SPCH 1315

Hearing

3 step process: involves receiving sound in the ear, perceiving sound in the brain, and processing the information offered by the sound.

Sophists

5th century B.C. Greek philosophers and teachers who speculated on theology, metaphysics, and the sciences, and who were characterized by Plato as superficial manipulators of rhetoric and dialect.

Zeno of Elea

A 5th century B.C. Greek mathematician and philosopher of the Eleatic school who is considered to be the inventor of dialectical reasoning.

Rhetorical Solution

A complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action as to bring about the significant modification of the exigence.

Ordered Category

A condition of logical or comprehensible arrangement among the separate elements of a group.

Rapport

A cordial relationship between two or more people in which both parties can convey respect and understanding for one another.

Dialect

A debate intended to resolve a conflict between two contradictory ideas or elements logically, establishing truths on both sides rather than disproving one argument.

Syllogism

A deductive form of argument, proceeding from generalization to a specific application. It is a systematic arrangement of arguments consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Psychological Description

A description of the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values.

Creative Commons License

A designation by the copyright holder of an image or other work that it can be reused; it specifically identifies what is allowed under what conditions and what credit must be given.

Attention Getter

A device or technique used to gain the audience's attention in the introduction or keep the audience's attention during the course of a speech.

Accident Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when a generally true statement is applied to a specific case that is unusual.

Ambiguity Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when a word having more than one meaning appears in the argument.

Appeal to Pity

A fallacy that occurs when an argument attempts to win acceptance by focusing on the unfortunate consequences that will occur if it is not accepted.

Red Herring Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when an irrelevant issue is introduced into the argument.

Strawman Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed.

Black and White Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the audience is only given two choices.

Begging the Question

A fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of the argument is also used as one of the premises.

Genetic Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the individual is attacked.

Appeal to Authority

A fallacy that occurs when the truth of a proposition is thought to rest in the opinion of a famous other or authority.

False Cause

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a flawed connection between two events.

False Analogy

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a poor connection between two examples used in an argument.

Appeal to Ignorance

A fallacy that occurs when we argue something must be accepted because it cannot be proven otherwise.

Slippery Slope Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when we assume one action will initiate a chain of events that culminate in an undesirable event.

Division

A fallacy that occurs when we assume that the trait of a whole occurs when the whole is divided into its parts.

Composition Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when we assume that traits inherent in the parts are also present when the parts are combined into a whole.

Bad Reasons Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when we assume the conclusion of an argument to be bad because a part of the argument was bad.

Fallacy of Quantitative Logic

A fallacy that occurs when we misuse quantifying words such as "all" or "some".

Masked Man Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when we substitute parties that are not identical within an argument.

Analogy

A figure of speech that essentially compares something that your audience knows and understands with something new and different.

Fallacy

A flaw or error in reasoning.

Syllogism

A form of deductive argument in which the conclusion is inferred from the premises; most contain a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Preparation Outline

A full-sentence outline that is used during the planning stages to flesh out ideas, arrange main points, and to rehearse the speech; could be used as a script if presenting a manuscript style speech.

Value

A guiding belief that regulates our attitudes.

Rule of Thirds

A layout design grid that divides the page into nine equal squares; placing or aligning content along the grid lines creates a more powerful image.

Empathetic (Therapeutic) Listening

A level of relationship listening that aims to help the speaker feel heard and understood, also appreciated. ex: counselors

Elocutionary Movement

A movement that focused primarily on delivery. It not only involved the voice, but also incorporated the entire person with facial expressions, gesture, posture, and movement.

Systematic De-sensitization

A multi-stage, therapeutic regimen to help patients deal with phobias through coping mechanisms.

Prezi

A newer type of presentation software that allows for non-linear presentations and is far more graphically oriented rather than text oriented.

Listening Reminder

A note made by a listener acknowledging intent to focus on the speaker's message and tune out distractions.

Watermark

A noticeable image or graphic in an image that is placed there primarily to prevent reuse of that image by identifying the owner of the copyright.

