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How much were Medicaid grants to the states in 2013 compared to 1990? 704

Medical grants to the states in 2013 for Medicaid totaled $265 billion compared to $41 billion in 1990

Which programs will be an even bigger budget challenge in the future than Social Security? 698

Medicare and Medicare will be an even bigger budget challenge in the future than Social Security

Which program required children in grades three through eight to be tested yearly for proficiency in math and reading?

No Child Left Behind

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was designed to..

help recover American jobs after the 2008 economic recession

1935

Social Security was established in

The national income tax is considered to be a(n) __________ tax.

progressive

Between 1959 and 2015, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty went from about ________ percent to about ________ percent.

35; 9

What does Roesler argue about ideological consistency and the role of the government?

A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds

$1,335

Currently, the average monthly Social Security payment is ______ per month

What percent of Americans lived in substandard housing in 1975? 709

Eight percent of Americans lived in substandard housing conditions (no plumbing) in 1975

What three policy areas are crucial in opening up opportunity for everyone? 698

Three policy areas that are crucial in opening up opportunity for everyone include education policies, health policies, and housing policies.

The Affordable Care Act

prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.

In the Hobby Lobby case, the Supreme Court ruled that

"closely held" corporations were exempt from provisions of federal law that violated their owners' religious beliefs.

Divisions over issues such as abortion, birth control, and same-sex relationships are often referred to as the

"culture war."

In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that

"issue advertising" was protected speech and could not be prohibited as long as it focused mainly on issues.

In any given year, the United States provides approximately ________ in economic assistance to other countries.

$30 billion

Chp 12 - select committees

(usually) temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees

If a defendant is charged with burglary, but admits to a lesser charge of trespassing in exchange for the prosecution dismissing the burglary charge and forgoing the criminal trial, it is an example of

- a plea bargain. a pro bono settlement - an amicus curiae.

Since 2017, the Senate filibuster

- can only be used against federal district court appointments. - can only be used against executive branch appointments - cannot be used against any presidential appointments.

The process of confirming federal court appointments has recently become very contentious. Describe the steps to becoming a federal judge and the considerations involved in who is nominated. Why has this process become so controversial in recent years? Provide some examples of this conflict in the confirmation process.

- nominated by president - confirmed by Senate Judiciary Committee - to be nominated, recommendations from Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, members of Congress, and American Bar Association...

Judicial Branch

-Decides constitutionality of laws -Reviews lower court decisions -decides cases involving disputes between states

Executive Branch

-Enforces laws -Commander in chief of armed forces -Makes foreign treaties -Proposes laws -Appoints Supreme Courts justices and federal court judges -Pardons those convicted in federal court

Legislative Branch

-Passes federal laws -Controls federal appropriations -approves treaties and presidential appointments -Regulates interstate commerce -Establishes lower court system

The number of cases filed in the Supreme Court

. has increased dramatically since 1940

The socioeconomic status model explains one's political participation by examining an individual's

. level of education, income, and occupational status

2 ways to ratify an amendment

1. Vote by state legislatures in 3/4 of states 2. Votes by conventions in 3/4 of states (NOT a 3/4 vote, majority in 3/4 of states)

7 powers of the articles of confederation

1. the power to make war 2. the power to make peace 3. the power to conduct foreign policy 4. the power to requisition that states 5. the power to run a post office 6. the power to borrow money 7. the power to print money

The United States has ______ percent of the world's population, and is responsible for ______ percent of its greenhouse gas emissions.

10, 25

The United States has ____ percent of the world's population, and is responsible for _____ percent of its greenhouse gas emissions.

10; 25

Fake political ads and posts published on Facebook from accounts controlled by Russian operatives are estimated to have reached ________ Americans.

126 million

There are ________ circuits in the U.S. Court of Appeals.

The Constitution basis for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights is the ____.

14th Amendment

The United Nations Security Council has ________ members.

There are _______ federal government departments and each led by a ______ who is member of the president's cabinet

15; secretary

In all of American history, the Supreme Court has concluded that fewer than ________ acts of Congress have directly violated the Constitution.

160

The Bill of Rights was ratified by the states in ____

1791

When was the U.S. Public Health Service founded?

1798

The United Nations General Assembly is made up of about ________ members.

185

In which of the following years was there an electoral realignment?

1896

The first woman was elected to Congress in

1917.

Currently, the United Nations has ________ member states.

192

Currently, the United Nations has approximately ______ member states.

192

In what year was freedom of speech extended to protect against the acts of state governments?

1925

What year marked the beginning of the Great Depression?

1929

Currently, the United Nations has ________ member states.

193

The American welfare state began in the

1930s.

The Supreme Court began to change its position on racial discrimination in the

1930s.

When was Social Security established?

1935

The United Nations was created in

1945

The Department of Defense was created in

1947

The Department of Defense was created in

1947.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in ________.

1948

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in

1949

When was NATO formed?

1949

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in

1949.

In ________ , Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

1963

When was Medicare established?

1965

Medicare was established in

1965.

Most of the groundbreaking environmental laws were written in the

1970s

Most of the groundbreaking environmental laws were written in the:

1970s

The final collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in

1991

Labor groups represent ________ percent of the total number of interest groups registered to lobby in Washington.

About ________ percent of America's children live in poverty.

About ________ percent of all lower court cases are reviewed by federal appeals courts.

Approximately _____ percent of Americans lack high-speed Internet access in their homes.

about ______ percent of all lower court cases are reviewed by federal appeals courts

The Department of Homeland Security was established in

2002

The Department of Homeland Security was established in

2002.

During the colonial and early national periods of American history, suffrage was generally restricted to white males over the age of

21.

In most states, unemployment benefits last for a maximum of _____ weeks.

In most states, unemployment benefits last for a maximum of ________ weeks

In most states, unemployment benefits last for a maximum of ________ weeks.

How many times in American history has the presidential candidate who won the most popular votes not been selected by the electoral college?

Under normal rules of oral argument, each lawyer has ________ to present his or her case before the Supreme Court.

30 minutes

In 1965, in the seven states of the Old Confederacy covered by the Voting Rights Act (VRA), approximately ________ percent of the eligible black residents were registered to vote, in contrast to the approximately ________ percent of the white residents.

30; 75

Compared to other developed democracies, the United States is ranked ________ in terms of voter turnout.

32nd

Approximately ________ percent of Americans lack high-speed internet access in their homes.

Between 1959 and 2004, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty has gone from ______ to ______.

35 percent, 10 percent

Each Supreme Court justice is assigned ________ law clerks.

AARP has a membership of approximately ______ members.

40 million

Congress has exercised its power to declare war ________ times in American history.

On the United Nations Security Council, ________ countries have permanent seats.

By 2012 there were approximately ______ PACs in the United States.

5,500

Most unemployed workers receive approximately ________ percent of their previous wages through unemployment insurance.

A majority system, which is used on a limited basis in the United States, requires that a candidate must win ______ to win an election.

50 percent plus one of all votes cast

are independent, nonprofit groups that receive and distribute funds to influence the nomination, election, and/or defeat of a candidate.

527 committees

When Hillary Clinton won the plurality of votes in California during the 2016 election, and California had 53 representatives in the House of Representatives, how many electoral votes from California did she win?

Approximately what percentage of the current federal budget is spent on entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare?

55 percent

The UN Security Council has ________ permanent members and ________ elected members.

5; 10

A U.S. senator has a ________-year term.

How many amendment are ratified?

6 ratified amendments

In 2019, each individual's required contribution to Social Security was _____ percent of his or her first $132,900 of income.

6.2

Approximately what percentage of the current federal budget is spent on entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare?

60 percent

Approximately what percentage of the federal budget is made up of uncontrollables?

60 percent

In 2010, approximately what percentage of American workers were offered health insurance through their jobs?

60 percent

In 2016, about ________ percent of Latino Americans voted for Hillary Clinton.

Congress has authorized the appointment of ________ federal district court judges in the United States.

678

There are approximately ________ federal district court judges in the United States.

678

Approximately ________ percent of the ________ bills introduced in a typical congressional session die in committee.

85; 10,000

How many justices currently serve on the Supreme Court?

Allies of the United States paid for ________ percent of the cost of the Persian Gulf War.

Approximately _____ percent of members of congress have university degrees

During the nineteenth century, about ________ percent of eligible voters usually cast a ballot on Election Day.

During the Persian Gulf War, allies of the United States paid for what percentage of the war's costs?

90 percent

There are _____ U.S. district courts.

There are ________ U.S. district courts.

More than ________ percent of all cases in the United States are heard in state courts.

More than ____________ percent of all court cases in the United States are heard in state courts.

All of the following are instruments of foreign policy EXCEPT A) taxation. B) military. C) economic. D) diplomacy

All of the following countries are seeking to acquire nuclear weapons EXCEPT A) Algeria. B) Iran. C) Iraq. D) North Korea

The National Security Council is officially composed of the president and all of the following EXCEPT the A) director of the Central Intelligence Agency. B) Secretary of Defense. C) Secretary of State. D) vice president. E) Secretary of Homeland Security

Which of the following is NOT part of Americaʹs triad of nuclear weapons delivery systems? A) Strategic Defense Initiative B) intercontinental ballistic missiles C) strategic bombers D) submarine-launched ballistic missiles

Which of the following statements about defense spending is FALSE? A) Evidence indicates that as defense spending increases, domestic spending decreases. B) Pressures to cut defense spending and allocate funds to decrease the budget deficit are strong. C) Conservatives fight deep cuts in defense spending in order to maintain readiness at a high level. D) Liberals maintain that the Pentagon wastes money and that the United States buys too many guns and too little butter. E) Defense spending now comprises half of the federal budget.

Which of the following statements about the balance of trade is FALSE? A) When a country exports more than it imports, it has a balance of trade deficit. B) The excess of imports over exports decreases the dollarʹs buying power against foreign currencies. C) Since the late 1980s, the United States has experienced an export boom that has given us a balance of trade surplus with Western Europe. D) A poor balance of trade exacerbates unemployment. E) A decline in the dollar makes American products cheaper abroad and increases exports.

____ is a law that declares a person guilty of a crime without a trial

A bill of attainder

Amendment

A change in, or addition to, a constitution or law

total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Mootness

A criterion used by courts to avoid hearing cases that no longer require resolution

conference committee

A joint committee created to work out a compromise for House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation

________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed

A plea bargain

________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed.

A plea bargain

How can Congress override a president's veto?

A president's veto can be overridden with a two-thirds vote in both chambers.

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional government

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Filibuster

A tactic used by senators to block a bill by continuing to hold the floor and speak—under the Senate rule of unlimited debate—until the bill's supporters back down.

Classic laissez-faire theory argues all of the following except that:

A truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services.

What year had a budget surplus? A. 1999 B. 2002 C. 2005 D. 2014 E. 2018

A. 1999

A single lawsuit involving thousands of smokers suing a tobacco company would be a good example of

A. A class-action suit

An executive order is

A. A rule or regulation issued unilaterally by the president, with the status of a law

A signing statement is a(n)

A. Announcement the president makes about his interpretation of a congressional enactment he is signing into law

Which of the following statements about the merit system is not true?

A. Every member and official of a government agency has been appointed as part of the merit system

Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes? A. Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs. B. Government regulations during economic depressions must be lifted because they destroy the already slim profit margin. C. The economy of size shows that monopolies are the most efficient way to distribute goods throughout a national marketplace. D. Government can rectify a falling economy by regulating the money supply.

A. Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs.

If someone is an advocate of judicial restraint, he or she believes

A. In looking only at the words of the Constitution in order to understand its meaning

Which of the following statements about the No Child Left Behind Act is false?

A. It increased the role of the federal government in education policy. B. It was the signature education act of George W. Bush. C. It requires that students be tested every year for proficiency in math and reading. D. Many states considered it an unfunded mandate. CorrectE. It creates a standard national test for all students.

In 2009, President Obama and Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. This "stimulus package" is based on what type of economic theory? A. Keynesian B. pure-capitalism C. supply-side D. monetarism

A. Keynesian

Which of the following is not a reason why the No Child Left Behind Act has been controversial?

A. Many states branded it an unfunded mandate. B. Teachers argued that "teaching to the test" undermined critical thinking skills. C. The states were made responsible for setting standards and devising appropriate tests. CorrectD. The standards were too lenient and almost every school met them easily. E. It vastly increased the role of the federal government in the public school system.

Which of the following is not an example of mandatory spending?

A. Medicare B. farm price supports C. Social Security payments D. interest payments on the national debt CorrectE. defense spending

According to the text, what are the three most common ways for a president to expand his base of power?

A. Party support, popular mobilization, and administrative control

When the White House directs administrative agencies to promulgate specific rule and regulations, this is called

A. Regulatory review

The House Ways and Means Committee has jurisdiction over which of the following areas?

A. Taxes, trade, and entitlement programs

Who has authority to set interest rates and lending activities for the nation's banks?

A. The Federal Reserve System

A writ of habeas corpus declared that

A. The government must show a legal cause for holding someone in detention

Which of the following is the best description of an iron triangle?

A. The stable relationship between a bureaucratic agency, a clientele group, and a legislative committee

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act signed by President Clinton in 1996 A. allowed states much more discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and prohibited undocumented (illegal) immigrants from receiving benefits. B. allowed states much less discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and allowed most legal and undocumented immigrants to receive benefits. C. allowed states much more discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and allowed most legal immigrants to receive benefits. D. allowed states much less discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and restricted most legal immigrants from receiving benefits.

A. allowed states much more discretion in designing their cash-assistance programs to needy families and prohibited undocumented (illegal) immigrants from receiving benefits.

The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of A. fiscal policy B. monetary policy C. the contracting power D. budgetary policy.

A. fiscal policy

Keynesian economics recommends which of the following? A. increasing spending and reducing taxes to stimulate the economy under certain conditions B. raising taxes and decreasing spending to lower inflation C. raising taxes and increasing spending, because increased taxes would pay for increased spending D. government implementation of laissez-faire policies

A. increasing spending and reducing taxes to stimulate the economy under certain conditions

Which of the following was not one of the goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009?

A. make longer-term investments to encourage job creation CorrectB. provide for a national health care system C. encourage economic growth D. save existing jobs that might be lost due to the economic recession E. develop weatherization projects and clean technology construction

Part of the reason why welfare programs became so unpopular between the 1960s and the 1990s was that A. many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work. B. the programs were completely taken over by the federal government rather than having input from state and local governments. C. the programs were completely taken over by state and local governments rather than having input from the federal government. D. federal judges frequently ruled them to be unconstitutional.

A. many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.

The income tax is considered to be a(n) __________ tax. A. progressive B. regressive C. flat D. proportional E. aggressive

A. progressive

The Affordable Care Act A. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions. B. requires everyone to pay for private health insurance through the exchanges, even if they are covered under a company or government insurance program. C. has not increased the number of people with health insurance. D. does not provide any specific provisions for preventative health care, like diabetes screening and mammograms.

A. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.

All of the following are strategies to combat inflation except

A. raising Social Security taxes. B. cutting taxes. C. pushing up interest rates in order to restrain the amount of credit in the economy. D. instituting wage and price controls. CorrectE. increasing the amount of government spending on public works projects.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 A. substantially increased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education. B. substantially decreased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education. C. maintained the same role for the federal government in elementary and secondary education that existed between 1791 and 2001. D. created a new source of governmental power, the Department of Education, which is a combination of federal, state, and local authorities.

A. substantially increased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education.

Social Security provides a vital role for younger people by providing A. survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled. B. unemployment compensation for those who lose their jobs. C. health care benefits to those whose jobs do not provide it. D. food stamps for those who fall under the poverty line.

A. survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled.

The Affordable Care Act originally required A. that state governments expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government. B. that state governments eliminate their Medicaid programs or lose all the categorical grants they receive from the federal government. C. that state governments expand their Medicare programs to cover citizens over the age of 50 or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government. D. that state governments expand their Medicare programs to cover citizens over the age of 40 or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government.

A. that state governments expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all the Medicaid funds that they receive from the federal government.

