SPCH 1311 Final Review

Explain the communication process and its elements

A. Source/Encoding—the sender or source of a communication is the person or organization who has information to share with another person or group. B. Message—the encoding process leads to the development of a message that contains the information or meaning the source or sender hopes to convey. C. Channel—the channel is the method or medium by which the communication travels from source or sender to receiver. At the broadest level, channels of communication exist as two types: • Personal Channels which involve direct interpersonal contact with target individuals or groups. For example a salesperson serves as a personal channel of communication when delivering a sales presentation. • Nonpersonal channels are those which carry a message without involving interpersonal contact between sender and receiver. These channels are often referred to as the mass media as messages transmitted through them are sent to many individuals at one time. The two major categories of nonpersonal channels are print and broadcast media. D. Receiver/Decoding—the receiver is the person(s) with whom the sender shares thoughts or information. E. Noise—throughout the communications process the message is subject to noise which refers to factors that can distort or interfere with adequate reception or comprehension. F. Response/Feedback—response refers to the reaction the receiver has after seeing, hearing and/or reading the message.

Explain the strategies for privacy management

Indirect Strategies • Change the subject • Mask feelings • Practice strategic ambiguity Direct Strategy • Establish a personal boundary - direct approach for responding to people who expect us to disclose information or feelings we prefer to keep private

Explain the group member roles

Task Roles • Givers - information and opinion givers provide content for the discussion • Seekers - information and opinion seekers probe others for their ideas and opinions during group meetings • Analyzers - information and opinion analyzers help the group scrutinize the content and the reasoning of discussions Maintenance Roles • Supporters - encourage others to give opinions through positive body language or encouraging words • Interpreters - use their knowledge abut the different social, cultural, and gender orientations of group members to help group members understand each other • Harmonizers - help resolve conflicts • Mediators - impartial arbiters who help find a mutually acceptable (win-win) resolution • Tension relievers - help relieve stress among members usually through humor Procedural Roles • Logistics coordinators - arrange for appropriate paces for group meetings, procure the supplies and equipment needed, and manage other details to meet the groups physical needs • Expediters - keep track of the objectives and help move the group through the agenda • Gatekeepers - make sure all members have an opportunity to participate • Recorders - take careful notes of group decisions and the evidence upon which they are based, sometimes called minutes

Explain documents related to group meetings

Written formats • Written Brief - a very short document that describes a problem, background, process, decision, and rationale so that a reader can quickly understand evaluate a group conduct. • Comprehensive Report - a written document that provides a detailed review that provides a detailed review of the problem-solving process used to arrive at a recommendation • Executive Summary - a one-page synopsis of a comprehensive report Oral Formats • Oral Brief - a summary of a written brief delivered to an audience by a group member • Oral Report - a detailed review of a groups problem-solving process delivered to an audience by one or more group members • Panel Discussion - a structured problem-solving discussion held by a group in front of an audience • Symposium - a set of prepared oral reports delivered sequentially by group members before a gathering of people who are interested in the groups work Virtual Formats • Remote Access Report (RAR) - a computer mediated audiovisual presentation of a group's progress and outcome that others can receive electronically • Streaming Video - a recording that is sent in compressed form over the internet

Explain Groupthink

a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgement that results from in-group pressure to conform

Explain the specific goal in public speaking

a single statement that identifies the desired response a speaker wants from the audience

Explain Motivated Sequence

an organizational pattern that combines the problem—solution pattern with explicit appeals designed to motivate the audience to act

Define and give an example of mnemonic device

associates a special word or very short statement with new and longer information, (E, G, B, D, F - "every good boy does fine")

Explain and give examples of idoms

expressions whose meaning are different from the literal meaning associated with the words used in them, "that test was a piece of cake"

Eplain chronemics/time orientations

if your approach to time is different from those with whom you are interacting, your behavior could be viewed as inappropriate a put strain on your relationship

Explain proximity in regards to public speaking

information that has a relationship to their personal "space". Could be related to their "territory" such as family, neighborhood, city, state or country

Explain the guidelines of communicating in interpersonal relationships

interpersonal relationships are defined by the sets of expectations two people have for each other based on their previous interactions. We form interpersonal relationships as we communicate overtly and covertly through face-to-face and online interactions. Interpersonal relationships help satisfy our innate human need to feel connected with others and run the gamut from impersonal acquaintances to intimate friends

Describe an effective speech outline

main points, subpoints, sub subpoints • Start with a greeting • Open Speech with attention getter • Give your audience a reason to listen to your speech • Present thesis statement • Establish credibility • Preview main points • State first points • Evidence for point • Transition to next point • Repeat for the rest of your points • Transition to conclusion • Summarize points • Restate thesis • Leave your audience with something to remember • Thank the audience for listening

Explain the use of personal pronouns in public speaking

one way to establish common ground, use plural personal pronouns: we, us, and ours.