Thesis Statement

A one- or two-sentence encapsulation of the main points of a speech, also called the central idea.

Axiology

A part of worldview; refers to an individual or group's value system; what we see as wrong or right

Ontology

A part of worldview; refers to an individual's or group's belief system; what we see as true or false

Epistemology

A part of worldview; refers to the way an individual or group acquires knowledge or what counts as knowledge.

Praxeology

A part of worldview; refers to the way an individual or group goes about tasks or solving problems.

Cosmology

A part of worldview; refers to the way individuals and groups see themselves in relation to other people and their view of their place in the universe.

Paradigm

A pattern that describes distinct concepts or thought in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context.

Value Hierarchy

A person's value structure placed in relationship to a given value set.

Exploded View

A picture of diagram where an object appears disassembled so the viewer can see the component parts in proper relationship to each other. They are used to show how things fit together and how parts interact to make a whole.

Pecha Kucha

A presentation that uses exactly 20 slides and each slide is only viewed for 20 seconds; this format focuses on timing, brevity, and practice.

Premise

A proposition (statement) supporting or helping to support a conclusion; an assumption that something is true.

Argument

A proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence.

Specific Purpose Statement

A sentence of two that describe precisely what the speech is intended to do.

Specific Purpose Statement

A sentence summarizing the main idea, or claim, which the speech will support; it should be stated clearly toward the beginning of the speech.

Silhouette

A simplified image of a person or object created from the outline of the image and filled in with a solid color, usually black.

Ethos

A speaker aiming to establish credibility on the topic at hand with her audience by appealing to this.

Audience Analysis

A speaker analysis an audience for demographics, dispositions and knowledge of the topic.

Impromptu Speeches

A speech delivered without previous preparation.

Casual Pattern

A speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena.

Regionalism

A speech form, expression or custom that is characteristic to a particular geographic area.

Topical Speech

A speech in which main points are developed separately and are generally connected together within the introduction and conclusion.

Problem-Solution Speech

A speech in which problems and solutions are presented alongside one another with a clear link between a problem and its solution.

Spatial Speech

A speech in which the main points are arranged according to their physical and geographic relationships.

Chronological Speech

A speech in which the main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar of clock.

Informative Speech

A speech in which the primary purpose is to provide the audience with information that they did not already know, or to teach them more about a topic with which they are already familiar.

Comparative Speech

A speech in which two or more objects, ideas, beliefs, events, places, or things are compared or contrasted with one another.

Refutation Speech

A speech that anticipates the audience's opposition, then brings attention to the tensions between the two sides, and finally refutes them using evidential support.

Casual Speech

A speech that informs audience members about causes and effects that have already happened.

Descriptive Speech

A speech that provides a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

Demonstrational Speech

A speech that shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.

Unacquainted-Audience Presetation

A speech when you are completely unaware of your audience's characteristics.

Speaking Outline

A succinct outline that uses words or short phrases to represent the components of a speech and that is used during speech delivery.

Slide Deck

A term that refers to all the slides in a slideware presentation. It is a more generic term for PowerPoint slides.

Communication Loop

A traditional communication model that has both sender and receivers sharing responsibility for communicating a message, listening, and offering feedback. The sender encodes a message for the receiver to decode.

Sans Serif Font

A type face whose characters do not have the small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. EX: arial, helevetica, and tahoma

Serif Font

A type face whose characters have small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. EX: Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino.

Definitional Speech

A type of speech in which the speaker attempts to explain or identify the essential qualities or components of concepts, theories, philosophies or issues.

Dialect

A variety of language, or jargon that is set apart from other varieties of the same language by grammar, vocabulary or patterns of speech sounds.

Concrete Word

A word that describes a tangible object that can be perceived through the senses ex: dog

Emotional Trigger

A word, concept, or idea that causes the listener to react emotionally, therefore their ability to listen effectively is compromised.

Primary Effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read first.