40 million

AARP has a membership of approximately______ members

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolishes and prohibits slavery

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

About _______ percent of America's children live in poverty

Who among the following advocated for laissez-faire capitalism?

Adam Smith

The government uses Monetary policy to adjust the economy through

Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply

Which of the following best reflects the Supreme Court's position on commercial speech?

Advertisements do not have full First Amendment protection.

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees

African American men the right to vote.

The 2008 presidential election was significant because

African American turnout was nearly equal to white turnout for the first time in modern electoral history.

What is the poverty rate in America by race in 2012? Who is most likely to be poor? How do race, gender, and employment status affect poverty? See Figure 17.5. 715-716

African Americans are more likely to be poor when compared to the white race. The poverty rate for them is 27.2 and Latinos were at 25.6 percent.

The Securities and Exchange Commission was established

After the stockmarket crash of 1929

What important noncontributory program was abolished by Congress in 1996?

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Which of the Founders was most responsible for the establishment of the Bank of the United States?

Alexander Hamilton

Which of the following statements about parties in Congress is true?

All members are allowed to take part in the election of the Speaker of the House.

In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is a constitutional power possessed by Congress?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements about federal courts is MOST accurate?

Although the federal courts hear only a small fraction of all of the civil and criminal cases decided each year in the United States, their decisions are extremely important because they interpret the Constitution and the federal laws that govern all Americans.

Aricles of Confederation

America's first written constitution: served as the basis for America's national government until 1789

Chp 2 - Articles of confederation

America's first written constitution; served as the basis for America's national government until 1789

What is the AARP and whom does it represent? 712

American Association of Retired Persons is a lobbying organization that represents the elderly people.

In general, American conservatives argue that the breakup of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the demise of the Soviet Union were principally due to

Americaʹs defense build-up during the 1980s which the Soviet Union could not match and eventually toppled it.

What is an entitlement program? 691

An entitlement program is a legal obligation of the federal government to provide payments to individuals, or groups of individuals, or groups of individuals, according to eligibility requirement or benefit rules.

_____ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations, but does not reimburse those costs.

An unfunded mandate

During the Founding era, ________ were the strongest supporters of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution.

Antifederalists

The Bill of Rights was adopted because the

Antifederalists demanded it as the price of ratification of the Constitution.

_____ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful _____.

Antitrust; monopolies

______ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful ______.

Antitrust; monopolies

Which economist is best known for arguing that there is an optimal rate of taxation, and if taxes go above this rate, tax revenues will shrink because economic activity will decline?

Arthur B. Laffer

The enumerated powers of Congress are listed in _____ of the U.S. Constitution.

Article I, Section 8

Chp 3 - commerce clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes"; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy

Commerce clause

Chp 3 - necessary and proper clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers

Necessary and Proper Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers

Chp 2 - supremacy clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision

Supremacy clause

supremacy clause

At the height of its spending, how much did AFDC spending account as a percentage of the total federal budget? 695

At the height of its spending, AFDC made up only 1 percent of the overall total federal budget.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three ultimate tools of foreign policy? A) military B) judicial C) economic D) diplomatic

Between 1959 and 2015, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty went from about ________ percent to about ________ percent. A. 50; 33 B. 35; 9 C. 67; 24 D. 45; 33

B. 35; 9

When a case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trail is completed, it is called

B. A plea bargain

Which statement is the definition of privatization?

B. A way to reduce government costs by relocating government programs to private groups or corporations

When the House and the Senate coordinate two versions of the same bill, they will often use a ______ to obtain a single unified bill.

B. Conference committee

In a case addressing the constitutionality of the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, the Supreme Court ruled that A. Congress does have the power to take existing Medicaid funds away from states if they do not comply with the expansion requirements. B. Congress does not have the power to take existing Medicaid funds away from states if they do not comply with the expansion requirements. C. Congress can only take existing Medicaid funds away from a state if the state provides universal health care to its citizens. D. Congress can only take existing Medicaid funds away from a state if the state is found to have high infant mortality rates.

B. Congress does not have the power to take existing Medicaid funds away from states if they do not comply with the expansion requirements.

When the federal government passes authority to administer a program down to state or local governments, it is called

B. Devolution

The four joint committees in Congress are

B. Economic, taxation, library, and printing

The first lady is an important resource for the president in his capacity as

B. Head of state

A senator or representative running for re-election is called the

B. Incumbent

Why is the president's State of the Union address important?

B. It is an opportunity for the president to set the legislative agenda by initiating proposals and directing public attention to the executive's goals

Which president was most concerned with managing and reorganizing the executive bureaucracy?

B. JimmyCarter

16. The president's expressed powers include all of the following except

B. Partisan

A "certiorari pool" describes the

B. Practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition

Congressional organization is influenced by all of the following except

B. Presidential directives

The determination of the time and structure of floor debate on a bill, in the House of Representatives, is up to the

B. Rules Committee

Which idea of representation says that a legislator should be viewed as someone whom voters hire to represent their interests?

B. Sociological representation

Which of the following is a government corporation?

B. The U. S. Postal Service

Original jurisdiction refers to

B. The court with the authority to hear a case first

The need to divide the labor of legislation is best exemplified in what formal structure of Congress?

B. The establishment of standing committees

Which of the following has caused an increase in the president's delegated powers?

B. The increasing scope and complexity of legislation

Cloture is

B. The process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster

What is the primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation?

B. To cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate

Which of the following groups receives the FEWEST benefits from government's social policies? A. the middle class B. children and the working poor C. the elderly D. the wealthy

B. children and the working poor

The goal of Social Security is to A. provide health insurance for the elderly and the disabled. B. ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire. C. guarantee affordable housing for the elderly and the disabled. D. cover the basic living expenses of Americans who are permanently or temporarily unemployed.

B. ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.

The best way for Federal Reserve Board officials to help boost a stagnant economy is to A. raise interest rates so that banks can earn more money on the loans they provide to individuals and businesses. B. lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses. C. take money out of circulation so that the dollar becomes more valuable. D. raise the reserve requirement, restricting the amount of cash and negotiable securities banks must have on hand.

B. lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses.

The Affordable Care Act A. does not provide any specific provisions for preventative health care, like diabetes screening and mammograms. B. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions. C. requires everyone to pay for private health insurance through the exchanges, even if they are covered under a company or government insurance program. D. has not increased the number of people with health insurance.

B. prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.

There are considerable disparities in benefits from state to state in noncontributory programs because A. many state constitutions prohibit state governments from accepting money for noncontributory programs from the federal government. B. state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one uniform national program. C. the federal government specifies different levels of assistance to each state based on means testing and indexing. D. some states choose to only employ contributory programs.

B. state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one uniform national program.

If government land is leased or sold for oil and coal exploration at lower-than-market rates, it is an example of a(n) A. earmark. B. subsidy. C. tax expenditure. D. earned income tax credit.

B. subsidy.

Which of the following statements about relationship between government and capitalism is false?

Before the Progressive era, the marketplace was untouched by government interference.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between government and capitalism is false?

Before the Progressive era, the marketplace was untouched by government interference.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between government and capitalism is false?

Before the progressive era, the market place was untouched by government interference

One of the few spots where violence and brutal government force crushed a pro-democracy reform movement in 1989 and allowed the communist government to endure was in Tiananmen Square in

Beijing

_____ is the current chair of the Federal Reserve Board, appointed by George W. Bush in 2005.

Ben Bernanke

______ is the current chair of the Federal Reserve Board, appointed by George W. Bush in 2005.

Ben Bernanke

President ________ vowed "to end welfare as we know it."

Bill Clinton

referred to himself as a "New Democrat" in the 1990s

Bill Clinton

Which of the following cities had a major racial confrontation concerning school busing in the 1970s?

Boston

Which of the following would have been a violation of the Monroe Doctrine in the nineteenth century?

Britain sending military forces to Canada and Cuba in an attempt to overthrow those countries' existing regimes

All of the following countries have agreed to give up their nuclear weapons EXCEPT A) Argentina. B) Sweden. C) North Korea. D) Brazil. E) Norway.

As chief diplomat, the president does all of the following EXCEPT A) negotiates treaties. B) deploys troops abroad. C) entertains foreign heads of state. D) appoints United States ambassadors.

Which of the following is NOT a power of Congress in foreign and defense policy? A) to declare war B) to ratify treaties C) to appoint ambassadors D) to confirm presidential nominees to head the State Department and Department of Defense E) to provide oversight of the CIA

Which of the following statements about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is FALSE? A) The CIA was created after World War II to coordinate American information and intelligence activities abroad. B) The bulk of the material gathered and analyzed by the CIA comes from readily available sources. C) The CIA has never been involved in domestic affairs. D) Congress requires the CIA to inform relevant Congressional committees of current and anticipated covert operations. E) It was involved in the overthrow of the Iranian government.

What does Roesler argue about ideological consistency and the role of the government? A. "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" B. People who are inconsistent with their beliefs about the role of government are not to be trusted. C. A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds D. Conservatives are more ideologically consistent than liberals E. Liberals are more ideologically consistent than conservatives

C. A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds

If Senator Iggy Azalea believed that the best way for the government to respond to the recession is to pump up the economy with tax cuts AND increased spending, she would be: A. Be a follower of Adam Smith B. Adopting Fiscal policies C. Adopting Socialist policies D. Following Monetary policies

C. Adopting Socialist policies

A person, agency, or interest group not directly a party to a case but with an interest in its outcome may file a(n) ______ brief.

C. Amicus curiae

The president has the power to appoint which of the following positions?

C. Cabinet secretaries

What is the significance of dissenting opinions?

C. Dissents are signs that the Court is in disagreement on an issue and could change its ruling

Executive agreements differ from formal treaties in that they

C. Do not have to be approved by the Senate

The right of due process is best describe as the right of

C. Every person not to be treated arbitrarily by a government official or agency

Why is the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison important?

C. In this case, the Court authorized itself to exercise judicial review over laws passed by Congress

Three factors related to the American electoral system affect who is elected to office in this country and what they do once they get there. Those factors are

C. Incumbency, franking, and party affiliation

How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare? A. It showed that the government could efficiently distribute public assistance. B. It demonstrated that the government could choose between the deserving and undeserving poor in a more objective manner than private charities. C. It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility. D. It showed that government was not as capable of taking care of the poor as private charities.

C. It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.

The goal of the War Powers Resolution was to

C. Limit the power of the president to commit American troops to military action without authorization from Congress

When two members of Congress who share no common interests agree to support each other's bills, the practice is called

C. Logrolling

Because there is no provision for long-term care in the United States, ________ has become the de facto program financing nursing home residents when they have exhausted their savings. A. Social Security B. Medicare C. Medicaid D. the Affordable Care Act

C. Medicaid

Which of the following is not a service often provided by representative to their constituent?

C. Offering constituents legal advice regarding new administrative laws

The party that brings a complaint in court is called the ______, and the one against whom the complaint is brought is called the ______.

C. Plaintiff; defendant

Which of the following is not a federal department entrusted with providing national security?

C. Police

Executive privilege refers to

C. The claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president

Who is the Speaker of the House?

C. The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker

The depression of the 1930s: A. was not as bad as the depression of the 1980s. B. increased public support for laissez-faire economics. C. increased Americans desire for government intervention in the economy. D. gave people more reasons to trusts banks and businesses.

C. increased Americans desire for government intervention in the economy.

A(n) ________ benefit is one where potential recipients must document their genuine need. A. indexed B. contributory C. means-tested D. in-kind

C. means-tested

What is Billionaire Warren Buffett's main complaint with the US tax code? he should not be forced to pay taxes on A. royalties from "Margarittaville" since he wrote it while overseas B. the he is a "maker" who should not be taxed at a high rate C. that his secretary pays a higher tax rate than he does D. that the poor are moochers

C. that his secretary pays a higher tax rate than he does

The three MOST important federal programs to assist the working poor are A. Social Security, Medicare, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. B. the home mortgage deduction, the state and local tax deduction, and the deduction for charitable contributions. C. the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. D. Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and the Troubled Assets Relief Program.

C. the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

The "individual mandate" of the Affordable Care Act refers to A. the requirement that Medicare cover all individuals living in the United States by 2014. B. the requirement that health insurance companies accept all applicants, regardless of preexisting conditions. C. the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance. D. a tax credit that is given to all people who are unemployed and do not have health insurance coverage.

C. the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance.

The ________ was established after World War II in order to coordinate American information and data-gathering operations abroad and to collect, analyze, and evaluate its own data.

CIA

Multinational corporations have been known to link forces with the _______ to __________

CIA overturn governments they disliked.

_____ are given to states and local governments on condition that all expenditures are limited to the problem or group specified by law.

Categorical grants

______ are given to states and local governments on the condition that all expenditures are limited to the problem or group specified by law.

Categorical grants

The ________ helped to overthrow the governments of Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954, and has a long history of involvement in the internal affairs of other nations.

Central Intelligence Agency

According to the text, why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children?

Children cannot vote.

American diplomacy with North Korea has often been difficult because North Korea's major backer and trading partner, ________, will not cooperate with any effort by the United States to undermine the North Korean regime.

China

The containment doctrine did not prevent the communists from winning a stunning victory in ________ in 1949.

China

In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding ________ immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens.

Chinese

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Which of the following statements about public opinion is America is true?

Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevance to their beliefs.

____ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering.

Civil liberties

________ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering.

Civil liberties

________ usually refers to a fine or some other form of material restitution, while ________ usually refers to imprisonment.

Civil penalty; criminal penalty

Which Supreme Court nominee was accused of sexual harassment during his confirmation hearing?

Clarence Thomas

The size of the U.S. Supreme Court is set by

Congress

The size of the U.S. Supreme Court is set by _____.

Congress

20th Amendment

Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th "Lame-duck" Amendment

Slave Trade Compromise

Congress could not regulate or outlaw slavery or slave trade until 1808

Why has Congress become a major foreign policy maker since World War II?

Congress is regularly called upon to approve financing of foreign policies

Why has Congress become a major foreign policy maker since World War II?

Congress is regularly called upon to approve financing of foreign policies.

The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States?

Congress needs constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.

In Federalist 69, Alexander Hamilton argues that the ultimate check on the president's power as commander in chief is

Congress's power of the purse.

The size of the U.S. Supreme Court is set by

Congress.

In order to have reliable information about the costs and impact of economic policies, Congress created the _____.

Congressional Budget Office

In order to have reliable information about the costs and impact of economic policies, Congress created the ______.

Congressional Budget Office

delegated powers

Constitutional powers assigned to one government agency but exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first

_______ and _______ are the two MOST common types of civil law cases.

Contracts; torts

________ and ________ are the two MOST common types of civil law cases.

Contracts; torts

Which of the following statements about Social Security is false?

Contributors receive benefits in strict proportion to their contribution

Classic laissez-faire theory argues all of the following except that

CorrectA. a truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services. B. people's selfishness can promote the public good. C. government should stay out of the private sector except when providing a select number of public goods. D. government monopolies depress economic growth. E. economic competition unleashes growth and innovation.

Which of the following is not a power of the Federal Reserve Board?

CorrectA. the power to enforce the federal government's antitrust policies B. the power to increase or decrease the interest rate it charges on the loans it extends to member banks C. the power to manipulate the interest rate charge by one bank to another on loans in the federal funds market D. the power to buy and sell government securities in order to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy E. the power to control the reserve requirement

In what type of law is the government always the plaintiff?

Criminal

5th Amendment

Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination

193

Currently, the United Nations has ______ member states

________ was the leader of the United Farm Workers union in the 1960s.

César Chávez

Arms reduction talks were pushed onto the agenda of discussions between the two superpowers in the late 1980s due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) the rapid drive toward democracy in Eastern Europe. B) Moscowʹs economic torpor. C) the Pentagonʹs budgetary squeeze. D) President Reaganʹs consistent policy of de´tente. E) the thaw of the Cold War.

New actors on the world stage include all of the following EXCEPT A) international organizations. B) non-governmental organizations. C) multinational corporations. D) diplomats. E) tourists.

