Sothers Ch.3 Terms and People

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) Theologian and religious reformer who started the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses which protested church corruption, namely the sale of indulgences; He didn't plan on starting a new religion, he only wanted to reform the Church; his actions led to many new sects of Christianity, religious wars across Europe, a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church and an increase in the power of monarchs

John Calvin

(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

Great Migration

(1630-1642) Migration of 70,000 refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The 20,000 migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose--to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.

Duke of York

- Charles II gave the entire area between Connecticut and Maryland to his brother. This created a problem with the Dutch who occupied this area. In 1664 English forces capture New Amsterdam without a fight and the rest of the Dutch settlements soon followed. He gave New jersey to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret.

Summarize early New England attempts at intercolonial unity and the consequences of England's Glorious Revolution in America.

- Early inter-colonial unity: FAILS - Resistance to Dominion of NE: ... b/c they resisted so much, they couldn't even fight it together - Citizens wanted individuality; couldn't figure out a way to come together to fight DoNE, b/c working together/compromising would take away their individuality - GR ended Dominion of NE- militiamen in Boston seized Andros and sent him back to England ~ King James II of England angered political leaders- who invited William of Orange to take control of gov't ~ Forced him to accept declaration of rights: constitutional monarchy which enhanced the powers of the House of Commons ~ levy taxes resided in the hands of the gentry, merchants, substantial property owners ~ Andros took away colonial legislatures, and their charters, and didn't respect the colonies differences in their citizens -- The GR sparked rebellions in Protestant colonies in NE- and English gov't refused to restore Puritan dominated gov't of mass bay colony - Mass bay joined /w Plymouth and Maine- voting rights to all males (not just Puritan)

John Winthrop

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Massasoit

A leader of the Wampanoag tribe who negotiated peace between his people and the Pilgrims before the extremely cold winter of 1620 by giving the Pilgrims the Pawtuxet village and hunting grounds so that the two groups wouldn't have to fight over land. In return, Edward Winslow spoke for all of England and said that they would only trade with the Wampanoag tribe. He is significant because he worked together with the Pilgrims and they both survived the winter of 1620, setting the stage for the colony to thrive and for more settlers to come in the future.

Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Navigation Laws

A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

salutary neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

English Civil War

Charles I tried to advocate the divine right of kings and bring more absolutist policies to England. He was also seen as bringing too much Catholic influence to the Church of England. War broke out between Parliament's supporters(Roundheads)and the kings's supporters(Cavaliers). Later Charles I was tried and executed in 1649 as a"tyrant,traitor,murderer,and public enemy". Oliver Cromwell,leader of military,ruled England as "Lord Protector" until 1658.

Metacom

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who led an attack on villages throughout New England. This was the largest conflict in 1675, called King Phillip's War (he was nicknamed "King Phillip")

Describe the conflict between colonists and Indians in New England and the effects of King Philip's War.

Chieftain Massasoit wanted peace between the Indians and the white man. When Massasoit died so did the warm welcome given by the natives. After the Pequot War tension grew even more. Metacom, later known as King Philip had enough of the settlers. He attacked 52 towns and completely destroyed 12. King Philip's War set back the expansion to the west.

blue laws

Collective term for the Pennsylvania statutes that prohibited the theater, cards, dice, and other activities and games deemed immoral.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Describe and analyze the English governments relationship with New England and the middle colonies during the course of the 17th century. Is the term benign neglect (or salutary neglect) an accurate description of English colonial policy?