Recency Effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read last.

WIIFM

Acronym that stands for "What's in it for me?"; the question that listeners ask themselves at the beginning of a speech.

Critical Thinking

Active thinking in which we evaluate and analyze information in order to determine the best course of action.

Nonverbal Behavior

All of the messages we send, except for the words we say. Can include appearance, eye behavior, body movement (kinesics), use of space (proxemics), touch, time, and smell.

Explanatory Speech

Also known as briefing, the focus of this speech is on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

Pathos

An appeal to the audience's emotion.

Diversity

An appreciation for differences among individuals and groups.

Induction

An argument in which the truth of its proposition lend support to the conclusion.

Deduction

An argument in which the truth of the premises of the argument guarantee the truth of its conclusion.

Non Sequitor

An argument where the conclusion may be true or false, but in which there exists a disconnect within the argument itself.

Contrast

An attention getting technique whereby supporting ideas are compared to emphasize difference.

Style Guide

An established set of standards for formatting written documents and citing sources for information within the document.

Ethical Communication

An exchange of responsible and trustworthy messages determined by our moral principles.

Atticism

An expression characterized by conciseness and elegance.

Greyscale

An image that has all the color information removed and replaced with appropriate shades of grey. These images are sometimes referred to as black-and-white.

Ethical Listener

An individual that actively interprets shared material and analyzes the speech content and speaker's effectiveness.

Personal Testimony

An individual's story concerning his or her lived experience, which can be used to illustrate the existence of a particular event or phenomenon.

Cognitive Restructuring (CR)

An internal process through which individuals can deliberately adjust how they perceive and action or experience.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

An organization style designed to motivate the audience to take a particular action and is characterized by a five-step sequence: (1) attention, (2) need, (3) satisfaction, (4) visualization, (5) action appeal.

Information Overload

An overwhelming feeling of being faced with so much information one cannot completely process it.

Scrutiny Fear

Anxiety resulting from being in a situation where one is being watched or observed, or where one perceives themselves as being watched; this sort of anxiety does not necessarily involve interacting with other people.

Trait-Anxiety

Anxiety that is aligned with, or a manifestation of, an individual's personality.

Direct Quote

Any sentence that conveys the primary source's idea word-for-word.

Paraphrase

Any sentence that shares learned information in the speaker's own words.

Lay Testimony

Any testimony based on a witnesses' opinion or perceptions in a given case.

Noise

Anything that interferes with the message transmission or the encoding and decoding process.

Colloquialism

Attempts to reproduce what is in our minds in the minds of our audience.

Communication

Attempts to reproduce what is in our minds in the minds of our audience.

"Listener's Lean"

Audience members that are intent on what is being said will lean forward; nonverbal endorsement of the listener's attention and the effect of the speaker's message.

Body Language

Body stance, gestures and facial expressions.

Variable

Characteristic of a unit being observed that may assume more than one of a set of values to which a numerical measure or a category from a classification can be assigned.

Complementary Colors

Colors on opposite sides of the color wheel, such as red and green.

Analogous Colors

Colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, such as yellow and orange.

Similes

Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another using the word "like" or "as."

Metaphors

Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another.

Marcus Tullius Cisero

Considered to be the greatest of the Roman orators, and was, among other things, a lawyer, politician, and philosopher.

Regionalisms

Customary words or phrases used in different geographic regions.

State-Anxiety

Derived from the external situation within which individuals find themselves.

Ethical Feedback

Descriptive and explanatory feedback for a speaker; can be positive praise or constructive criticism.

Cultural Noise

Differences in worldview that cause message interference.

Intrinsic Motivation

Effective listeners will find a reason within themselves to want to hear, understand, interpret, and remember the speaker's message.

White Space

Empty space in your design that helps direct the viewer's attention to the parts of the slide that really matter; can help reduce clutter on your slide.

Interpretation

Explaining and extrapolating the conclusions that we draw from a statement.