What errors did the United States make in planning post-warIraq? A) The U.S. believed that the American soldiers would be welcomed as liberators. B) The U.S. believed thatIraqi oilrevenues would pay for mostreconstruction costs. C) The U.S. believed Iraqis had the skill and infrastructure to do most of the rebuilding. D) all of the above E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about the Central Intelligence Agency? A) Its precise budget and most of its staff are kept secret. B) Much of its business is collecting basic information from newspapers and government reports in foreign cities. C) It has helped overthrow foreign governments through successful espionage. D) Due to its need for secrecy, it does not have to report to any congressional committee. E) The head of the CIA is a member of the presidentʹs National Security Council.

Which of the following statements about events in the late 1980s and early 1990s marking the end of the Cold War is FALSE? A) The Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany, was torn down. B) Eastern European nations overthrew their communist regimes and established free, democratic governments. C) The former Soviet Union split into 15 separate nations. D) Mass protests in Tiananmen Square led to sweeping democratic reforms in China

The government uses Monetary policy to adjust the economy through A. Increasing government spending B. Balancing the budget C. Raising and lowering taxes D. Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply

D. Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply

Which of the following is true about US and Canadian health care? A. The average Canadian lives more than two years longer than the average American B. The US spends about 15 percent of its GDP on healthcare, while Canada spends about 10 percent. C. On average, Americans spend about twice as much per person on health care annually than Canadians. D. All of these are accurate

D. All of these are accurate

The process of allocating congressional seats among the fifty states is called

D. Apportionment

All of the following are part of the official jurisdiction of the federal courts except

D. Cases involving citizens from the same state

The attempt of bureaucracies to translate laws into specific rules and actions is called

D. Implementation

Which of the following is the best definition of a constituent?

D. It is a person who lives in the district represented by a member of the legislature

Public bureaucracies are powerful because

D. Legislatures, chief executives, and the people delegate vast power to them to make sure a particular job is done

The power of the Supreme Court to review state actions and legislation comes from

D. Marbury v. Madison

Which of the following is not a key strategy used to promote bureaucratic reform?

D. Regulation

The Office of Management and Budget and the Council of Economic Advisers are both parts of

D. The Executive Office of the President

A significant initiative set forth by Lyndon Johnson was

D. The Great Society

Cases between two or more states are originally heard by

D. The Supreme Court

As a means of managing the gigantic executive branch, presidents have increasingly come to rely upon the

D. White House staff

The fact that taxpayers can deduct the amount they paid in interest on a home mortgage from the income they report on their tax returns is an example of A. an entitlement program. B. a contributory program. C. an earned income tax credit. D. a tax expenditure.

D. a tax expenditure.

In an attempt to boost the economy during the "Great Recession," between September 2007 and December 2008, the Federal Reserve A. did not change interest rates at all. B. raised interest rates from nearly 0 percent to 4.75 percent. C. raised interest rates from 4.75 percent to 9.5 percent. D. cut interest rates from 4.75 percent to nearly 0 percent.

D. cut interest rates from 4.75 percent to nearly 0 percent.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

On average, women tend to vote for _____ candidates and men tend to vote for _____ candidates.

Democratic; Republican

In the 50 years that followed the Great Depression

Democrats generally expressed more concern about unemployment, while Republicans focused more on reducing budget deficits.

The Supreme Court held that there is no substantial public interest in permitting lewd, obscene, profane, libelous, or insulting utterances in

Dennis v. United States.

ʺThe Pentagonʺ refers to the

Department of Defense.

In addition to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the two federal agencies that play the MOST active role in protecting the public from unsafe products are the

Department of Transportation and the Food and Drug Administration

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly?

Disney

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the consequences of declining trust in government?

Distrust makes people less willing to pay the taxes necessary for public activities.

occurs when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress.

Divided government

The U.S. was involved in humanitarian intervention in which of the following countries? A) Somalia B) Haiti C) Bosnia D) Kosovo E) all of the above

Which of the following is TRUE about Americaʹs foreign aid programs? A) Nearly all of the money spent goes to help modernize agriculture and industry in poorer nations, or directly provides food to the hungry. B) The United States spends a greater percentage of its gross national product on foreign aid than any other developed nation. C) Among the developed countries of the world, the United States donates the smallest actual amount of foreign aid. D) Foreign aid has always been a highly popular expenditure with Americans. E) A substantial percentage of foreign aid is military assistance.

Which of the following statements about foreign aid is FALSE? A) Presidents of each party have pressed for aid to nations in the developing world. B) A major goal of foreign aid is to stabilize nations friendly to the United States. C) A substantial percentage of foreign aid is in the form of military assistance. D) Foreign food aid often ends up in the pockets of American farmers. E) Congress usually increases the presidentʹs foreign aid requests.

Which of the following is not a major role of bureaucracies?

E. Passing laws

Which of the following programs provide the MOST benefits the working poor?

Earned Income Tax Credit

The two largest recipients of military assistance from the United States are Israel and

Egypt

The two largest recipients of military assistance from the United States are Israel and

Egypt.

The original gerrymander is attributed to

Elbridge Gerry

12th Amendment

Election of President and Vice President

Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy RR v. Chicago (1897)

Eminent domain (V) The city of Chicago was required to compensate a railroad company for seizing its property of widening a city road.

Which government institution would MOST likely handle a complaint about a case of workplace discrimination?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The ________ is a regional economic organization of major nations.

European Union

How are election days in the United States different from those in Europe?

European elections are usually held on Sundays instead of working days.

True or False: Billionaire Warren Buffett's main complaint with the US tax code is that "moochers" don't pay their fair share.

False

True or False: If the Federal Reserve System allows the money supply to expand rapidly and the economy to overheat, the result would be lower prices.

False

True or False: President Obama is a socialist who promoted the Affordable Care Act (ACA or Obamacare) in an attempt to destroy capitalism.

False

True or False: Since 1789, when the states ratified the U.S. Constitution, the national government's scope of responsibility for domestic matters has stayed about the same.

False

True or False: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) reflects US Political Culture since Americans tend to support strong government involvement in the economy.

False

True or False: The Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) guarantees that every American can get health care.

False

True or False: The debate over government involvement in healthcare or regulations against environmental pollution or anti-trust laws is a debate between equality and order.

False

True or False: The depression of the 1930's increased public support for laissez-faire economics.

False

True or False: Roesler argues that people who are inconsistent with their beliefs about the role of government are not to be trusted.

False (Emerson)

Known for being banker's banks, these banks make loans to other banks, clear checks, and supply the economy with currency and coins.

Federal Reserve banks

Which of the following statements about state and federal court procedures is MOST accurate?

Federal courts are required to provide a grand jury, a 12-member trial jury, and a unanimous jury verdict while state courts are not.

Which of the following statements about state and federal court procedures is MOST accurate?

Federal courts are required to provide a grand jury, a 12-member trial jury, and a unanimous jury verdict, while state courts are not.

Block grans

Federal grants-in-aid that allows states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

Federal revenues to pay for Social Security and Medicare grew from 26 percent of revenues in 1962 to how much in 2014? During the same time period, what is the trend for corporate taxation? 695

Federal revenues to pay for Social Security and Medicare grew from 26 percent of revenues in 1962 to 64.1 percent by 2014. Corporate taxes fell from 17 percent to 11.1 percent.

The right to remain silent is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.

Fifth

The 1937 case Palko v. Connecticut focused on the You Answered

Fifth Amendment's protection against double jeopardy.

___ policy is the name given to the government's taxing and spending powers.

Fiscal Policy

How do Food Stamps work, and what are in-kind benefits? 691

Food Stamps works by giving an individual a debit card that can be used towards grocery or food spending. In-kind benefits are noncash goods and services provided to needy individuals and families by the federal government.

Which of the following describes the "realist" view of foreign policy?

Foreign policies should be guided by the national interest, even if from the outside the nation appears cold and ruthless.

states prohibit prison inmates who are serving felony sentences from voting.

Forty-eight

The ________ of the First Amendment protect(s) an individual's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses.

Free exercise clause

Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)

Free exercise of religion (I) State government Amy not prohibit the dissemination or expression of religious views

Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California (1934)

Free exercise of religion (I) Students filed suit to protest mandatory military training at the university of California on religious grounds. The court upheld the right of California to mandate that its students receive military training as permissible under the first amendment's free exercise of religion clause.

Robinson v. California (1962)

Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment (VIII) The court overturned a California law imposing a 90-day jail sentence on persona found guilty of "addiction to the use of narcotics" as cruel and unusual punishment for what amounted to illness.

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Freedom from warrantless search and seizure (IV) The court overturned the conviction of Dollree Mapp for possession of obscene materials because the evidence was in violation of the fourth amendment's requirement of a warrant for conducting a search

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

Freedom of assembly (I) and freedom of speech to petition the government for redress of grievances (I) DeJonge's conviction for addressing a meeting of the communist party was overturned as an infringement on freedom of assembly

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Freedom of press (I) Overturned Minnesota's permanent injunction against those who created a "public nuisance" by publishing, selling, or distributing a "malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper, magazine or other periodical" as an infringement on freedom of the press.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Freedom of speech (I) Upheld Gitlow's conviction for "criminal anarchy" for publishing a left-wing manifesto. The court held the first amendment allowed the states to suppress speech directly advocating the overthrow of the government.

Since World War II, ________ has brought together a wide range of nations for regular negotiations designed to reduce barriers to trade.

GATT

Since World War II, the ________ has brought together a wide range of nations for regular negotiations designed to reduce barriers to trade.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

The first American president to unilaterally dismantle some United States nuclear weapons was

George Bush.

Which president established preemption as the centerpiece of his foreign policy?

George W. Bush

Which president established prevention as the centerpiece of his foreign policy?

George W. Bush

Which president made prevention the centerpiece of his foreign policy?

George W. Bush

What eighteenth-century politician warned Americans against too much involvement with foreign nations?

George Washington

________ warned Americans against too much involvement with foreign nations.

George Washington

warned Americans against the dangers of political parties in his farewell address.

George Washington

Which of the following nations does NOT have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council?

Germany

Which of the following nations does not have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council?

Germany

___________ involves purposefully drawing district boundaries to unfairly advantage one group or party

Gerrymandering

involves purposefully drawing district boundaries to unfairly advantage one group or party.

Gerrymandering

Which of the following is not a benefit to government provided by contracting?

Governemnt officials almost always use contracting to award businesses and corporations that donated substantial amounts of money to their political campaigns

Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes?

Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs

Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes?

Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs.

Which of the following is not a benefit to government provided by contracting?

Government officials almost always use contracting to award businesses and corporations that donated substantial amounts of money to their political campaigns.

What was the main cause for reducing the legal voting age to 18?

Government officials hoped it would lead to a decline in disruptive student protests.

Which of the following best describes the views of Milton Friedman?

Government should let the growth in the money supply match the rate of economic growth

Which of the following best describes the views of Milton Friedman?

Government should let the growth in the money supply match the rate of economic growth.

The ________ marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace.

Great Depression

What event marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace?

Great Depression

A constitutional right to privacy was established in

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).

___ is a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention.

Habeas corpus

In which 1939 case did the Supreme Court declare that the government may not prohibit speech-related activities such as demonstrations or leafleting in public areas traditionally used for that purpose?

Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization

Bicameral

Having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral

What was the main reason that Alexander Hamilton did not want a bill of rights?

He believed it was unnecessary for a national government that possessed only specifically delegated powers

What was the main reason why Alexander Hamilton opposed a bill of rights?

He believed it was unnecessary for a national government to possess only explicitly delegated powers.

What was the result of the efforts to reform health care in the United States in 1994?

Health care reform met resistance and no bill was voted on by congress

Why did the Democrats believe that the 2001 tax cuts should only remain permanent for those making less than $250,000 a year?

High income earners (making more than $250,000/year) had benefited disproportionately from economic growth in the early 2000s.

Why did the Democrats believe that the 2001 tax cuts should only remain permanent for those making less than $250,000 a year?

High income earners (those making more than $250,000 a year) had benefited disproportionately from economic growth in the early 2000s

The ________ Act is a bill designed to prevent foreign influence on elections by subjecting political ads sold online to the same rules and transparency that applies to TV and radio ads.

Honest Ads

Why does the House typically have greater party unity than the Senate?

House leaders have more organizational control over the actions of representatives than Senate leaders.

It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility

How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare?

The world's wealthiest nation is

IDK!

the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

ISIS stands for

Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management?

In 1981, Ronald Reagan fired striking air traffic controllers and hired permanent replacements to fill their jobs

Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management?

In 1981, Ronald Reagan fired striking air traffic controllers and hired permanent replacements to fill their jobs.

What was added to the Medicare program in 2003, and what were the objections to the reform? 705

In 2003, Congress added a prescription drug benefit to the package of health benefits to the elderly

How did Obama overhaul NCLB, and what is a charter school? 701-702

In 2011, schools could apply for waivers that would free them from the regulations of the NCLB. Charter schools are publicly funded schools free from the bureaucratic rules and regulations of the school district

How much do workers contribute to Social Security? How does SS redistribute income? 689

In 2014, workers contributed to 6.2 percent of overall social security. Social Security is a forced saving that is reimbursed to the individual at 65 years

1.45

In 2016, each individual's required contribution to Medicare was ________ percent of all earnings

Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court is true?

In 2017, five of the nine justices were appointed by Republican presidents.

the President

In a crisis, which of the following has the greatest foreign policy influence?

Why is Marbury v. Madison (1803) an important case?

In this case, the justices authorized the Supreme Court to exercise judicial review over laws passed by Congress.

The depression of the 1930s

Increased Americans desire for government intervention in the economy

The periodic adjustment of benefits or wages that takes into account the increased cost of living is called..

Indexing

In 1998, the United States passed the ________ Act, which called on all governments to respect religious freedom.

International Religious Freedom

During presidential election years, the nation's first caucus is held in ________ and the first primary election is held in

Iowa; New Hampshire

Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North became a national celebrity when he explained his involvement in the ________ to a televised Congressional hearing.

Iran-Contra scandal

The two largest recipients of military assistance from the United States are

Israel and Egypt.

How did the Federal Reserve respond to the terrorist attacks of 9/11?

It cut interest rates to promote increased investment and spending

How did the Federal Reserve respond to the terrorist attacks of 9/11?

It cut interest rates to promote increased investment and spending.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Goldberg v. Kelly?

It held that public assistance benefits could not be revoked without due process of law

What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Goldberg v. Kelly?

It held that public assistance benefits could not be revoked without due process of law.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the United Nations?

It lacks enforcement power to implement its rules and resolutions.

Which of the following is not a function of the Securities and Exchange Commission?

It protects the confidentiality of all sales of stocks and bonds

Which of the following is not a function of the Securities and Exchange Commission?

It protects the confidentiality of all sales of stocks and bonds.

How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare?

It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility

How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare?

It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.

____ was largely responsible for getting a series of constitutional amendment proposals passed in the U.S. house of representatives that would ultimately become known as the bill of rights.

James Madison

Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers?

James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

Which of the following is NOT a permanent member country on the United Nations Security Council?

Japan

Which ethnic group has the reputation of having the greatest influence on American foreign policy?

Jewish Americans

The commanding officers of each of the services, plus a chair, constitute the

Joint Chiefs of Staff.

If Senator Nate Ruess believed that the best way for the government to respond to the recession is to pump up the economy with tax cuts AND increased spending, he would be a:

Keynesian

The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called

Keynesianism

The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called _____.

Keynesianism

The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called:

Keynesianism

The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called

Keynesianism.

Economists who believe that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes are known as..

Keynesians

The United States withdrew from the 1997 ________.

Kyoto Protocol

The United States withdrew from the 1997

Kyoto Protocol.

What were land-grant colleges, the GI Bill of Rights, and the National Defense Education Act of 1958? 699

Land-grant colleges, the GI Bill of Rights, and the National Defense Education Act were all acts to improve education with war involving with it in some way or formation

The purpose of the Tenth Amendment is to

Limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the states and to the people.

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

If the Federal Reserve wants to help boost a sagging economy, which one of the following is the most direct way it can do this?

Lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

President ________ was responsible for initiating the use of United States ground troops in Vietnam (eventually over 500,000), and the massive bombing of North Vietnam, but his failure to win the war after four years and the mounting anti-war protests back home led him to decide not to seek reelection.