During the seventeenth century, England's relationship with the New England colonies was strained from the beginning of settlement, while England's view of the middle colonies was a lot less strict. The relationship between the monarchs of England and the Puritans who settled in New England was negative, starting when Calvinism shaped the Puritans' thoughts of how church should be conducted. When the Separatists vowed to break from the Church of England, King James I was offended and felt that the group could deny him as a political leader as well a leader of the national religion. When Parliament was dismissed in 1629, a group of the Puritans secured a royal charter to establish a settlement in Massachusetts, although that charter was revoked when Charles II ascended to the throne. He had contempt for these colonies and felt that England needed to have a stricter management of them, which was mostly felt in Massachusetts. Navigation laws also made the colonies' trade tighter with England during the Dominion of New England. In contrast, the middle colonies had a more harmonious relationship with England. Charles II owed William Penn's father money, which led to the settling of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania's ideas of tolerance of religion spread to New Jersey and Delaware. The American Revolution was inevitable because after the Glorious Revolution, incompetent Englishmen were sent to control the colonies, which resulted with more resentment as the years went on from the colonies. The salutary neglect, which was when royal control over the colonies lessened, resulted in America's more independent thoughts and resentment as the century went on. England could have worked with American political leaders instead of enforcing their rule with corrupt Englishmen that gave the colonists little say in their own government. The relationship between England's government and the colonies during the seventeenth century was one of an inevitable clash as the colonies were not simply a part of England, but a society of different heritages, environment, and ambitions.

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

What economic, social, and ethnic conditions typical of the early southern colonies, (see chapter 2) were generally absent in New England and middle colonies? What characteristics did the middle colonies have that were not generally present in the South?

In the southern colonies the economy was based around large one crop plantations growing tobacco, rice and indigo. Socially there were the institutions of indentured servitude and slavery. Ethnically most of the south was English even though there were some Scots and Germans in Georgia along with some other ethnicities. The population later shifted in most of these colonies to be mostly African due to the influx of slaves needed for farming on plantations. The middle colonies were different. Economically most of the people were craftsmen or had trades. Further west in these colonies there was also farming but on smaller scale than plantations. Socially New York maintained a social hierarchy that was rooted in the more powerful English families. In Pennsylvania there was a great amount of toleration for all religions and for a while there was a peaceful relationship between the Pennsylvanians and the Native Americans. There was a large amount of English colonists but there were also some Dutch and Swedes who'd been settled around New York and New Jersey before the English took over. William Penn had Pamphlets made in multiple languages to advertise Pennsylvania to people from different European counties so a great deal of different types of people settled there.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

William III

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702), Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange. Married to Mary, daughter of James II, he was asked by the opponents of James to invade England (1688) and was proclaimed joint monarch with Mary (1689) after James fled.

Describe the founding of New York and Pennsylvania, and explain why these two settlements as well as the other middle colonies became so ethnically, religiously, and politically diverse.

New York was originally a Dutch colony until the Duke of York was given the land by his brother Charles II. The English may have taken over the colony but the Dutch culture remained in the streets of New York. Pennsylvania was entirely different. Founded by Quakers looking for a better life this new colony welcomed all religions making it a beacon for everyone to come.

predestination

Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Mary II

Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1694). The eldest daughter of James II, she ruled jointly with her husband, William III, the former William of Orange, at the behest of the Protestant opponents of her father.

Compare and contrast New England and Middle colonies

The New England and middle colonies had similar and different motives for their founding. The colonies were similar because all the colonists were seeking a better life. Some similarities for their founding is religion. The Puritans found the New England colonies for religious freedom because at that time the only religion that was acceptable in England was Anglicanism. The middle colony of Pennsylvania was also founded for religious freedom. The Quakers were tired of being persecuted by the Puritans. The difference between the New England colonies and the middle colonies is that besides Pennsylvania, the middle colonies were founded mainly for economic purposes. The Swedes found Delaware solely for economic gain. The Dutch founded New York for economical purposes as well. Socially all the colonies were similar in the fact that most colonists were not very wealthy at the start of the colonies. Also the colonies started off at peace with the Native Americans that did not last. The Puritans in the New England colonies eventually started expanding more westward which led to bloody conflicts with the Indians. In the middle colonies the Dutch classed with the Indians. In Pennsylvania the Quakers managed to maintain peace with the Native Americans till more and more people immigrated to Pennsylvania that did not follow the Quaker ways. This also led to conflicts with Indians. The political development of all these colonies were similar because once it became a Royal colony a Royal governor was established. These are the similarities and differences between the New England colonies and the Middle colonies.