Demographic Characteristics

Facts about the make-up of a population.

Constructive Feedback

Focuses on being specific, applicable, immediate, and intends to help the speaker improve.

External Credibility

Form of credibility based on attributes that a speaker can "borrow," such as using credible sources and referring to credible and popular people and events.

Internal Credibility

Form of credibility based on attributes that are largely controlled by a speaker, such as appearance, confidence, charisma, trustworthiness, and speaking ability.

Backing

Foundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony.

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus

He was a famous celebrated orator, rhetorician, Latin teacher and writer who prompted rhetorical theory from ancient Greece and from the height of Roman rhetoric.

St. Agustine

He was a teacher of rhetoric before converting to Christianity in 386, and is considered to be the only major thinker on rhetoric associated with the Middle Ages.

Outline

Hierarchal textual arrangement of all the various of a speech.

Draco

In 621 B.C., the citizens of Athens commissioned an elder citizen considered to be the wisest of the Greeks, to codify the laws, which had remained an oral form of custom and tradition. He began the tradition of law, where cases were decided in clearly enunciated crimes and penalties determined by statute rather than by the whims of nobility. His laws helped constitute a surge in Athenian democracy.

"We" Language

Includes the use of pronouns and phrases that unite the speaker and the audience.

Sub-Points

Information that is used to support the main points of a speech.

Writing for the Ear

Keeping in mind, when writing a speech, that you must use language, pace, repetition, and other elements to help your audience to hear and see what you are speaking about.

Spotlighting

Language such as "male nurse" that suggests a person is deviating from the "normal" person who would do a particular job and implies that someone's sex is relevant to a particular job.

Heterosexist Language

Language that assumes the heterosexual orientation of a person or group of people.

Sexist Language

Language that unnecessarily identifies sex or linguistically erases females through through the use of man-linked terms and/or the use of "he" or "man" as generics.

Generic "he" or "man"

Language that uses words to refer to the male and female population.

Attitude

Learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, object, idea, or an event.

Memorized Delivery

Learning a speech by heart and then delivering it without notes.

Extemporaneous Delivery

Learning your speech well enough so that you can deliver it from a key word outline.

Appreciative Listening

Listening for entertainment or pleasure. ex: watching tv or listening to music

Informational Listening

Listening to learn information. ex:classrooms

Demography

Literally a classification of the characteristics of people.

Parallel Structure

Main points that are worded using the same structure.

Physiological Noise

Message interference that results from bodily discomfort.

Psychological Noise

Message interference that results from disturbed or excited mental states.

Physical Noise

Message interference that results when the noise level (as measured in decibels) makes it difficult to hear.

Uniqueness

Occurs when a topic rises to the level of being exceptional in interest and knowledge to a given audience.

Expectancy Violation

Occurs when people engage in behavior that is unexpected or inappropriate for the situation.

Rene Descartes

One of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. He was also an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician who attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction.

Thesis

One sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech.

Cliches

Phrases or expressions that, because of overuse, have lost their rhetorical power.

Transitional Statements

Phrases or sentences that lead from one distinct-but-connected idea to another.

Nonverbal Communication

Physical behaviors that communicate the message or the feedback from the listener. ex: nodding head, maintaining eye contact.

Global Plagiarism

Plagiarism that occurs when a speaker uses an entire work that is not his/her own.

Incremental Plagiarism

Plagiarism that occurs when most of the speech is the speaker's original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited.

Patchwork Plagiarism

Plagiarism that occurs when one patches together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own.

Tag Questions

Powerless language exemplified by ending statements with questions such as "Don't you agree?" or "Don't you think?"

Hedges

Powerless phrases such as "I thought we should...," "I sort of think...," "Maybe we should...," that communicate uncertainty.

Qualifiers

Powerless words such as "around" or "about" that maje your own sentences less definitive.

Beliefs

Principles that are more durable than attitudes because they are hinged to ideals not issues.

Manuscript Delivery

Reading the text of a speech word for word.