Lyndon Johnson

The exclusionary rule was applied to all levels of government by the Supreme Court in which case?

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Fear of a serious communist conspiracy in the United States during the early years of the Cold War led to the rise of a near panic that communism was infiltrating American government and cultural institutions, and became known as

McCarthyism

Are means tested programs more or less expensive than the entitlement programs of SS and Medicare? Figure 17.3 695-696

Means tested programs are less expensive than the entitlement programs of Social Security and Medicare

What is 'means-tested' mean and is Medicaid means-tested? Why do Medicaid benefits differ from state to state? 690

Means testing is a procedure by which potential beneficiaries or a public-assistance program establish their eligibility by demonstrating a genuine need for the assistance. Different states have different budgets to where they can actually spend towards the program

Because there is no provision for long-term care in the United States, ________ has become the de facto program financing nursing home residents when they have exhausted their savings.

Medicaid

Which of the following is an in-kind benefit?

Medicaid

Which of the following is a program of forced savings?

Medicare

What is Medicare and how is it different from Medicaid? What is the Medicare tax? Does the Medicare tax have a cap or does it affect all income? 689-690

Medicare is a form of national health insurance for the elderly and the disabled while Medicaid is a federally and state finances, state operated program providing medical services to low-income people.

1965

Medicare was established in

Who was the most prominent monetarist in the United States?

Milton Friedman

The ________ has taken the lead in conducting basic research to counter bioterrorism.

National Institutes of Health

The ________ is officially composed of the president, the vice president, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State.

National Security Council

The ________ was formed in 1947 to coordinate American foreign and military policies and advise the president.

National Security Council

The Iran-Contra affair erupted in 1986 when it came to light that members of the ________ were involved in a secret operation selling arms to Iran in return for Iranian help in returning American hostages held in Lebanon, and using money from the arms sale to fund rebels in Nicaragua.

National Security Council staff

The Iran-Contra affair involved covert activities staged by the

National Security Council.

The government body responsible for coordinating foreign and military policy is the

National Security Council.

What did Prussian military strategist Carl von Clausewitz mean when he called war "politics by other means"?

Nations use force to achieve their foreign policy goals and not simply to demonstrate their capacity for violence.

The headquarters of the United Nations is located in

New York.

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

3rd Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

What are noncontributory programs? What is AFDC and when was it turned into TANF? 690

Noncontributory programs are social programs that provide assistance to people on the basis of demonstrated need rather than any contribution they have made. Aid to Families with Dependent Children aided low-income families with children. It became TANF in 1996

Everson v. Board of Education (1947)

Nonestablishment of state religion (I) applying the establishment clause, the court found that using taxpayer money to bus students to private religious schools did not constitute establishing a religion because busing was a "separate" function from the school's religious purpose.

During the Cold War era, more than a million ________ troops were spread from West Germany to Portugal.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Which of the following is true about US and Canadian health care?

On average, Americans spend about twice as much per person on health care annually than Canadians. The US spends about 15 percent of its GDP on healthcare, while Canada spends about 10 percent. The average Canadian lives more than two years longer than the average American

In a typical tort case,

One individual charges that he or she has been injured by another's negligence or malfeasance

Why do many businesses prefer Congress to regulate the economy?

One national regulation is better than the inconsistencies and disparities of different state laws

Why do many businesses Congress to regulate the economy?

One national regulation is better than the inconsistencies and disparities of different state laws.

_____ conducts its elections entirely by mail.

Oregon

Many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work

Part of the reason welfare programs became so unpopular was that

Which of the following is the best description of the changing expectations of the government's role in the economy since the 1930s?

People hold the government responsible for a health economy.

In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court justices ruled that government action toward religion is

Permissible only if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits religion, and does not lead to excessive entanglement with religion.

Diffusion

Policy decisions in one political jurisdiction are influenced by choices made in another jurisdiction

Why did the United States fight wars in Korea and Vietnam?

Policy makers believed that if we did not fight, it would embolden the communists.

Automatically received Medicaid and food stamps

Poor Americans had strong incentives to establish their eligibility for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in the 1970s because AFDC recipients

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

Implied powers

Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of article 1, section 8 of the constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management?

President Ronald Reagan firing striking air traffic controllers and hiring permanent replacements to fill their jobs in 1981

World War I was an important factor in advancing the cause of women's suffrage because

President Woodrow Wilson and members of Congress believed that women would support the war effort if they were granted the right to vote.

25th Amendment

Presidential succession

The traditional American distrust of diplomacy has resulted in which situation?

Presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis

What has been a result of the traditional American distrust of diplomacy?

Presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis.

Which of the following statements about the forces that shape public opinion is NOT true?

Presidents rarely attempt to influence public support for the policies they are promoting.

Who are the "deserving poor" and the "undeserving poor"? How does this difference matter regarding American attitudes about welfare? What is outdoor relief and what is indoor relief? 687

Prior to 1935, America's welfare system was almost entirely private, composed of an extensive system of voluntary donations through churches and other religious groups, ethnic and fraternal societies, communities and neighborhoods, and philanthropically inclined wealthy individuals

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

11th Amendment

Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state.

Which of the following has not been a major goal of the government's involvement in the economy?

Promoting economic equity and fairness for all citizens

What is the most important way the government affects personal and corporate investments?

Promoting investor confidence through policies enforcing stability and regard for the law

Privilege and immunties clause

Provision, from article IV, section 2 of the constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges

Which of the following is not one of the concerns politicians have to consider when attempting to pass regulations that seek to protect the environment?

Public opinion, which overwhelmingly favors economic interests over the environment

The goal of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was to

Put unemployed persons to work on public projects

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

Racially segregated schools can never be equal.

What did Reagan pursue after what report? 699

Reagan sought to improve the standard of education after the Nation at Risk report had reported that there were low educational standards across the country.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Which of the following statements best describes the representation of women and minorities in the U.S. Congress?

Representation of women and minorities has increased during the past two decades but is not comparable to their proportions in the general population.

Which of the following best describes the representation of women and minorities in the U.S. Congress?

Representation of women and minorities has increased during the past two decades, nut is not comparable to their proportions in the general population.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the Federalists' view on representation?

Representatives need not be a "true picture of the people," and the best system of representation allows citizens to elect individuals possessing ability, experience, and talent superior to their own.

Which powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment, are neither delegated to the national government nor denied to the states?

Reserved

The rise of de´tente and the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) were brought about under President

Richard Nixon

Which U.S. president once said, "I am now a Keynesian"?

Richard Nixon

Benton v. Maryland (1969)

Right against double jeopardy (V) Benton was tried twice for the same crime of larceny. The Supreme Court held "double jeopardy" as impermissible under the fifth amendment.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Right against self-incrimination and forced confessions (V) Malloy was imprisoned for contempt after refusing to answer questions about gambling activities on grounds it might implicate him. The Supreme Court held the fifth amendment secures defendants against self-incrimination, so Malloy could not be forced to testify.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

McDoanld v. Chicago (2010)

Right to bear arms (II) The Supreme Court struck down a Chicago firearms ordinance making it extremely difficult to own a gun within city limits as violating the Second Amendment.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Right to counsel and to remain silent (V) Miranda was questioned by police and signed a statement of confession without being informed of his right to counsel and protection for self-incrimination. The court held defendants in police custody must be informed of their rights.

7th Amendment

Right to jury in civil trials.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Right to remain silent (V) Police denied repeated requests by Escobedo to see his lawyer during interrogation; Escobedo eventually incriminated himself in a murder. The Court held Escobedo's sixth Amendment rights to counsel and to the right to remain silent were violated.

The largest increase in peacetime defense spending occurred under President ________, who argued that the Soviets had used arms control agreements to gallop ahead of the United States in military spending.

Ronald Reagan

Which president rejected the theory of Keynesian economics?

Ronald Reagan

The first American president to sign a treaty to actually reduce current levels of nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal was

Ronald Reagan.

The first American president to sign a treaty to reduce existing levels of nuclear weapons was

Ronald Reagan.

Popular Sovereignty

Rule by the people

The last time Congress exercised its constitutional power to declare war was during the _____.

Second World War

The presidentʹs principal civilian adviser on the military is the

Secretary of Defense.

After the president, the ________ is considered the nationʹs foremost diplomat in the United States.

Secretary of State

The head of the foreign policy arm of the federal government who traditionally advises the president is the

Secretary of State

Which official is not a major actor in American foreign policy?

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

What are Section 8 vouchers? What did the Bush Administration want to do with the federal voucher program? 709

Section 8 vouchers are housing vouchers that provided recipients with support to rent in the private market

The ________ is the real focus of power in the United Nations.

Security Council

The seat of real power in the United Nations is the

Security Council.

The process by which the Supreme Court has expanded specific parts of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against states and federal actions is called____

Selective incorporation

bill, account

Sent after services to be paid

Do single mothers have the highest poverty rate of anyone? Why does working often make them poorer than welfare? 716-717

Single mothers deal with the most poverty as they are tied with working and supporting their young children. And most benefits for children do not begin until passed their infancy

The right to legal counsel in a criminal proceeding is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment.

Sixth

Which of the following is NOT a component of American foreign policy?

Social Security

Which of the following social policies is currently the most costly to the government?

Social Security

After the election of 2004, President George W. Bush announced that ______ would be the centerpiece of his domestic policy.

Social Security Reform

Which of the following statements best characterizes the percentage of federal government revenue that comes from social insurance and corporate taxes since 1960?

Social insurance taxes now compose a much greater share of federal revenues than they did in 1960, while corporate taxes compose a much smaller share of federal revenues.

The United States is NOT a member of the

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization- Wrong Warsaw Pact

After the president and vice president, which office is next in line of succession?

Speaker of the House

After the president and vice president, which office is next in line of succession?

Speaker of the house

The ________ is the primary foreign policy arm of the United States government.

State Department

The ________ staffs United States embassies and consulates in about 300 overseas posts from Albania to Zimbabwe, representing the interests of Americans.

State Department

Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws?

State governments

When an American voter supports only one parties candidates he or she is said to be voted a____ ticket

Straight

President Ronald Reagan proposed a massive new spending program called the ________ to create a global umbrella in space, wherein computers would scan the skies and use various high-tech devices to destroy invading missiles.

Strategic Defense Initiative

_____ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, used to promote activities desired by the government.

Subsidies

______ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, used to promote activities desired by the government.

Subsidies

________ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, that are used to promote activities desired by government leaders.

Subsidies

The ________ is established by the Constitution and cannot be abolished by a congressional law.

Supreme Court

________ once said, "Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my right to a trial of my peers as an offender against law."

Susan B. Anthony

The primary source of cash assistance for the nonworking poor is..

TANF

________ are intended to raise the price of imported goods and thereby protect a nationʹs businesses and workers from foreign competition.

Tariffs

_____ were the centerpiece of George W. Bush's economic policy.

Tax cuts

______ are programs where the government provides a tax deduction for spending on health insurance and other benefits by both employers and employees.

Tax expenditures

Which of the following is not a program of forced savings?

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

is usually a "safe" state for the Republican Party in presidential elections; ________ is usually a "safe" state for the Democratic Party

Texas; California

What does the supremacy clause assert?

The Constitution and all laws made under it are superior to any state laws.

Which of the following is true about the U.S. Constitution?

The Constitution can be amended with a two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Congress and a ratification vote by three-fourths of the states.

What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

The Court declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state discrimination.

Which of the following is true of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The Court outlawed de jure segregation.

Which of the following is a difference between Democratic and Republican Primaries?

The Democratic Party requires that state presidential primaries allocate delegates on the basis of proportional representation, while the Republican Party does not.

Which of the following statements about the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is false?

The FRB is part of the Department of the Treasury

Which of the following statements about the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is false?

The FRB is part of the department of the Treasury.

What event marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace?

The Great Depression

Provides loans and facilitates a short flow of money to countries in need

The International Monetary Fund

What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 stipulate about education? 699

The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 both ensured that lands were set aside for public schools and their maintenance

What is President Bush's No Child Left Behind Act of 2001? What does it include700

The No Child Left behind Act sough to combine the goals of higher standards and equality of opportunity. It aimed to improve standards through stronger federal requirements for testing and school accountability

a multilateral treaty

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of

What was the result of the 2004 case that argued the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the First Amendment?

The Supreme Court did not rule on the issue, dismissing the case on a technical matter.

Which of the following statements about Supreme Court decisions related to executions under the Eighth Amendment is NOT accurate?

The Supreme Court has outlawed the use lethal injection as a mode of execution.

Which of the following statements about high school students in public schools is most accurate?

The Supreme Court has ruled that high school students have conditionally protected speech that can be constitutionally regulated under certain circumstances.

Which of the following statements MOST accurately summarizes the Supreme Court's rulings on "suspicionless" drug testing for government employees and high school students participating in interscholastic sports?

The Supreme Court has upheld drug-testing program for both government employees and high school students participating in interscholastic sports.

How did the Supreme Court rule on the ACA in 2012? 707-708

The Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that most of the act was constitutional.

What does the USPHS, the National Institute of Health, and the CDC do? 703

The USPHS, the National Institute of Health, and the CDC all help in their regards of the medical fields.

Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization is incorrect?

The United States dropped out of the World Trade Organization in 2004 over a disagreement about steel tariffs

Which advanced industrial nation doesn't have universal access to health care? 704

The United States is the only advanced industrial nation that doesn't have universal access to health care

Which of the following is an accurate description of the United Nations?

The United States never contributes to the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts. WRONG! Its armed forces are large and powerful.

about one-third of the world's total military expenditures

The United States spends

Kyoto Protocol

The United States withdrew from the 1997

What is the big worry over Social Security for the future? How could it be financially fixed? Would this make wealthy earners unhappy? 695-697

The big worries over social security is that there are going to be more retirees versus young workers, inevitably causing a deficit for payouts. Some people proposed that the overall payout for Social Security should be lowered but this would anger everybody including the wealthy earners.

What is the main function of the chief justice of the Supreme Court?

The chief justice presides over the Court's public sessions and private conferences.

Chp 2 - elastic clause

The concluding paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution (also known as the "necessary and proper clause"), which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers

Elastic clause

The concluding paragraph of article 1, section 8, of the constitution (also known as the "necessary and proper clause"), which provides congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers

U.S. Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.

Which groups receive the MOST benefits from the government?

The elderly and middle class

9th Amendment

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

The wall of separation between church and state is best found in what clause of the Constitution?

The establishment clause

Why has partisan conflict surrounded federal judicial appointments in recent years?

The federal courts play an important role in shaping American law and politics.

1999

The final collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in

Bill of rights

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people.

Which of the following statements about foreign policy is MOST accurate?

The institutional powers of the presidency give presidents an advantage over political forces based in Congress when determining American foreign policy.

Which of the following statements about foreign policy is most accurate?

The institutional powers of the presidency give presidents an advantage over political forces based in Congress when determining American foreign policy.

Why was the Supreme Court case New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) significant?

The justices ruled that a newspaper had to print false and malicious material deliberately in order to be guilty of libel.

How much does the average African-American family, Latino family, and white family make in 2012? 715

The median income for an African-American family in 2012 was $33,321. For Hispanics, it was $39,005. Whereas for whites the income was $57,009

Which of the following was not a result of the 2009 Copenhagen Summit?

The meeting ended with a legally binding agreement between countries to limit greenhouse emissions across the world.

Open-market operations describes

The method by which the federal reserve buys and sells government securities to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy

Which of the following describes the realist view of foreign policy?

The national interest should guide foreign policies, even if, from the outside, the leaders of the nation appear cold and ruthless.

Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years?

The northern African American vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the NAACP chose a strategy of litigation.

Which of the following is the most important actor in the conduct of American foreign policy?

The president

Open rule

The provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill

6th Amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

________ is considered "the oldest institution known to the Constitution."

The right to a grand jury

Commander in chief

The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and of the state National Guard units when they are called into federal service

What is the reserve requirement?