Explain the role of posture in nonverbal communication

posture can communicate attentiveness, respect, and dominance

Explain culture shock

psychological discomfort when engaging in a new cultural situation

Understand how to select the most appropriate source for a given speech topic (list some examples)

secondary research sources - summaries of text, primary research sources - studies conducted in the real world, surveys and experiments • Encyclopedias • Books • Articles • News Media • Statistical Sources • Biographies • Quotation Books and Websites • Government Documents

Explain the perception process

selectively attending and assigning meaning to information

Explain Self Talk

the internal conversation we have with ourselves in our thoughts

Explain the elements of audience analysis

the study of the intended audience for the speech

Explain trasnposing and distorting sounds

transposing sounds "revalent" = relevant and distorting sounds "troof" = truth

Explain the types of friendships

• Acquaintances - people who we know by name, but with whom our interactions are largely impersonal • Friends - people with whom we have voluntarily negotiated more personal relationships • Intimates - people with whom we share a high degree of interdependence, commitment, disclosure, understanding, affection, and trust

Explain the types of arguments

• Arguing from sign - supports a claim by citing information that signals the claim • Arguing from example - supports a claim by providing one or more individual examples • Arguing from analogy - supports a claim with a single comparable example that is significantly similar to the subject of the claim • Arguing from causation - supports a claim by citing evidence that shows one or more events always or almost always brings about, leads to, creates, or prevents another event or effect

Explain errors in articulation, pronunciation and expression

• Articulation - we may drop the g and words end up sounding like "goin or gonna, makin and sayin" • Pronunciation - adding extra sounds "athalete" or leaving out a sound "libary" or transposing sounds "revalent" and distorting sounds "troof" • Expression - speeding up your rate and raising your pitch or increasing your volume because you are anxious or fearful, slowing down your rate and lowering your pitch or decreasing your volume which can communicate sadness or disgust or completely monotone, which is your voice and pitch remain the same throughout your speech

Explain the types of messages

• Complementary feedback - a message that signals agreement about who is in control • Symmetrical feedback - a message that signals disagreement about who is in control • Spontaneous expressions - messages spoken without much conscious thought • Constructed messages - messages that are formed carefully and thoughtfully when our known scripts are inadequate for the situation

Explain denotative and connotative meaning

• Denotation - the explicit meaning of a word found in the dictionary • Connotation - the implicit additional meaning we associate with a word

Explains the methods of informing

• Description - used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting, person, event or image • Definition - explains the meaning of something • Comparison and Contrast - explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things • Narration - explains something by recounting events or stories • Demonstration - explains something by showing how it is done, by displaying the stages of a process, or depicting how something works

Explain the fallacies

• Fallacies - flawed reasoning • Hasty generalization - a fallacy that makes a claim that is supported with only one or wo weak examples • False cause - a fallacy that occurs when the alleged cause fails to produce, the effect • Either/or - a fallacy that occurs by suggesting there are only two alternatives when, in fact, others exist • Straw man - a fallacy that occurs when a speaker weakens the opposing position by misrepresenting it in some way and then attacks that weaker (straw man) position • Ad hominem - a fallacy that occurs when one attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself

Define and give examples of the types of groups

• Families • Social Groups • Support Groups • Interest Groups • Service Groups • Work Groups and Teams • Virtual Groups

Explain the stages of group formation

• Forming - the initial stage of group development characterized by orientation, testing, and dependence • Storming - the stage of group development characterized by conflict and power plays as members seek to have their ideas accepted and to find their place within the group's power structure • Norming - the stage group development characterized by increased cohesion, collaboration, trust and motivation to achieve the group goal • Performing - the stage of group development when the skills, knowledge, and abilities of all members are combined to overcome obstacles and meet goals successfully • Adjourning - the stage of the group development characterized by celebrating goal achievement and disengagement • Transforming - the stage of the group development that occurs when a group continues to exist with a new goal