Noise

Refers to excess information on a slide or image or a cluttered image.

Credibility

Refers to the audience's perception of the speaker's expertise, authenticity, and trustworthiness.

Frame of Reference

Refers to the context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions or of evaluative criteria within which a person's perception and thinking seem always to occur; and which constrains selectively the course and outcome of these activities.

Evidence

Research, claims, ir anything else that is used to support the validity of an assertion.

Pericles

Responsible for the installation of a pure democracy to maintain popular support, a liberalized judicial system to include poor citizens so that they could serve on juries, and the establishment of a popular legislative assembly to review annually all laws. He established the right for any Athenian citizen to propose or oppose a law during assembly.His democracy established the need for training in public speaking.

Antithesis

Rhetorical strategy that uses contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical power.

Ethical Standards

Rules of acceptable conduct, that when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness and/or kindness.

Pronunciation

Saying words correctly, with the accurate articulation, stress and intonation, according to conventional or cultural standards.

Internal Previews

Short descriptions of what a speaker will do and say during a speech; may be at the beginning and within the body of a speech.

Summaries

Short recaps of what has already been said; used to remind the audience of the points already addressed.

Source Credibility

Signs that a person is offering trustworthy information.

Parity

Similarity of information across sources.

Line Art

Simplified drawings made only of solid lines without color or shading; they are useful for showing the basic shape and construction of complicated objects.

Search Engine

Software which uses algorithms to scan an index of existing Internet content for particular terms, and then ranks the results based on their relevance.

Preview

Sometimes called a road map; a brief oral outline in which the speaker clearly and concisely states the main points of the speech.

Argument

Statements that combine reasoning with evidence to support assertion.

Intensity

Supporting material that is characterized by a high degree of emotion, color, volume, strength, or other defining characteristic.

Organizational Styles

Templates for organizing the main points of a speech that are rooted in traditions of public discourse and can jumpstart the speechwriting process.

Man-linked Terms

Terms such as "fireman" or "policemen" that incorrectly identify a job as linked only to a male.

Expert Testimony

Testimony that comes from a recognized authority who has conducted extensive research on an issue.

Oratory

The ability to speak with rhetorical skill and eloquence.

Diction

The accent, inflection, intonation and sound quality of a speaker's voice; also known as enunciation.

Public Speaking

The act of delivering a speech in front of a live audience.

Articulation

The act of producing clear, precise and distinct speech.

Inference

The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

Relational Listening

The active and involved listening we do with people we love and care about.

Communication Apprehension (CA)

The anxiety resulting from fear of public speaking.

Pixelation

The blurry appearance of images; this often occurs when a small image is stretched to cover an entire slide.

Timbre

The characteristic quality of the sound of one's voice.

Context

The communication rules that govern different physical settings and/or different types of relationships.

Philosophical Relativism

The concept that points of philosophical views have no absolute truth or validity, having only relative subjective value according to differences in perception and thought.

Conversant

The condition of being able to discuss an issue intelligently with others.

Performance

The execution if a speech in front of an audience.

Rhetoric

The faculty of discovering in the particular case all the available means of persuasion.

Elocution

The formal study and practice of oral delivery, especially as it relates to the performance of voice and gestures.

Pitch

The highness or lowness of one's voice or of sound.

Main Points

The key pieces of information or arguments contained within a talk or presentation.

Language

The means by which we communicate-a system of symbols we use to form messages.

Channel

The means through which the message travels.

Demographics

The most recent statistical characteristics of a population.

Renaissance

The name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

Z Pattern

The natural tendency of people from English-speaking countries, to view images in the same way that they read text, that is, left-to-right, top to bottom.

Worldview

The overall framework through which an individual sees, thinks about, and interprets the world and interacts with it.

General Purpose Statement

The overarching goal of a speech; for instance, to inform, to persuade, to inspire, to celebrate, to mourn, or to entertain.