The rule that every bank must have a certain amount of cash and negotiable securities on hand at all times

What is the shadow welfare state, and how does the middle class benefit from government welfare programs and tax expenditures? How much do tax expenditures "cost"? 713

The shadow welfare state are the social benefits that private employers offer to their workers such as medical insurance and pensions

Which of the following best describes the role of the solicitor general?

The solicitor general is the lawyer who represents the United States before the Supreme Court in cases where the federal government is a party.

What did the framers call the "least dangerous branch" of American government?

The supreme court

What are the three key features of the 2010 Health Care Legislation? 705

The three key features of the 2010 Health Care Legislation include the creation of new state-based insurance exchanges where individuals could buy health insurance, uninsured individuals had to buy healthcare, and a set of subsidies to help the uninsured and small businesses purchase insurance.

Security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world

The three main goals of American foreign policy are

What are the 3 overall goals of social policies in the U.S.? 685-686

The three overall goals of social policy are to protect against risks and insecurities, provide healthcare, and alleviate poverty

Is this trend regressive or progressive, and exactly who ends up paying for more welfare services? 695

The trend is more progressive but the workers' pay for many of the welfare services that are offered

agency representation

The type of representation according to which representatives are held accountable to their constituents if they fail to represent them properly. That is, constituents have the power to hire and fire their representatives.

Upton Sinclair's 1906 exposé The Jungle revealed

The unsanitary practices at meatpacking plants

the United States

The world's wealthiest nation is

Which of the following statements describes the formal requirements of serving as a federal court judge?

There are no formal requirement to serve as a federal court judge

Which of the following statements best describes the formal requirements of serving as a federal court judge?

There are no formal requirements to serve as a federal court judge.

Which of the following statements best describes current controversies about immigration among conservatives?

There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States.

Why have politicians always favored using subsidies to promote certain economic activities?

They can be treated as "benefits" that can be spread widely in response to many demands.

What did the Great Depression and World War II do the the public's expectations regarding employment?

They showed that the government can help to ensure full employment.

What did the Great Depression and World War II do to the public's expectations regarding employment?

They showed that the government could help to ensure full employment

What did the Great Depression and World War II do to the public's expectations regarding employment?

They showed that the government could help to ensure full employment.

What was the primary problem with private charities before the development of the welfare state?

They would make subjective decisions on who was deserving or undeserving of aid.

The majority decision in Griswold v. Connecticut argued that the right of privacy fits into a "zone of privacy" created by the

Third, Fourth, and Fifth amendments.

________ states have enacted legislation requiring voters to show positive identification at the polls.

Thirty-four

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following statements about the fund-raising practices of traditional interestgroups and online activist organizations is MOST accurate?

Traditional interest groups raise money through annual membership dues, while online activist organizations raise money through targeted fund-raising drives focused on particular issues or events.

Vehicle safety is one of the chief responsibilities of the Department of:

Transportation.

America's international economic and monetary policies are coordinated and implemented by the

Treasury Department, the Commerce Department, and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.

America's international economic and monetary policies and coordinate and implemented by the

Treasury Department, the Commerce Department, the Office of the U.S. trade representative.

True or False: The debate over the war on drugs boils down to a debate over order and freedom.

True

have an initiative process that lets citizens draft legislation, circulate petitions, and place the issue on the ballot for a popular vote.

Twenty-four of the 50 states

How does TANF work? Are the poor politically organized? 714-715

Under TANF, states receive a fixed amount of federal funds, whether the welfare rolls rise or fall. The poor are politically organized.

Which of the following countries spends the smallest percentage of its gross domestic product on foreign economic development?

United States

Which of the following nations is least dependent on foreign oil?

United States

How does an entitlement differ from a right?

Unlike an entitlement, a right cannot be taken away by an act of Congress.

How does an entitlement differ from a right?

Unlike an entitlement, a right cannot be taken away by an act of congress

Which of the following statements about campaign finance is MOST accurate?

Unlike the United States, most democratic countries provide public financing for their elections.

Which of the following statements about government regulation of political advertisements is MOST accurate?

Unlike traditional media (radio, television, print media), political ads on Google, Twitter, and Facebook are not regulated.

Which of the following statements about selective incorporation is most accurate?

Until 1961, only the First Amendment and one clause of the Fifth Amendment had been clearly incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment as binding on the states as well as on the national government.

Which war was officially declared by Congress?

War of 1812

During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies formed a regional organization known as the

Warsaw Pact.

The United States is NOT a member of the

Warsaw Pact.

The power to expand and contract the amount of credit available in the United States

What is a key power of the Fed?

The reforms have reduced the number of people on welfare but have done little to reduce poverty

Which of the following can be concluded from the results of the 1996 welfare reforms?

Groups that are the most politically powerful

Which of the following is the strongest factor in predicting which groups in society receive the most benefits from governments's social polices?

Social Security

Which of the following social policies is currently the most costly to the government?

Although a majority of Americans believe that government should ensure that all people should receive adequate health care, there is considerable disagreement about how to deliver such benefits and how to pay for them

Which of the following statements about American's health care views is most accurate?

The vast majority of spending for K-12 education comes from the state and local governments, while the federal government contributes a relatively small amount

Which of the following statements about K-12 education spending is most accurate?

Social Security redistributes wealth from younger workers to older retirees

Which of the following statements about Social Security is true?

Which statement best describes Russian and American goals in the Syrian civil war?

While Russian forces entered the Syrian civil war to support the Assad regime, the United States was attempting to oust the Assad regime.

Children cannot vote

Why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children?

What did the Supreme Court mean by "one person, one vote"?

Within a state, electoral districts must have roughly equal populations.

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage

Which of the following was created during the New Deal?

Works Progress Administration

It was, above all else, ________ that dealt a death blow to American isolationism.

World War II

The death-blow to American isolationism occurred as a result of

World War II.

Which of the following statements about age and political participation is true?

Young people are far less likely to participate in politics than older people.

Which of the following was not included in the congressional plans for health care reform?

a "public option" allowing individuals to acquire medical coverage directly from the government

Chp 10 - runoff election

a "second-round"election in which voters choose between the top two candidates form the first round

Almost immediately following World War II, the United States entered into ________ with the Soviet Union.

a Cold War

Gerrymendering

a apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party

Under a system of ranked-choice voting

a candidate is declared the winner if he or she wins a majority of first-place votes.

Chp 10 - incumbent

a candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds

Which kind of case would NOT be granted certiorari under Rule 10 of the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States?

a case about the governor of California's authority to use the line item veto when the state trial court and the state Supreme Court have reached different conclusions regarding the governor's actions

Which of the following would the Supreme Court likely refuse to hear because the case lacked "ripeness"?

a case involving a citizen suing the Social Security Administration for failure to deliver Social Security benefits prior to the time the citizen was scheduled to receive the benefits

Which of the following would the Supreme Court likely refuse to hear because of "mootness"?

a case involving a student who was first rejected but then, later, admitted to a state-run university suing that university for discrimination in the admissions process

Which of the following cases would always be heard in federal court?

a case involving the state of New York suing the state of New Hampshire over state highway maintenance

Chp 3 - unitary system

a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government

Unitary system

a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government

Chp 2 - amendment

a change added to a bill, law, or constitution

Chp 6 - political ideology

a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government

inflation

a consistent increase in the general level of prices

During the 1960s, Ralph Nader was influential as

a consumer advocate

During the 1960s, Ralph Nader was influential as:

a consumer advocate.

Social Security is a good example of

a contributory program

Social Security is a good example of

a contributory program.

Chp 4 - habeas corpus

a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention

Hebeas Corpus

a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention

Habeas corpus refers to

a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention.

writ of habeas corpus

a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention; habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion

court of appeals

a court that hears appeals of trial court decisions

mootness

a criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution

writ of certiorari

a decision of at least four of the nine Supreme Court justices to review a decision of a lower court; certiorari is Latin, meaning "to make more certain"

Dissenting opinion

a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case

dissenting opinion

a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case

Chp 8 - gender gap

a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men

Chp 9 - gender gap

a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men

gender gap

a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men

Chp 3 - regulated federalism

a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards

regulated federalism

a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards

Chp 1 - autocracy

a form of government in which a single individual -- a king, queen, or dictator -- rules

Chp 1 - oligarchy

a form of government in which a small group -- landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants -- controls most of the governing decisions

Chp 2 - Virginia Plan

a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state

Virginia Plan

a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state

Chp 2 - New Jersey Plan

a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population

New Jersey plan

a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population

Chp 12 - conference

a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders; Democrats call their gathering the "caucus"

Conference

a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders; Democrats call their gathering the caucus

The essential dilemma of a limited government raised by the ratification debate is that

a government is too weak to do harm also cannot do good.

Shae's Rebellion

a group of debt ridden farmers in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shae marched on a courthouse so their farms wouldn't be foreclosed on. Important because it showed the weakness of the articles of confederation which was the national government.

The structure of Americaʹs defenses has been based on

a large standing military force and a triad of strategic nuclear weapons.

Unfunded mandates

a law or regulation requiring a state or local government to perform certain actions without providing funding for fulfilling the requirement

Tort case

a law suit by one individual (the plaintiff) demanding compensation for harm allegedly caused by the actions of another (the defendant)

tort case

a law suit by one individual (the plaintiff) demanding compensation for harm allegedly caused by the actions of another (the defendant)

Chp 4 - bill of attainder

a law that declares a person guilty of a crime without a trial

ex post facto law

a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed

public policy

a law, rule, statute, or edict that expresses the government's goals and provides for rewards and punishments to promote those goals' attainment

class action suit

a legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest

class-action suit

a legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest

An iron triangle is made up of an alliance between

a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency

logrolling

a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; a vote trading

logrolling

a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading

Texas Constitution

a long, complex, and detailed document 1875

A runoff election is MOST likely to occur in which kind of electoral system?

a majority system

simple random sample (or probability sample)

a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent

Chp 9 - dealignment

a movement away from the major political parties; a decline in partison attachment

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of ________.

a multilateral treaty

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of

a multilateral treaty.

Chp 10 - proportional representation

a multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote

plea bargain

a negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing

plea bargin

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) was significant because the justices ruled that

a newspaper had to print false and malicious material deliberately in order to be guilty of libel.

caucus (political)

a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

Chp 12 - caucus (political)

a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, ;an strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

Chp 9 - caucus (political)

a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

Chp 10 - party platform

a party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and policy positions

Chp 9 - platform

a party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and positions on issues

Chp 12 - whip

a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes

whip

a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes

Chp 12 - standing committee

a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture

standing committee

a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture

Public policy can be embodied in all of the following forms except

a petition

Public policy an be embodied in all of the following forms except:

a petition.

Public policy can be embodied in all of the following forms except

a petition.

________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed.

a plea bargain

deregulation

a policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints on the conduct of individuals or private institutions

Chp 3 - devolution

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments

Devolution

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments

redistribution

a policy whose objective is to tax or spend in such a way as to reduce the disparities of wealth between the lowest and the highest income brackets

Chp 9 - two-party system

a political system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control

random digit dialing

a polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of 10-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample

Chp 6 - push poll

a polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion

National Security Council (NSC)

a presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president, the vice president, the secretary of state, the secretary of defense, and other officials invited by the president

Pocket veto

a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session

pocket veto

a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session

A pocket veto is a

a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session.

Chp 10 - open primary

a primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election

Chp 10 - closed primary

a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates but only of the part in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day

Chp 1 - limited government

a principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution

Chp 2 - limited government

a principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution

Chp 1 - popular sovereignty

a principle of democracy in which political authority rests ultimately in the hands of the people

Chp 10 - political action committee (PAC)

a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns

Chp 10 - recall

a procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote

Chp 12 - private bill

a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas

Private bill

a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas

Which of the following was a key part of President Obama's overhaul of No Child Left Behind?

a proposal to change the criteria for allocating $14 billion in federal assistance to schools from a per pupil formula to a system of competitive grants

Chp 10 - ballot initiative

a proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote

Bill

a proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration

bill

a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate

Closed rule

a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate

closed rule

a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate

open rule

a provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of new amendments to a bill

Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called

a public good

Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called:

a public good

Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called

a public good.

When George W. Bush supporters called conservative white voters during the 2000 South Carolina Republican primary to ask if they would be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if they knew that he had fathered an illegitimate black child, it was an example of

a push poll.

Chp 10 - general election

a regularly scheduled election involving most districts in the nation or state, in which voters select officeholders; in the United States, general elections for national office and most state and local offices are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years (every four years for presidential elections)

Chp 12 - trustee

a representative who voters based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency

Chp 10 - delegate

a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency

Chp 12 - delegate

a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency

Delegate

a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency

trustee

a representative who votes based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency

War Powers Resolution

a resolution of Congress that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if American troops are already under attack or serious threat

Which event led to national attention for the gay rights movement in 1969?

a riot in response to police raids at the Stonewall Inn

Party unity vote

a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party

party unity vote

a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party

Chp 4 - Lemon test

a rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman that government action toward religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion, and does not lead to "excessive entanglement" with religion

Lemon test

Cloture

a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill; in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate

cloture

a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill; in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate

Executive order

a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation

executive order

a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation

Chp 2 - Federalist Papers

a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay supporting ratification of the Constitution

Federalist papers

a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay supporting ratification of the constitution

Chp 6 - bandwagon effect

a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner

De´tente refers to

a shift toward cooperation among world powers.

monopoly

a single firm in a market that controls all the goods and services of that market; absence of competition

sample

a small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of an entire population

Chp 6 - attitude (or opinion)

a specific preference on a particular issue

Partisan loyalty is likely to be highest in the election of

a state legislature.

Liberals argue that the most crucial aspect of national defense is

a strong economy.

Federal Reserve System

a system of 12 Federal Reserve banks that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks, and credit; regulates member banks; and uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation

Chp 2 - federalism

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

Chp 3 - federalism

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

federalism

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

Chp 2 - confederation

a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government

Confederation

a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government

Chp 1 - representative democracy (republic)

a system of government in which the populace selects representatives, who play a significant role in governmental decision making

Chp 1 - constitutional government

a system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government

Chp 1 - authoritarian government

a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions

Chp 1 - totalitarian government

a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it

Chp 1 - democracy

a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials

Chp 1 - direct democracy

a system of rule that permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies

filibuster

a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down; once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster

The fact that taxpayers can deduct the amount they paid in interest on a home mortgage from the income they report on their tax returns is an example of

a tax expenditure.

What is a poll tax?

a tax imposed by state governments for those registering to vote

tariff

a tax on imported goods

Strict scrutiny refers to

a test used by the Supreme Court that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.

The North American Free Trade Agreement is

a trade treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico designed to lower and eliminate tariffs

Classic laissez-faire theory argues all of the following except that

a truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services

All important issues must receive ________ in order to pass through the UN General Assembly.

a two-thirds-majority vote

Chp 10 - majority system

a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district

Chp 10 - plurality system

a type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of the votes cast

Chp 3 - cooperative federalism

a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as intergovernmental cooperation

Cooperative federalism

Chp 12 - agency representation

a type of representation in which a representative is held accountable to a constituency if he or she fails to represent that constituency properly; this is incentive for the representative to provide good representation when his or her personal backgrounds, views, and interests differ from those of his or her constituency

Chp 12 - sociological representation

a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents; it is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one can correctly represent the other's views

socialogical representation

Roll-call vote

a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically

roll-call vote

a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically

Chp 1 - equality of opportunity

a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential

Chp 6 - equality of opportunity

a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential

Most cases reach the Supreme Court through

a writ of certiorari.

Chp 4 - libel

a written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"

libel

a written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"

The Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery.

The United States spends

about one-third of the world's total military expenditures

The United States spends

about one-third of the world's total military expenditures.

Chp 8 - traditional political participation

activities designed to influence government, including voting and face-to-face activities such as volunteering for a campaign or working on behalf of a candidate or political organization

Chp 8 - digital political participation

activities designed to influence politics using the internet, including visiting a candidate's website, organizing events online, and signing an online petition

The Antifederalists argued that the powers of the national government should be limited by

adding a bill of rights to the Constitution

Reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or even hostile posture toward the government and public officials is referred to as

adversarial journalism

Privately owned media companies in the United States earn most of their revenue from

advertising.