Contrast Puritan New England's policies toward the Indians with the initial policies of the Quaker settlers of Pennsylvania. Why was Pennsylvania's Indian policy ultimately unsuccessful?

The Puritans had a complicated relationship with the Indians, while the Quakers had more of a friendlier relationship with them. The Puritans on one hand, appreciated the Native's advice on farming which helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving after the autumn harvests. As more English settlers arrived, confrontations between Indians and whites altered these peaceful relations. In 1637, hostilities broke out between the settlers and the Pequot tribe. This led to the Pequot War, which annihilated the Pequot tribe and forced Indians off the land. Then the Indians tried converting the rest of the Indians to Christianity. The Quakers bought land from the Indians and went among the Native Americans unarmed. Pennsylvania seemed like a promised land of friendly Indian-white relations. The Quakers had no military defense and allowed religious and immigration freedom, but their policy soon became unsuccessful. They were unsuccessful because their policy was based off of religion. The Quakers believed that everyone was equal and that anyone could be in the colony with different beliefs, but not everybody viewed it like that. Discrimination was caused because not everybody thought that the Indians were equal to them, which led to the Indians and settlers to turn resentful towards each other. The Puritan and Quakers attempted to start fresh with the Indians, but it only ended up in disaster.

How did the Puritans' distinctive religious outlook and church organization shape the politics, society, and culture of Massachusetts Bay and most of the other New England colonies?

The Puritans' outlook on religion was extreme especially in the case of the Separatists and this outlook on religion greatly shaped the politics, society, and culture of Massachusetts Bay and all of the New England colonies. Puritans believed in "Predestination" which stated that stated all men and women born were already chosen to go to Heaven or Hell. The Puritan Reform of the English Church under the rule of King James I along with the harassment of the Separatists by the King was enough to push the Separatists to search for a safe Haven to express their Religious outlook on life. The Separatists first traveled to Holland but left for Virginia because they wanted their children to grow up English instead of Dutch. The Separatists attempted to travel to Virgina but landed off the coast of New England. They then searched for a feasible place to live and found refuge in Plymouth which would eventually become part of the Massachusetts Bay colony. The puritan views on religion largely was instrumental in the shaping of politics in the New England colonies because it was a "Bible Commonwealth" which was a Democracy (much like our own) but was run on "Biblical Principles" but although it was a Democracy, Massachusetts Bay allowed only 40% of it's men to vote and none of its women. This had a great hand in the shaping of the Democratic government used in many New England colonies. The impact on society that was largely due to to the strict religion based laws in the mainly Puritan land were all created to fit Puritans themselves so anyone not practicing anything like Calvinism was very much out of there place which is why many people were exiled from the Massachusetts Bay colony such as Anne Hutchinson, and Roger Williams this social impact helped form the laws in other New England Colonies that allowed for Religious Freedom. The cultural impact that the Puritans had on the New England colonies was great. It included their views on using Native Americans as slaves which they were against. The Massachusetts Bay Puritans had very good "white-Indian" relations for many years until the Pequot War broke out which disbanded almost any trace of friendliness between the two races. The Puritans' religious outlook was a unique one and it pushed many of them, like the Separatists out of there home but they prospered and created many of the cultural, society related, and political views that were used in the New England colonies back then as well as today.

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. Known as "Father Wooden Leg"

Describe the central focus of the middle colonies, and explain how they differed from New England and the southern colonies.

The primary motive for establishing the middle, or mid-Atlantic colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware was to develop profitable trading centers. The Dutch were some of the first to settle in this area. In the late sixteenth century, with the help of Protestant England, the people of the Netherlands won their independence from Spain. The Netherlands evolved into a major commercial and naval power and challenged its former benefactor, England, on several occasions during the seventeenth century.

patroonships

These were vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They were granted to promoters who would settle at least fifty people on them. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.