Tone

The particular sound quality (e.g. nasal or breathy) or emotional expression of the voice.

Communicator

The people in the interaction or speech who encode and decode messages simultaneously.

Hearing

The physiological process of receiving noise and sounds.

"Deaf Spots"

The preconceived notions or beliefs a listener might hold dear that can interfere with listening effectively; these are barriers to having an open mind to receive the sender's message.

Bias

The predisposition toward a particular viewpoint.

Auditory Association

The process by which the mind sorts the perceived sound into a category so that heard information is recognized. New stimuli is differentiated by comparing and contrasting with previously heard sounds.

Analysis

The process of asking what is happening in a message through breaking it into its individual components and asking questions of each section.

Evaluation

The process of assessing the various claims and premises of an argument to determine the validity.

Interlibrary Loan

The process of borrowing materials through one library that belongs to another library.

Quantitative Analysis

The process of determining the value of a variable by examining its numerical, measurable characteristics.

Ethics

The process of determining what is good or bad, right or wrong in a moral dilemma.

Morality

The process of discerning between right and wrong.

Casual Reasoning

The process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other.

Listening

The process of interpreting, or making sense of, sounds.

Decoding

The process of listening to words and interpreting the words so they are associated with a mental image. (words to image)

Self-Regulation

The process of reflecting on our pre-existing thoughts and biases and how they may influence what we think about an assertion.

Encoding

The process of taking a mental image, associating the image with words, and then speaking those words. (image to words)

Accent

The prominence of a syllable in terms of loudness, pitch, and/or length.

Claim

The proposition you want the audience to accept.

Cognitive Dissonance

The psychological discomfort felt when a person is presented with two competing ideas or pieces of evidence.

Listening

The psychological process of interpreting and making sense of the messages we receive (requires effort).

Tempo

The rate, pace, or rhythm of speech.

Social Awareness

The recognition of important issues that affect societies.

Alliteration

The repetition of the initial sounds of words.

Color Palette

The selection of colors that are used throughout a single project.

Slideware

The software used to display digital slide shows.

General Purpose

The speaker's overall goal, objective, or intent; to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.

Jargon

The specialized language of a group or profession.

Statistics

The study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Epistemology

The study of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.

Activity

The use of action words, physical or visual movement, or faster rate of speech to draw the audience's attention.

Humor

The use of amusing or comical facts, stories, or forms of expression to maintain an audience's attention.

Hyperbole

The use of moderate exaggeration for effect.

Hate Language

The use of words or phrases that isolate a particular person or group in a derogatory manner.

Norms

The verbal and nonverbal rules (usually unspoken) that govern communicative behavior.

Message

The words, nonverbal behavior, or other signal transmitted from one person to another.

"Breathe and Release"

This is a short-cut version of systematic de-sensitization appropriate for public speaking preparation.

Listening

This is the conscious act of focusing on the words or sounds to make meaning of a message; requires intentional effort.

Infer

To draw a conclusion that rests outside the message.

Verbatim

To say with exactly the same words.

Imply

To suggest or convey an idea.

Slang

Type of language that most people understand but that is not considered acceptable in formal or polite conversation.

Inflections

Variations, turns and slides in pitch to achieve meaning.

Vocalized Pauses

Verbal fillers in speech such as "um", "uh", "like", "and", or "you know."

Novelty

Very recent or unusual supporting ideas.

Rhetorical Question

When a speaker asks a question that is not meant to be answered out loud, or a question for which the audience already knows the answer; often used to get the audience to think about a topic.

Plagiarism

When one passes off another's work as his/her own or neglects to cite a source for his/her information.

Critical Listening

When we are listening, aiming to gain information with which we will evaluate the speaker, or the product or proposal the speaker is endorsing; often employed when we are looking to make choices, or find points of disagreement with a speaker.

Signposts

Words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points.

Boolean Operators

Words and symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand or limit results.

Abstract Word

Words that refer to ideas or concepts that are removed from material reality; words that have different meanings ex: success