The first efforts by the United States to create a professional Foreign Service staff started

after World War I

The Securities and Exchange Commission was established

after the stock market crash of 1929.

The Securities and Exchange Commission was established:

after the stock market crash of 1929.

The Kyoto Protocol was a(n)

agreement setting limits on emissions of greenhouse gases from industrial countries.

The old adage "politics stops at the water's edge" means that

all Americans will suffer if we fail to work together to protect our nation's political, economic, and security interests in the wider world.

The old adage "politics stops at the water's edge" means that

all Americans will suffer if we fail to work together to protect our nations political, economic, and security interests in the wider world

Before the 1930s, relations between labor and management in the United States were

among the most violent in the world

Before the 1930s, relations between labor and management in the United States were:

among the most violent in the world.

budget deficit

amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year

executive agreement

an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent"

executive agreement

an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty buy does not require the Senate's "advice and consent"

Chp 1 - laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

supply-side economics

an economic theory that positsthat reducing the marginal rate of taxation will create a productive economy by promoting levels of work and investment that would otherwise be discouraged by higher taxes

Chp 4 - prior restraint

an effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship; in the United States, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances

prior restraint

Chp 10 - campaign

an effort by political candidates and their supporters to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in their quiest for political office

Chp 10 - majority-minority district

an electoral district, such as a congressional district, in which the majority of the constituents belong to racial or ethnic minorities

An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but lacks congressional approval is called

an executive agreement

Chp 9 - party identification

an individual voter's psychological ties to one party or another

Chp 9 - policy entrepreneur

an individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda

Kitchen Cabinet

an informal group of advisers to whom the president turns for counsel and guidance; members of the official Cabinet may or may not also be members of the Kitchen Cabinet

Chp 10 - town hall meeting

an informal public meeting in which candidates meet with ordinary citizens; allows candidates to deliver messages without the presence of journalists or commentators

A grassroots lobbying campaign occurs when

an interest group mobilizes its members and their families throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group's position.

Dispute arbitration occurs when

an international disagreement is referred to a neutral third party for resolution

Slander

an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"

Chp 4 - slander

an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to the victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"

White House staff

analysts and advisers to the president, each of whom is often given the title "special assistant"

Signing statements

announcements made by the president when signing bills into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law

signing statements

announcements made by the president when signing bills into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law

Warrants issued when the police know that incriminating material is not yet present but have reason to believe that it will eventually arrive at a particular premise are called ________ warrants.

anticipatory

During the early years of his administration,Reaganʹs foreign and defense policies emphasize

anticommunism.

During the founding era, ____ were the strongest supporters of adding Bill of Rights to the Constitution

antifederalists

______ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful ______.

antitrust, monopolies

The United States donates more total aid than

any other country.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) is important because the Court declared that

anyone born in the United States was entitled to be a citizen.

Pork barrel (or pork)

appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts

Chp 12 - pork barrel (or pork)

appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed buy that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts

527 committees are an important part of the American political system because they

are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

Conference committees

are only likely to include members from both political parties when control of Congress is divided.

Conference committees

are only likely to include members from both political parties when control of congress is divided.

Chp 4 - civil liberties

areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference

Civil liberties

areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference

The most noteworthy example of the policy of deterrence was the ________.

arms race

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992) is important because it

asserted that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages.

Caucuses (congressional)

associations of members of Congress based on party, interest, or social group, such as gender or race

caucuses (congressional)

associations of members of Congress based on party, interest, or social group, such as gender or race

In order to win the presidency, a candidate must win

at least 270 electoral votes.

Chp 3 - New Federalism

attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants

New federalism

attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants

Support for an affirmative action policy that considers an applicant's race in university admissions is an example of a political ________, while a belief in equality of opportunity is an example of a political _

attitude; value

The MOST important selection bias in news is the

audience appeal of a story

Chp 3 - concurrent powers

authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes

Concurrent powers

authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes

The ratio of what a country pays for imports to what it earns in exports is known as its

balance of trade

Chp 6 - values (or beliefs)

basic principles that shape a person's opinions about political issues and events

A study by Richard Betts showed that the advice given to the president by the Joint Chiefs of Staff tends to

be no more aggressive than advice given by civilian advisors

In recent years, federal court appointments have

been characterized by intense partisan and ideological efforts to support ordefeat the candidate.

In recent years, federal court appoints have

been characterized by intense partition and ideological efforts to support or defeat the candidate

The term public opinion is used to describe

beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.

American trade policies tend to

benefit most Americans by reducing the cost of consumer goods but hurt workers in some industries by creating incentives for companies to relocate jobs to foreign countries.

Congress is a ________ legislature with ________ total members.

bicameral; 535

In the House of Representatives, virtually all he time allotted by the Rules Committee for debate on a given bill is controlled by the

bill's sponsor and its leading opponent.

The Supreme Court struck down parts of the Military Commissions Act and declared habeas corpus to be a fundamental right in the case

boumediene v bush

When interest groups use a "pattern of cases" strategy, they

bring the same type of suit in more than one circuit in the hopes that inconsistent treatment by two different courts will improve the chance of a Supreme Court review.

During the 1950s, John Foster Dulles, the Secretary of State under Eisenhower, proclaimed a policy of ________ in Americaʹs dealings with the Soviet Union.

brinkmanship

Chp 1 - political culture

broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the government should function; American political culture emphasizes the values of liberty, equality, and democracy

The _____ is determined by the amount government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year.

budget deficit

The ______ is determined by the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year.

budget deficit

The ______ is determined by the amount government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year.

budget deficit

uncontrollables

budgetary items that are beyond the control of budgetary committees and can be controlled only by substantive legislative action in Congress; some uncontrollables, such as interest on the debt, are beyond the power of Congress because the terms of payments are set in contracts

Successful interest groups quickly become

bureaucratized.

The majority of political action committees represent

business and professional groups.

The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are

business organizations

The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are

business organizations.

The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are:

business organizations.

The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program is administered

by the states with benefit levels varying between states

According to the online processing model, members of the public may appear to be politically uninformed because

by the time they actually voice an opinion on an issue, they are likely to have forgotten much of the information that helped them arrive at their opinion.

Early presidential primaries and caucuses are more important because they

can help a candidate secure media attention and financial support.

In eminent domain cases decided in 1945 and 2005, the Supreme Court has ruled that cities

can seize land from private owners and transfer it to another private owner as part of a redevelopment program.

Since 2017, the Senate filibuster

cannot be used against any presidential appointments.

Setting emissions standards for each industry, while allowing companies to trade "carbon credits" is an approach to environmental policy known as

cap and trade

Setting emissions standards for each industry, while allowing companies to trade "carbon credits" is an approach to environmental policy known as:

cap and trade.

Foreign aid is an economic ______. Sanctions are an economic ______.

carrot, stick

Foreign aid is an economic ________; sanctions are an economic ________.

carrot; stick

The primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation, is to

cast tiebreaker votes in the Senate

A federal government program that gives money to state and local governments to spend on educational and nutritional assistance for low-income families would be an example of a(n)

categorical grant.

Deterrence assumes the ______ of the U.S. response and the ______ of an adversary.

certainty, rationality

Deterrence assumes the ______ of the U.S. response and the ______ of an adversary.

certainty; rationality

Deterrence assumes the ________ of the U.S. response and the ________ of an adversary.

certainty; rationality

The National Security Council includes all of the following actors EXCEPT the

chairperson of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

The president's power to veto a bill passed by Congress is a good example of _____.

checks and balances

Which of the following groups receives the least benefits from government's social policies?

children

According to the text, why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children?

children cannot vote

Which of the following played an important role in caring for the poor during the nineteenth century?

churches and religious organizations

Chp 6 - public opinion

citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events

When a private individual brings a suit against a company for breaking a contract, this is an example of ________ law.

civil

There are very few party machines left today because

civil service reform and the institution of the merit system mean that party leaders can no longer control who is appointed to government jobs.

Digital forms of participation that require little effort and may not actually translate into offline acts of political engagement are often referred to as

clicktivism.

Which of the following is not a goal of American social policy?

closing the gap between rich and poor

A benefit that is sought by an interest group and that once achieved cannot be denied to nonmembers is called a

collective good.

The written opinions of appellate courts have been described as halfway between ________ law and ________ law.

common; statutory

Social capital refers to

community networks that motivate political participation.

What inspired the national government to first take a large role in elementary education in the United States?

competition with the Soviet Union

Chp 1 - politics

conflict over the leadership, structure, and policies of government

During the late 1840s and early 1850s, both the Democratic and Whig parties were divided by

conflicts over slavery.

Chp 10 - midterm elections

congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections

Chp 3 - categorical grants

congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law

categorical grants

congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law

categorical grants

congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the law

27th Amendment

congressional pay raises are not begun until the next election

A government that is formally limited by laws and rules is called _____.

constitutional

delegated powers

constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first

Americaʹs principal foreign policy strategy toward the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War, proposed by the foreign policy strategist George Kennan in 1947, was

containment

Social security is a ____________ program.

contributory

Medicare is a ______ program; Medicaid is a ______ program.

contributory, noncontributory

Unemployment insurance is a ________ program that is funded by the ________.

contributory; federal and state governments

Medicare is a ________ program; Medicaid is a ________ program.

contributory; noncontributory

Chp 9 - national convention

convened by the Republican National Committee or the Democratic National Committee to nominate official candidates for president and vice president in the upcoming election, establish party rules, and adopt the party's platform

Tax expenditures

cost the national treasury over $1.2 trillion in foregone revenues each year.

Most of the law on sexual harassment has been the result of

court decisions interpreting Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The Fair Labor Standards Act was significant because it

created the minimum wage

The Fair Labor Standards Act was significant because it

created the minimum wage.

The Federalists believed that the powers of the government should be limited by

creating an internal system of checks and controls within the government.

In what type of law is the government always the plaintiff?

criminal

he government is always the plaintiff in ________ law.

criminal

ARPANET was a(n)

decentralized, highly redundant communications network created by the federal government in the 1950s and 1960s

The House Rules Committee is important because it

decides the order in which bills come up for a vote on the House floor and determines the specific rules that govern the length of debate and opportunity for amendments.

Overall, Americans' trust in their government has _____ since the 1960s.

declined sharply

Plurality and majority systems tend to

decrease the number of political parties

Which of the following is not an example of mandatory spending?

defense spending

"Pupil placement" laws

delayed desegregation efforts by authorizing school districts to place each pupil in a school according to a variety of academic, personal, and psychological considerations.

The increase of administrative agencies since the New Deal has resulted in a(n)

delegation of power by Congress to administrative agencies.

Though traditional party conventions were ________, contemporary party conventions are

deliberative assemblies to determine nominations; simple ratifications of nominations that have already been determined

A grand jury

determines whether there is enough evidence to justify a trial.

The relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union throughout the 1970s was known as

de´tente

The United States and Soviet Union agreement on SALT I reflected a policy of

de´tente.

The number-one reason Americans gave for not voting in 2016 was that they

did not like the candidates or campaign issues."

What did the framers identify as the greatest source of political conflict for the United States?

differences between the rich and poor

The term gender gap refers to

differences in political opinions between men and women.

The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called

diplomacy

The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called ________.

diplomacy

In de´tente, _________ and ________ replaced the threat of force.

diplomacy and propaganda

The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called

diplomacy.

Which of the following is not an influential interest group affecting American foreign policy?

diplomats from foreign nations

By using donor lists or magazine subscription lists, candidates are able to engage in

direct-mail solicitations.

Latinos tend to favor Democratic Party candidates in national elections because they

disagree with the Republican Party's stance on immigration.

Which of the following does the Small Business Administration (SBA) provide?

disaster assistance

Which of the following is the best example of the concept "speech plus"?

distributing leaflets while chanting slogans at a protest demonstration

Trial courts in the federal judicial system are called

district courts.

seperation of powers

dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Interest groups are permitted to spend as much money as they want on issue advocacy during a campaign season, as long as they

do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate's own campaign organization

All executive agreements differ from formal treaties in that they

do not have to be approved by the Senate.

Appeals courts

do not hear witnesses or examine additional evidence before reaching their decisions

Most American presidents have been

domestic politicians who set out to make their place in history through achievements in domestiv policy

Most American presidents have been

domestic politicians who set out to make their place in history through domestic achievements

Which of the following does not represent an important interest reflected through the actions of foreign policy interest groups?

domestic representation of foreign governments

When was the Twenty-Sixth Amendment ratified?

during the Vietnam War

Which of the following programs most benefits the working poor?

earned income tax credits

redistributive programs

economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing and spending, with the goal of benefiting the poor

Chp 3 - redistributive programs

economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing, and spending, with the goal of benefiting the poor

At the national level, the Democratic Party currently attempts to appeal to ________, while the Republican Party currently attempts to appeal to

educated upper-middle-class professionals; white working-class voters

What is the most significant force determining the distribution of opportunities in the United States?

education

What is the most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes?

education level

Which of the following is the most important economic value for supporters of laissez-faire?

efficiency

Which of the following is the most important economic value for supporters of laissez-faire?

effiency

The term soft power refers to

efforts by one nation to influence the people and governments of other nations by persuasion rather than coercion

The term soft power refers to

efforts by one nation to influence the people and governments of other nations by persuasion rather than coercion.

monetary policies

efforts to regulate the economy through the manipulation of the supply of money and credit; America's most powerful institution in this area of monetary policy is the Federal Reserve Board

Chp 10 - primary elections

elections held to select a party's candidate for the general election

Chp 9 - primary elections

elections held to select a party's candidate for the general election

The Unites States originally pursued a ʺdecapitationʺ strategy for confronting al-Qaida.What did this strategy propose to do?

eliminate a small number of al-Qaida leaders

If a company has "market power," it means that the company is powerful enough to

eliminated competitors and to impose conditions on consumers rather than catering to consumer demand

An agreement between President Bush and President Yeltsin in January 1993 called for

elimination of over two-thirds of their long-range nuclear weapons.

An emergency declaration relating to foreign threats allow the president to

embargo trade, seize foreign assets, and prohibit transactions with what ever foreign nations are involved

The primary means the United States has used to keep rogue nations from acquiring nuclear weapons has been by

encouraging nations to agree that they would not acquire, or at least test, nuclear weapons.

If the United States formally recognizes a country, it means that the United States will

engage in routine trade and diplomatic exchanges with that country and will allow that country's citizens to travel to America.

The goal of Social Security is to

ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.

Which interest group in the United States is more likely to depend on demonstrations and other nontraditional strategies of influence?

environmental groups

Which of the following is an independent agency?

environmental protection agency

Which of the following is NOT a liberty protected by the Bill of Rights.

equal protection of the laws

If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be in violation of the

equal time rule.

The idea that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to achieve their goals is called

equality of opportunity

The welfare state supplies a measure of economic security as well as..

equality of opportunity

Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 was important because it

established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce.

What did Congress see as the principle cause of the economic recession that began in 2007?

excessive risk taking by investors

What was the principal cause of the economic recession of 2008?

excessive risk-taking by investors

An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called a(n) ________.

executive agreement

An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called an ________.

executive agreement

An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called a(n)

executive agreement.

Richard Nixon claimed ______ when he refused to turn over secret White House tapes to congressional investigators.

executive privilege

The Affordable Care Act originally required that state governments

expand their Medicaid programs to cover more poor people or lose all of the Medicaid funds they receive from the federal government.

Which list of issue positions is MOST likely to be supported by the national leadership of the Democratic Party?

expanding funding for education, public spending for infrastructure, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations

Most American presidents have had

extensive experience in domestic policy but very little background in foreign policy before taking office.

The social desirability effect refers to

fact that respondents report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe or know to be true.

In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations.

fairness doctrine

Since the 1930s, American employment and training programs have

fared poorly in terms of both expense and results

The G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944 and the National Defense Education Act were examples of the

federal government's approach to education policy during the 1940s and 1950s.