List the steps of the listening process in order

• Hearing • Attending • Understanding • Remembering • Evaluating • Responding

Explain the dimensions of culture

• Individualistic cultures - cultures that value personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one's opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression • Collectivist cultures - cultures that value community, collaboration, shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment • Low context cultures - cultures in which speakers use words to convey most of the meaning; verbal messages are direct, specific, and detailed • High context cultures - cultures in which much of a speaker's message is understood from the context • Chronemics - the study of how the perception of time differs among cultures • Monochronic cultures - cultures that view time as a series of small units that occur sequentially • Polychronic cultures - cultures that view time as a continuous flow

Explain the types of noise

• Interference/Noise - any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning • Physical Noise - any external sight or sound that detracts from a message • Psychological Noise - thoughts and feelings we experience that compete with a sender's message for our attention

Explain delivery methods (MIME)

• MANUSCRIPT (reading the Speech) • IMPROMPTU (making it up on the spot) • MEMORIZATION (Memorizing a pre-written script) • EXTEMPOTANEOUS (hybrid of memorization and impromptu)

Explain the listening responses

• Nonverbal feedback cues - verbal and nonverbal signals used to indicate to the speaker that you are attending to and understanding the message • Supportive responses - create an environment that encourages another to talk about and make sense of a distressing situation

Explain passive, assertive and aggressive behavior (be able to give examples)

• Passive - submitting to another's desires and expectations while concealing one's own • Assertive - when one expresses personal preferences to others while respecting the desires and expectations of their partner and relationship • Aggressive - attacking another person's self-concept and/or expressing personal hostility in order to inflict psychological pain

Explain Hall's Zones and how they influence communication

• Proxemics - refers to how space and distance communicate • Personal Space - the distance we try to maintain when we interact with others - intimate distance (up to 18 in), Personal distance (18 in to 4 ft), Social distance (4 to 12 ft), public distance (more than 12ft) • Territorial Space - the physical space over which we claim ownership - we expect others to respect our territory and we may feel annoyed or violated when they do not • Acoustic Space - the area over which ones can be comfortable heard - competent communicators protect acoustic space by adjusting the volume of our voices to be easily heard by our conversational partners and not overheard by others

Explain specific, concrete and familiar language

• Specific Language - precise words that clarify semantic meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular group within it • Concrete Language - words that clarify semantic meaning by appealing to the senses

Explain the various attention getters

• Startling statement - expression or example that grabs the audience's attention by shocking them in some way • Questions - requests for information that encourage an audience to think about something related to your topic • Rhetorical Question - a question that doesn't require an overt response from an audience • Direct Question - a question hat demands an overt response from an audience • Story - an account of something that has happened or could happen • Joke - an anecdote or piece of wordplay designed to make people laugh • Personal Reference - a brief account of something that happened to you or a hypothetical situation that listeners can imagine themselves in • Quotation - a comment made by and attributed to someone other than the speaker • Action - an act designed to highlight and arouse interest in topic • Suspense - wording your attention getter so it generates uncertainty and excites the audience

Explain stereotyping and prejudice

• Stereotyping - exaggerated or oversimplified generalizations used to describe a group • Prejudice - judging a person based on the characteristics of a group to which the person belongs without regard to how the person may vary from the group characteristic

Explain the strategies for managing dialectical tensions

• Temporal selection - the strategy of choosing one desire and ignoring its opposite for a while • Topical segmentation - the strategy of choosing certain topics with which to satisfy one dialectical tension and other topics for its opposite • Neutralization - the strategy of compromising between the desires of the two partners • Reframing - the strategy of changing one's perception about the level of tension

Explain organizational patterns for main points

• Time Order - arranges main points by a chronological sequence or by steps in a process • Narrative Order - dramatizes the thesis using a story or series of stories that includes characters, settings and a plot • Topical Order - structures the main points using some logical relationship among them • Logical Reasons Order - structures the main points as reasons for accepting the thesis as desirable or true

Explain types of presentational aids

• Visual aids - objects, models, photographs. Drawings/diagrams, maps, charts, graphs • Audio aids - music, other speeches, radio programs, interviews, environmental sounds • Audiovisual aids - films, videos • Other sensory aids - smell, touch or taste