different social groups increases animosity between groups

Increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce the prejudice between groups

Powell, Branscombe, and Schmitt (2005) found that encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status ______ their collective guilt, which in turn ______ racism. Increases; increases Increases; decreases Decreases; increases

Increases; decreases

In a study concerning social comparison, Schmitt, Silvia, and Branscombe (2000) demonstrated that people liked a _____________ target when making interpersonal comparisons and liked a ______________ target when making intergroup comparisons. Low-performing; high-performing High-performing; high-performing High-performing; low-performing

Low-performing; high-performing

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by _________. Modifying either the attitude or behavior to be more consistent with each other Strengthening the attitude and ignoring the discrepancy Describing the dissonant attitude and behavior to a close other to seek their support

Modifying either the attitude or behavior to be more consistent with each other

how to increase self control

Rest between self-control tasks Think abstractly about goals Shorter self-control tasks Self-regulation training

Which of the following best defines instrumental conditioning? Reward and punishment strengthen and weaken a response, respectively Observing how someone else behaves and then emulating him or her Pairing two stimuli repeatedly leads them to elicit the same response

Reward and punishment strengthen and weaken a response, respectively

Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as _________ training and has the effect of __________ stereotype activation. Stereotype alteration; decreasing Social influence; increasing Stereotype negation; decreasing

Stereotype negation; decreasing

According to the text, how do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced? They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up They acquire a friend of a differing racial background through tokenism They tell themselves that they view all people equally, even though they don't

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up

upwards social comparison

comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are. can motivate you OR hurt self-esteem.

When comparing oneself to someone who is better than you:

comparing to individual: feel negative comparing to social group member: feel positive

Theory of Planned Behavior

the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and the student had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student _________ in the complaint condition compared to the responsibility condition. More stereotypically More negatively More positively

More negatively

Baumeister et al. (1988)

Participants who ate radishes gave up on impossible puzzles sooner than those who ate chocolate cookies

When we meet someone who doesn't fit the stereotype associated with their group membership, we tend to ___________. Automatically change our stereotype to accommodate this new information. Subtype the individual into a separate category of people who don't confirm the stereotype, leaving the original stereotype intact. Experience significant psychological distress and tend to have poor social interactions with the individual.

Subtype the individual into a separate category of people who don't confirm the stereotype, leaving the original stereotype intact.

When are women most likely to gain access to high-status positions? When they have many relevant qualifications When they adopt traditionally masculine traits When companies are in a time of crisis

When companies are in a time of crisis

According to Kahneman and Tversky's (1984) prospect theory, White and Black people tend to perceive racial inequality differently because _____________. White people are more likely to perpetrate discrimination and Black people are more likely to experience it. White people are less aware than Black people of the institutional barriers that affect racial inequality. White people perceive equality as a loss for their group, but Black people perceive it as a gain.

White people perceive equality as a loss for their group, but Black people perceive it as a gain.

self-discrepancy theory

we compare our actual self to self guides 1) actual self: way we see ourselves as we currently are self guides: 2) ideal self: person we would like to be (sad) 3) ought self: who you should be (anxiety) 4) feared self: who you fear becoming (relief) - the closer these 3 are to one another, the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be

Chambers, Epley, Savitsky, Windschitl 2008

we may be inaccurate/biased about ourselves since we know our own intentions (chambers > emily g. knew intentions of calling them was good, i saw it as bad)

Swann and Bosson 2010

we may still want those close to us to see us the same way we see ourselves, even in the negatives. this does not apply when we think we are physically unattractive, however.