Chp 3 - block grants

federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

discretionary spending

federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process

mandatory spending

federal spending that is made up of "uncontrollables," budget items that cannot be controlled through the regular budget process

Larger economic interest groups are less successful in influencing foreign policy than smaller groups because larger groups

find it difficult to maintain tight enough control of their many members to speak with a single voice.

The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of

fiscal policy

The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of:

fiscal policy

The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of

fiscal policy.

The UN Security Council has ______ permanent members and ______ elected members.

five, ten

Keynesians

followers of the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes, who argued that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes

Which of the following is an in-kind benefit?

food stamps

The Fourteenth Amendment

forced state governments to abide by almost every provision in the Bill of Rights, but the process took more than 100 years.

In 2007 and 2008, the government faced a housing crisis caused by

foreclosures

In 2007 and 2008, the government faced a housing crisis caused by

foreclosures.

Americans are usually least interested in _______ policy.

foreign

Diplomacy refers to

formal and informal communications with representatives of other governments.

National party conventions are held every

four years and attended by delegates from all 50 states.

Organizational reforms instituted by Congress in the 1970s

fragmented power by reducing the power of committee chair.

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was a

free trade agreement between the United States and 11 Pacific Rim nations.

Chp 1 - liberty

freedom from governmental control

Chp 6 - liberty

freedom from governmental control

When states vie for influence by holding their nominating process earlier, it is called _____.

front-loading

23rd Amendment

gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

What was the key to American security during the nineteenth century?

geographical isolation

What was the key to American security during the nineteenth century?

geographical isolation.

Block grants are designed to

give the states considerable discretion in how money from the federal government should be spent.

Activist judges believe that federal judges should

go beyond the words of a constitution or statute to consider the broader societal implications of their decisions.

When presidents use popular appeals in attempt to create a mass base of support that will allow them to accomplish their goals, it is referred to as _____.

going public

public goods

goods or services that are provided by the government because they either are not supplied by the market or are not supplied in sufficient quantities

In McCutcheon et al. v. FEC (2014), the Supreme Court ruled that the

government cannot place limits on the number of candidates or PACs to which an individual can give money in a two-year election cycle.

subsidies

government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, to an individual or an organization; used to promote activities desired by the government, reward political support, or buy off political opposition

antitrust policy

government regulation of large businesses that have established monopolies

Under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, every child in ________ had to be tested yearly for proficiency in ________.

grades 3 through 8; math and reading

The role that the U.S. House of Representatives plays in impeachments can best be compared with that of a

grand jury.

Chp 3 - project grants

grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis

Chp 3 - formula grants

grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive

In recent years, the religious right has had a great effect on American politics through

grassroots mobilization.

By the mid-1950s, defense expenditures

grew to be the largest component of the federal budget.

The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the

gross domestic product

The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the:

gross domestic product (GDP)

The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the

gross domestic product.

Which of the following is the strongest factor in predicting which groups in society receive the most benefits from government's social policies?

groups that are the most politically powerful

The Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) was significant because it

guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry in all states and required states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.

Federal budget spending on mandatory programs

has grown dramatically since 1970.

The number of cases filed in the supreme court

has increased dramatically since 1940.

The Supreme Court

has ruled that campaign spending is a form of free speech.

Americans have historically asserted that our foreign policies should

have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interest and use force only as a last

The foreign policy ideals that Americans have historically espoused assert that our foreign policies should

have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interests and use force only as a last resort

Americans have historically asserted that our foreign policies should

have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interests and use force only as a last resort.

Chp 12 - bicameral

having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers of houses, distinguished from unicameral

Bicameral

having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral

Chp 2 - bicameral

having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral

Chp 12 - incumbency

holding the political office for which one is running

Incumbency

holding the political office for which one is running

What were two primary ways that the orientation of federal housing policy changed during the 1980s and 1990s?

housing assistance for low- income Americans shifted towards housing vouchers, and high rise public housing units were replaced with new mixed-income units

Which of the following goals has traditionally been of lowest priority in U.S. foreign policy?

human rights

The Monroe Doctrine refers to the

idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere.

The Monroe doctrine refers to the

idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere.

Chp 9 - partisanship

identification with or support of a particular party or cause

In 2018, the federal government was shut down over disagreements between Democrats and Republicans on the issue of

immigration.

The fact that many middle-class and lower-middle-class citizens who did not stand to benefit from President George W. Bush's tax cuts seemed to favor them is an example of the

importance of political knowledge.

The assignment of the opinion in a Supreme Court case is

important because differences in wording and emphasis can have important implications for how the decision is interpreted in future litigation.

The first federal government assistance in education came

in 1785, when the federal government set aside land for public schools

If someone is an advocate of the philosophy of judicial restraint, he or she believes

in looking only at the words of the Constitution in order to understand its meaning

When did the Cold War begin?

in the 1940's, soon after World War II

When did the Cold War begin?

in the 1940s, soon after World War II

A class-action suit is a legal action

in which a group of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest.

A membership association is a group

in which members play an important role in the daily activities and administration

A membership association is a group

in which members play an important role in the daily activities and administration.

In 2015, the United States and Iran signed an agreement

in which the Iranians pledged not to build nuclear weapons in exchange for the United States lifting its economic sanctions against Iran.

loophole

incentive to individuals and businesses to reduce their tax liabilities by investing their money in areas the government designates

Selective benefits are

incentives that interest groups make available only to those people who are members of their organizations.

16th Amendment

income tax

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937) and Everson v. Board of Education (1947) were significant Supreme Court cases because they

incorporated provisions of the Bill of Rights through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

What is Billionaire Warren Buffett's main complaint with the US tax code?

incorrect answer

In order to increase political efficacy it is necessary to

increase political knowledge.

If the United States were to provide millions of dollars in grants to pay the medical and legal expenses incurred by individuals who have been the victims of political retaliation in their own countries, doing so would

increase the United States' "soft power."

It is likely that eliminating state-level voter registration laws would ________ voter turnout among ________ voters.

increase; younger

The main change in welfare policies since 1996 is

increased use of non-cash assistance

The main change in welfare policies since 1996 is

increased use of noncash assistance.

All of the following are strategies to combat inflation except

increasing the amount of government spending on public works projects.

All of the following are strategies to combat inflation except:

increasing the amount of government spending on public works projects.

The periodic adjustment of benefits or wages that takes into account the increased cost of living is called

indexing

Accidental mobilization occurs when

individuals are exposed to political information that they did not explicitly seek out.

Descriptive representation occurs when

individuals are represented in government by officials of their same race, ethnicity, or gender.

McCarthyism claimed that communism was

infiltrating American government and cultural institutions.

When the price level of goods and services increases over several months, it is called

inflation

When the price level of goods and services increases over several months, it is called:

inflation

Chp 1 - power

influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies

Chp 1 - citizenship

informed and active membership in a political community

When President Lincoln issued a series of executive orders for which he had no clear legal authority during the start of the Civil War, it illustrated the

inherent powers of the presidency.

Chp 1 - government

institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people are ruled

In 2013, it was revealed that the National Security Agency's PRISM program was

intercepting, examining, and storing the email, social network posts, internet searches, and local telephone calls of millions of Americans.

The international economy today is one characterized by

interdependence.

The one key word that could be used to describe todayʹs international economy is

interdependency.

Money swapping occurs when a(n)

interest group makes a contribution to a not-for-profit group which, in turn, provides laundered campaign funds to politicians.

Amnesty International is a(n)

interest group that works to protect human rights.

The best description of the ideal of pluralism is that

interest groups should be free to compete for governmental influences.

Greenpeace is an example of an interest group involved in

international affairs

Dispute arbitration occurs when a(n)

international disagreement is referred to a neutral third party for resolution.

The Federal Reserve Board has all of the following powers EXCEPT the power to

investigate and prosecute tax evaders.

According to the text, which of the following does not describe the United Nations?

is generally adversarial to the interest of the United States

When a nation is granted "most favored nation" status with the United States, it means the nation

is to be offerred the lowest tariff rates

The nineteenth-century policy of ______ was based on the geographic distance of the United States from other countries.

isolationism

The nineteenth-century policy of ________ was based on the geographic distance of the United States from other countries.

isolationism

Throughout most of its history up to the early twentieth century, the United States followed a foreign policy course of ________, particularly with regard to Europe.

isolationism

Throughout most of American history, American foreign policy has centered on the concept of

isolationism.

Which of the following statements about the No Child Left Behind Act is false?

it creates a standard national test for all students

What of the following is true about the bill of rights?

it includes the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution

The Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty is a significant event in arms control because

it is the first treaty to reduce current levels of nuclear weapons.

Whatever their ideology, members of Congress tend to support military spending most consistently when

it means jobs for their constituents.

All of the following are elements of a nation-state EXCEPT that

it must be a member of the United Nations

All of the following are elements of a nation-state except that

it must be a member of the united nations

What was the main fear concerning the consequences of outdoor relief?

it perpetuated poverty

Alexander Hamilton opposed a bill of rights mainly because he believed that

it was unnecessary given that the federal government was given only a small set of explicitly delegated powers.

A criticism of interest group pluralism is

its class bias in favor of those with greater financial resources.

A criticism of interest-group pluralism is

its class bias in favor of those with greater financial resources.

During the 1990s, the importance of the International Monetary Fund increased due to

its efforts to reform Communist countries and bring them more fully into the global capitalist economy.

Chp 12 - conference committees

joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation

Roe v. Wade is a good example of

judicial activism because it was based on a constitutional right to privacy that is not found in the actual words of the Constitution

Roe v Wade is a good example of

judicial activism, because it was based on a constitutional right to privacy that is not found in the actual words of the Constitution

Roe v. Wade is a good example of

judicial activism, because it was based on a constitutional right to privacy that is not found in the actual words of the Constitution.

judicial activism

judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions

Judicial restraint

judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the document's meaning

judicial restraint

judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the document's meaning

Through the exercise of ________, the Supreme Court has held actions or laws of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional.

judicial review

Chp 4 - grand jury

jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocence

Grand jury

jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocence

Chief Justice

justice on the Supreme Court who presides one the court's public sessions and whose official title is "Chief Justice of the United States"

chief justice

justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court's public sessions and whose official title is "chief justice of the United States"

Common law

law made through court precedent rather than legislative enactments

common law

law made through court precedent rather than legislative enactments

Chp 4 - ex post facto laws

laws that declare an action to be illegal after it has been committed

The Supreme Court case of Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. (2007) was significant because it

led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.

Chp 12 - term limits

legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve

term limits

legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve

joint committee

legislative committee composed of members of both houses

Chp 12 - joint committees

legislative committees formed of members of both the House and Senate

"Packing" occurs when

legislative district are redrawn in a way that concentrates numbers of a particular party in as few districts as possible, there by limiting the overall number of seats that party might win.

Staff agencies

legislative support agencies responsible for policy analysis

staff agencies

legislative support agencies responsible for policy analysis

Before WWII, _____ of federal revenue was generated from individual income taxes.

less than 15 percent

Before World War II, ______ of federal revenue was generated from individual income taxes.

less than 15 percent

The Vietnam War illustrates the ability of government to ___________to its citizens

lie

The goal of the War Powers Act of 1973 was to

limit the power of the president to commit American troops to military without authorization from Congress.

amicus curiae

literally, "friend of the court"; individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the Supreme Court in reaching a decision by presenting additional briefs

stare decisis

literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled

stare desisis

literally, "let the decision stand"; the doctrine that a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled

What is it called when two members of Congress share no common interests, but agree to support each other's bill?

logrolling

A senator who agrees to vote for a tax-cut bill with which he or she disagrees in order to receive another senator's vote on a climate change bill that he or she has proposed is engaged in

logrolling.

A _____ is an incentive in the tax code for individuals and corporations to invest their money in ways the government desires in exchange for a reduction in tax liabilities.

loophole

A(n) ______ is an incentive in the tax code for individuals and corporations to invest their money in ways the government desires in exchange for a reduction in tax liabilities.

loophole

The fact that tax laws allow individuals or companies to deduct from their taxable incomes any money they can justify as an investment or a "business expense" is an example of a(n)

loophole

If the Federal Reserve wants to help boost a sagging economy, which one of the following is the most direct way it can do this?

lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rate to individuals an businesses

The best way for federal reserve board officials to help boost stagnant economy is to

lower interest rates that so that banks can provide more loans and cheaper rates to individuals and businesses

International economic policies today tend to emphasize

lower tariffs and freer trade.

The federal minimum wage is

lower than the minimum wage currently required in 29 states.

The idea of "unequal democracy" refers to the fact that

lower-income citizens have little representation by either party, except when their opinions overlap with more-affluent citizens

The Senate's constitutional power of advice and consent extends to the president's power to

make treaties with foreign nations.

What is the main difference between a maker and a shaper of American foreign policy?

makers are those within government, while shapers are influential groups outside of official government

The chief role of the Secretary of Defense is to

manage the military budget.

The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was the first accord

mandating the elimination of many long-range nuclear missiles.

Gerrymandering refers to the

manipulation of electoral districts to serve the interests of a particular group.

Which of the following was a driving force for economic growth during the late nineteenth century?

manufacturing industries

Which of the following was a driving force for the economic growth during the late 19th century?

manufacturing industries

Which of the following was a driving force for the economic growth during the late nineteenth century?

manufacturing industries

Part of the reason welfare programs became so unpopular was that

many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.

Part of the reason why welfare programs became so unpopular between the 1960s and the 1990s was that

many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.

Civil cases involving the citizens of more than one state and in which more than $75,000 is at stake

may be heard in either the federal or the state courts, usually depending on the preference of the plaintiff.

Under current federal campaign finance rules , a national political party committee

may make unlimited " independent expenditures" advocating support for its own presidential candidate as long as these expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate own campaign.

Conflicts over whether public schools should be allowed to assign readings from the Bible and lead nondenominational prayers are examples of disagreements over the

meaning of the establishment clause.

When potential recipients of a benefit must establish their genuine need, the government program is called

means tested

A(n) ________ benefit is one where potential recipients must document their genuine need.

means-tested

Checks and Balances

mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches

Chp 2 - checks and balances

mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches; major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactments

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

men are more likely to be poor than women

Open-market operations describe the

method by which the Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy.

open-market operations

methods by which the Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve System buys and sells government securities and other investment instruments to help finance government operations and to reduce or increase the total amount of money circulating in the economy

Which of the following is not a NATO member?

mexico

The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as

midway between aggression and appeasement.

The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as

midway between preventive war and appeasement

The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as

midway between preventive war and appeasement.

Which instrument of foreign policy used to guarantee world dominance but no longer does so?

military strength

Political ______ is the process in which large numbers of people are organized for political action.

mobilization

Those who believe in _____ argue that the government's role in regulation the economy should be limited to regulating the supply of money.

monetarism

Those who believe in ______ argue that the government's role in regulating the economy should be limited to regulating the supply of money.

monetarism

What was outdoor relief distributed by private charities?

money

What was the "outdoor relief" distributed by private charities?

money

Chp 9 - soft money

money contributed directly to political parties and other organizations for political activities, such as voter mobilization drives, that is not regulated by federal campaign spending laws

During the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton spent

more than twice as much money as Donald Trump.

An example of the phenomenon called the gender gap would be that

more women than men vote for Democrats.

Compared to the rest of American history, recent congresses have been ________ polarized and ________ productive in terms of passing laws.

more; less

compared to the rest of American history, recent Congresses have been ______ polarized and ______ productive in terms of passing laws.

more; less

Which of the following least explains why the elderly receive a large share of social benefits?

most member of congress are themselves elderly or soon will be

Which group was one of the first to receive government assistance throughout the United States?

mothers with dependent children

Which group was the first to receive government assistance throughout the United States?

mothers with dependent children

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an example of

multilateralism

The advent of the Australian ballot in the early twentieth century was significant because it

nabled voters to make their choices on the basis of the individual candidate rather than the collective merits of a party's candidates.

The United Nations is composed of nearly 200

nations.

In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is NOT a constitutional power possessed by Congress?

negotiating treaties on behalf of the United States

In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is not a constitutional power possessed by Congress?

negotiating treaties on behalf of the United States

The U.S Supreme Court has been composed of

nine justices since 1869

The U.S. Supreme Court has been composed of

nine justices since 1869.