Mayflower Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

Fundamental Orders

This document was the first written constitution in the American colonies. It was prepared as the covenant for the new Puritan community in Connecticut, established in the 1630s. This document described a system of government for the new community.

The dissent from Puritanism was as important in the formation of New England as Puritanism itself." How valid is this statement? Defend your answer.

This statement is valid because the dissent from Puritanism helped shape New England as we know now know it. The dissent resulted in the creation of the rebellion which ensured our freedom from British rule. Also those who dissented led to the discovering of Rhode Island which had a different approach on religious freedom from the allowance and acceptance of religious freedom in Massachusetts. Rhode Island was created mainly for those who were dissenters and longed for freedom. In New England there were colonies that represented the Puritan goal and colonies that did not support Puritanism. In conclusion, I believe that this statement is valid.

Explain how the Puritans' theology shaped the government and society of the Massachusetts Bay colony.

Un-churched men and women weren't allowed into matters of government. The provincial government was not a democracy Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will Puritan concept of Hell was very serious franchise (right to vote) was extended to all adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregation [Congregational Church] Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Quakers were flogged, fined, and or banished offensive to religious and civil rule

King Phillip's War

War between the Native American tribes of New England led by Metacomet and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Phillip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

Explain how Massachusetts Bay's conflict with religious dissenters, as well as new economic opportunities, led to the expansion of New England and Rhode Island, Connecticut, and elsewhere

With the religious dissenters not being welcome in Massachusetts they sought out to find their own colony. Starting with Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams. Rhode Island was the most religiously free. The Dutch and English sprinkled into the Connecticut area. This opportunists and dissenters founded Hartford and a new land for religious freedom.

Pequot War

conflict between the Pequot tribe against an alliance of the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies and the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes; Caused by colonists moving closer and closer to the Pequot tribe area and conflicts arise over unfair trading and destruction of crops; Ended up killing Pequot tribe

conversion

intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect", or the "visible saints". Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation

Describe the Puritans and their beliefs and explain why they left England for the New World.

they believed the anglican church had to be cleansed of old catholic tradition, and in predestination, and that everyone should be able to read the bible and interpret it on their own. ideas like these made protestants uncomfortable, so they persecuted puritans, an the puritans fled.

Discuss the development of religious and political freedom in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, and Pennsylvania. How did the greater degree of such freedoms enjoyed by Rhode Island and Pennsylvania affect life in those colonies?

• Massachusetts- The colonies already had some political and religious freedom, so they were semi autonomous. However when Charels the II was restored to the throne he wanted to take more control over the colonies, but was suprised when Massachusetts ignored his orders. As a result Massachusetts's charter was revoked. During the dominion of New England tensions rose after Britain enforced the Navigation Acts. At the same time the Glorious Revolution was taking place in England. This resulted in William and Mary being insated to the crowd and causing the collapse of the dominion of New England. Massachusetts then got a new charter, which allowed all land owners to vote. Before, only church members could vote. • Rhode Island- In 1636 Rhode Island began without legal standing but finally established rights with a charter given to them by Parliment in 1644. The people of Rhode Island enjoyed more freedom because of thir dislike of social privilage. Over time, Rhode Island became strongly individualistic and stubbornly independent. Rhode Islanders were made up of people who were unwanted everywhere else. They were not all the same but they all longed for political and religious freedom. • New York- In 1664 Charels II granted his brother the area that is now New York. Even though England took over the area, New York still retained a lot of its Dutch qualities including an autocratic spirit. This caused fewer English Immigrants to move to the area, and growth slowed down. • Pennsylvania- Colonized by William Penn who embraced the quaker faith. People sought freedom of religion here because it was available to everyone except Jews and Catholics. No restrictions were placed on immigration. Pennsylvania attracted a diverse poplulation. Overall, the life in these colonies had a major effect. These colonies were a sort of refuge for these people because they were unwanted elsewhere. There colonies had political and religious freedom which was what these immigrants longed for.

Separatists

• The Separatists were English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. One Separatist group, the Pilgrims, founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England. Other notable separatist groups included the Quakers and Baptists.