The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, mandated that

no state could prevent the right to vote on account of race.

Economic sanctions are

non-military sanctions imposed on a foreign government in an attempt to modify its behavior

Chp 10 - 527 committees

nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates as long as their activities are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns; named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, which defines and grants tax-exempt status to nonprofit advocacy groups

In 1998, the foreign trade term most favored nation was changed to what?

normal trade relations

The Reconstruction era came to an end because

northern Republicans agreed to end federal occupation of the South if southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.

If a defendant is found not guilty in a criminal case, the government is

not entitled to appeal the verdict.

Spending on medical programs such as Medicare and Medicaid has proven difficult to control because

of the growing number of people eligible and because of rising health care costs.

Spending on medical programs such as Medicare and Medicaid has proven difficult to control because

of the growing number of people eligible, and because of rising health care costs.

The goals of American social policy are

often controversial

The goals of American social policy are

often controversial.

Defense spending now makes up about ________ of the federal budget.

one-fifth

During the ratification debates, the Antifederalists were those who

opposed the new Constitution because they wanted a weaker central government.

Chp 2 - tyranny

oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority

Tyranny

oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority

In contemporary politics local election campaigns tend to be ______ while statewide elections tend to be ______.

organizationally driven and labor intensive; media-driven and capital intensive

Chp 9 - political parties

organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government

Since the mid-1990s, by how much has the number of welfare recipients declined in the United States?

over 50 percent

Since the mid-1990s, by how much has the number of welfare recipients declined in the United States?

over 50%

The National Labor Relations Act was designed to

oversee union elections and collective bargaining between labor and industry.

The 2014 Select Committee on Benghazi is an example of Congress's ______ powers.

oversight

In 1979, the United States and Iran became adversaries because Iranians

overthrew an unpopular U.S.-backed leader.

The National Park Service is

part of the department of the interior

Chp 8 - protest

participation that involves assembling crowds to confront a government or other official organization

Chp 9 - third parties

parties that organize to compete against the tow major American political parties

Chp 9 - party activists

partisans who contribute time, energy, and effort to support their party and its candidates

The ________ is/are responsible for communicating the leader's wishes to members in Congress.

party whips

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

passed Congress despite receiving no Republican votes in the House and only three Republican votes in the Senate.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws

passed in the 1790s that made it a crime to say or publish anything that would defame the government of the United States.

Which of the following is the best description of the changing expectations of government's role in the economy since the 1930s?

people hold the government responsible for a healthy economy

antifederalist

people who opposed the Constitution

Joint committees are ________ have the power to present legislation.

permanent but do not

In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that government support of religion is

permissible only if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits religion, and does not lead to excessive entanglement with religion.

The main fear concerning the consequences of outdoor relief was that it

perpetuated poverty.

Social case work, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was largely concerned with

personal counseling and "mental hygiene"

Generally speaking, a recall effort begins with a

petition campaign.

Another name for lobbying is

petitioning.

If a defendant is charged with burglary but admits to a lesser charge of trespassing in exchange for the prosecution dismissing the burglary charge and forgoing the criminal trial, it is an example of a(n)

plea bargain.

The most pervasive characteristic of American international economic policy is

pluralism.

For the presidential primaries, most but not all state parties use what type of election?

plurality

A _____ veto occurs when Congress adjourns during a 10-day period after presenting the president with a bill and he or she takes no action.

pocket

Interest groups are concerned with the ______ of government while political parties are concerned with the ______ of government.

policies; personnel

An individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda is referred to as a(n)

policy entrepreneur.

Why did the United States fight wars in Korea and Vietnam?

policy makers believed if we didn't fight, it would embolden the communists

When the American people hold strong opinions regarding international relations, they find __________ responsive to them.

policymakers

Chp 10 - grassroots political

political campaigns that operate at the local level, often using face-to-face communication to generate interest and momentum by citizens

Liberalism and conservatism are examples of

political ideologies.

The process by which underlying political values are formed is known as

political socialization.

Which of the following forms of speech receives the greatest level of First Amendment protection?

political speech that stops short of inciting violence

Chp 10 - 501(c)(4)

politically active nonprofits; under federal law, these nonprofits can spend unlimited amounts on political campaigns and not disclose their donors as long as their activities are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns and political activities are not their primary purpose

Chp 6 - sampling error (or margin of error)

polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample

Chp 6 - selection bias (surveys)

polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions

The Federalists believed that the most apparent source of tyranny was the _____.

popular majority

Home rule

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

Chp 3 - home rule

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to mange its own affairs

Chp 3 - police power

power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens

Police Power

power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens

The federal courts have ruled that the "case or controversy" clause of the Constitution means that they do NOT have the

power to render advisory opinions to legislatures or agencies about the constitutionality of proposed laws or regulations.

inherent powers

powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it

Inherent powers

powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the constitution but are inferred from it

Chp 3 - implied powers

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

implied powers

Chp 3 - reserved powers

powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states

Reserved Powers

powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states

A certiorari pool describes the

practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition

A certiorari pool describes the

practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition.

A referendum is the

practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.

Prior cases whose principles are used by judges to decide current cases are called

precedents

The policy of striking a nation that you fear might be contemplating hostile actions is called

preemption

In response to the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001, the George W. Bush administration has developed a new foreign policy emphasizing

preemptive strikes.

In foreign policy, the Bush Doctrine refers to

preemptive war

In foreign policy, the Bush Doctrine refers to

preemptive war.

The traditional American distrust of diplomacy has resulted in which situation?

presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis

The containment doctrine was intended to

prevent Soviet expansion after World War II.

Government guidelines regarding Federal Housing Administration mortgage lending had the effect of

preventing blacks from joining the exodus from the cities to the suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.

The policy of striking a nation that you fear might be contemplating hostile actions is called ________.

prevention

The policy of striking a nation that might be contemplating hostile actions is called

preventive war

The policy of striking a nation that might be contemplating hostile actions is called

preventive war.

Campaign consultants do all of the following except

print ballots for the election.

Precedent

prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case

precedent

prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case

If the government stopped the New York Times from releasing the transcripts of cell phone conversations between world leaders, it would be called You Answered

prior restraint.

The idea of ______ was at the heart of George W. Bush's 2005 plan for Social Security reform.

private accounts

The idea of ________ was at the heart of George W. Bush's 2005 plan for Social Security reform.

private accounts

Who was in charge of caring for the poor during the nineteenth century?

private corporations

When a coalition of credit card companies forms an interest group called the Partnership to Protect Consumer Credit, this suggests that

private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests

What are the three "streams" in political scientist John Kingdon's model of the policy-making process?

problems, policies, and politics

George W. Bush called himself a "compassionate conservative" in order to show that he favored

programs that assist the poor and needy.

Chp 3 - grants-in-aid

programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government

Grants-in-aid

programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government

When a government taxes an individual's first $10,000 of income at 10 percent, the next $30,000 at 15 percent, and all further income at 40 percent, the government's income tax is best described as a ______ tax.

progressive

Which of the following rights is not found in the original, unamended Constitution?

prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) was significant because the Supreme Court concluded that the Constitution

prohibits the government from regulating political speech that is funded by corporations.

) Regional organizations have ________ in the post-World War II era.

proliferated

The central thrust of federal housing policy has been to

promote home ownership.

The central thrust of federal housing policy has been to

promote homeownership

Which of the following is not a goal of governmental intervention in the economy?

promoting corporate accountability

Which of the following has not been a major goal of the government's involvement in the economy?

promoting economic equity and fairness for all citizens.

Which of the following has NOT been a fundamental goal of the government's involvement in the economy?

promoting equality for all citizens

The fact that the United States remains silent in the face of human rights violations by a number of countries illustrates that

promoting human rights is less important to American foreign policy than security concerns and economic interests.

What is the most important way the government affects personal and corporate investments?

promoting investor confidence through policies enforcing stability and regard for the law

Subsidies and contracts are examples of which type of policy?

promotional

The Strategic Defense Initiative was a(n)

proposal for an umbrella in space to destroy invading missiles.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to

protect former slaves from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.

The fact that the United States remains silent in the face of human rights violations by a number of countries illustrates that

protecting human rights is less important to American foreign policy than security concerns and economic interests.

The World Bank's chief mission is to

provide development aid to poor countries.

The International Monetary Fund

provides loans and facilitates a short flow of money to countries in need

The International Monetary Fund

provides loans and facilitates a short-flow of money to countries in need

The International Monetary Fund

provides loans and facilitates a short-term flow of money to countries in need.

Which of the following was not one of the goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009?

providing for a national health care system

Full Faith and Credit Clause

provision from Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

Chp 3 - full faith and credit clause

provision from Article IV< Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

Chp 3 - privileges and immunities clause

provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges

A ________ specifies general rules and categories of behavior, people, and institutions, while a ________ bill grants a relief, special privilege, or exemption to a particular individual.

public bill; private

Which of the following are the three basic prerequisites for economic growth?

public investment, innovation, and a productive workforce

Which of the following are the three basic prerequisites for economic growth?

public investment, innovation, strong workforce

Which of the following is not one of the concerns politicians have to consider when attempting to pass regulations that seek to protect the environment?

public opinion, which overwhelmingly favors economic interests over the environment

When the government's goals are embodied in a law or an order, backed by punishments or rewards, it is best described as

public policy

An officially expressed purpose or goal backed by a sanction is a

public policy.

When the government's goals are embodied in a law or an order, backed by punishments or rewards, it is best described as:

public policy.

Charter schools are best described as

public schools that are free to design special curricula

Charter schools are best described as

public schools that are free to design special curricula.

Which of the following was not a major form of economic promotion by the federal government in the 19th century?

public works projects

Which of the following was not a major form of economic promotion by the federal government in the nineteenth century?

public works projects

The goal of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was to:

put unemployed persons to work on public projects.

In the Bakke (1978) case, the Supreme Court ruled that

quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be used.

The three steps of John Zaller's model of opinion formation are

receive, accept, and sample.

The threat posed by terrorist groups and the hostile states supporting them has caused America to

reconsider basic principles of its foreign policy.

New media can level the electoral playing field for third-party candidates by

reducing candidate reliance on money from special interests, corporations, special interests, and wealthy donors

Supply-side economics is the idea that

reducing the marginal rate of taxation will create a productive economy by promoting levels of work and investment that would otherwise be discouraged by higher taxes.

Which of the following is the best example of direct democracy in the United States?

referendum

The goals of social policy

reflect changing views about which risks should be borne by the individual or shared by society

The goals of social policy

reflect changing views about which risks should be borne by the individual or shared by society.

Primary elections were introduced by

reformers at the start of the 1900s, who hoped to weaken the power of party leaders.

What was the reason behind Progressive-era welfare for single mothers?

reformers wanted women to stay home with their children rather than going to work

The European Union is an example of a ________ organization.

regional

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of a

regional organization for military purposes.

A $0.25 per gallon tax on gasoline is an example of a ________ tax.

regressive

When people in the lower income brackets pay a larger percentage of their income toward a tax, it is called ______ taxation.

regressive

Sales taxes are ______, and most income taxes are ______.

regressive, progressive

Sales taxes are _____, and most income taxes are _____.

regressive; progressive

The interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act are examples of the federal government's attempt to

regulate large businesses that establish monopolies

The Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act are examples of the federal government's attempt to

regulate large businesses that establish monopolies.

Which of the following is not a way in which the government promotes business development?

regulations

Chp 3 - unfunded mandates

regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government

The Central Intelligence Agency is required by law to report its activities to

relevant Congressional committees.

Member countries of the United Nations agree to

renounce war and respect certain human and economic freedoms.

On the subject of representation, Antifederalists wanted

representative bodies that resembled those represented to the highest degree

What caused a public uproar involving the National Security Agency in 2005?

revelations that the NSA was monitoring the communications of American citizens without obtaining warrants

The most important task of the Senate in foreign policy is

reviewing and approving treaties

The MOST important task of the Senate in foreign policy is

reviewing and approving treaties.

The most important task of the Senate in foreign policy is

reviewing and approving treaties.

What is the most frequent and best-known action of Supreme Court justices in their role as circuit justices?

reviewing requests for stays of execution

Over the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ______, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ______.

risen, fallen

During the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ________, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ________.

risen; fallen

Over the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ______, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ______.

risen; fallen

A ______ nation is one with unstable leadership, whose polices are driven by ideology rather than by economic or human costs and benefits.

rogue

A ________ nation is one with unstable leadership, whose policies are driven by ideology rather than by economic or human costs and benefits.

rogue

The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called the _____.

sample

The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called a

sample.

public-opinion polls

scientific instruments for measuring public opinion

Which official is NOT a major actor in American foreign policy?

secretary of Veterans Affairs

The two primary goals of American foreign policy are

security and prosperity.

he two primary goals of American foreign policy are

security and prosperity.

The three main goals of American foreign policy are

security, prosperity and the creation of a better world

The three main goals of American foreign policy are ________.

security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world

The three main goals of American foreign policy are

security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world.

Political parties hold primary elections or caucuses in order to

select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

In order for a survey to accurately generalize the entire population, the survey must

select respondents randomly, and everyone in the target population must have an equal chance of being selected.

Chp 10 - straight-ticket voting

selecting candidates from the same political party for all offices on the ballot

In 1936, pollsters at the Literary Digest were guilty of _____ when they mistakenly predicted a presidential victory for Alf Landon over Franklin Roosevelt.

selection bias

The idea behind micro-targeting is to

send different campaign messages to different demographic groups of voters

Why did it prove difficult for congress to close America military bases at the end of the Cold War with the former Soviet Union?

sense every military base was in some congressional members district, it proved impossible for congress to decide to close any of them

Strict scrutiny places the burden of proof on the government to show that a law's classification scheme

serves a "compelling interest," is "narrowly tailored to achieve that goal," and that the government has used the "least restrictive means" for achieving its compelling interest.

The Kyoto Protocol was designed to

set binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions to be met by each country

The Kyoto Protocol was designed to

set binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions to be met by each country.

The Kyoto Protocol was designed to:

set binding targets for greenhouse gas emissions to be met by each country.

The World Bank's chief mission is to

set the exchange rate for transferring money from one country to another.

Political culture refers to the

shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that serve to hold a nation and its people together

Which of the following is an example of nineteenth-century "indoor relief"?

shelter provided at the police station

In 2011, the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights issued a "Dear Colleague" letter to the more than 7,000 colleges and universities receiving federal funding that told colleges to

shift the burden of proof away from the accuser and toward the accused in cases of sexual assault and harassment on campus.

Generally speaking, state defendants seeking a federal writ of habeas corpus must

show that they have exhausted all available state remedies and must raise issues not previously raised in their state appeals.

The tax reform laws of 1981 and 1986 were significant because they

significantly reduced the progressiveness of the federal income tax.

The tax reform laws of 1981,1986, and 2001-2003 were significant because they

significantly reduced the progressiveness of the federal income tax.

Which of the following groups are more than twice as likely as other Americans to be below the poverty line?

single mothers

Which of the following groups is more than twice as likely as other Americans to be below the poverty line?

single mothers

What is the shadow welfare state?

social benefits that are distributed by private employers who are being subsidized by the government

The fact that survey respondents overreport voting in elections and the frequency of their church attendance is an example of the ________ effect.

social desirability

agents of socialization

social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values

Which of the following is not a component of American foreign policy?

social security

Which of the following social policies is the most costly to the government?

social security

If a legislative body was composed of 15 percent Latinos and 70 percent males in a state whose residents were 35 percent Latino and 50 percent male, the legislative body could be said to lack ________ representation.

sociological

Which sort of representation is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one could correctly represent the other's views?

sociological

libertarian

someone who emphasizes freedom and believes in voluntary association with small government

socialist

someone who generally believes in social ownership, strong government, free markets, and reducing economic inequality

Many recent presidents have bypassed the Secretary of State for foreign policy advice and come to rely more on the

special assistant for National Security Affairs.

Chp 2 - expressed powers