Special Senses

Cochlear duct

"scala media" a continuation of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea. contains Endolymph separates the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani except at the apex(top) of the cochlea where they are joined at the "helicotrema" contains spiral organ/ organ of corti that converts vibrations to nerve impulses

gustatory pathway

-Uses cranial nerves VII, IX &X -Afferent fibers synapse with nucleus solitarius in medulla -Goes to thalamus & cerebral cortex

Generator potential

A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials.

Receptor potential

A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus

Equilibrium

A state of balance

equilibrium

A state of balance

Basilar membrane

A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.

Decibels (dB)

A unit of measurement of loudness

Visual axis

An imaginary line passing from the midpoint of the visual field to the fovea centralis.

Anterior chamber

Area behind the cornea and in front of the iris. It contains aqueous humor.

A person with normal vision is driving down the road, looking far ahead. If they glance down to read the speedometer, the lens of the eye will: a) become flattened b) become more rounded c) accommodate A and C B and C

B and C

Gustatory receptor cell

Chemicals dissolved in saliva bind to receptors on hair; message is conveyed to neuron

conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball

Motion sickness

Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info

Cochlear duct (scala media)

Filled with endolymph, middle duct containing spiral organ and basilar membrane.

Wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

Frequency

How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time

Activation

Na pump is open. when absorbs light, closes. with light cis chances to trans and activates opsin molecule which activates transducin which then activates PDE

eyelashes

Nerve endings of follicles initiate reflex blinking

For olfaction, which of the following is FALSE? Olfactory receptors are located in mucus membranes in the upper portion of the nasal cavity. Smell can influence taste and evoke emotional responses. Olfactory receptors are specialized neurons. Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands.

Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands.

For olfaction, which of the following is FALSE? Olfactory receptors are specialized neurons. Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands. Smell can influence taste and evoke emotional responses. Olfactory receptors are located in mucus membranes in the upper portion of the nasal cavity.

Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands.

Eyelids (palpebrae)

Protection, Shade eyes for sleep, Spread lubricant, Anchor orbicularis oculi

Optic disc

Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light.

The tough, white, outermost part of the eye is the:

Scelera

In lab this week, what test will you use to check your visual acuity?

Snellen Chart

ciliary body

Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.

basal cells (olfactory)

The cells which replace lost or damaged olfactory receptor cells at the base of the olfactory epithelium. (They are a notable exception to the rule of thumb that neurons do not replicate).

cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

tympanic membrane

The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves.

Round window

The membrane that relieves pressure from the vibrating waves in the cochlear fluid.

Visual cortex

The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.

Accommodation in the eye involves which of the following? a) curvature of the lens b) ciliary muscles c) length of the eyeball d) all of the above a and b only

a and b only

Olfactory bulb

a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

Opsin

a class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments

Spiral ganglion

a collection of neurons in the modiolus of the cochlea that receives input from hair cells and sends output to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla via the auditory nerve

Sensory adaptation

a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

Color blindness is believed to be due to: a deficiency of rhodopsin an overabundance of saccades a deficiency of photoreceptors a deficiency of bipolar neurons

a deficiency of photoreceptors

Ampullary cupula

a flexible, elastic, gelatinous structure that extends the full width of the ampulla

Tensor tympani muscle

a middle-ear muscle that is attached to the malleus. This muscle contracts in response to intense sound and to tactile stimulation of the force. and innervated by trigeminal nerve

Action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Bony labyrinth

a shell of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth

incus

a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

Malleus

a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus.

Olfactory epithelium

a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell

pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. high= close to beginning of cochlea. Low= end of cochlea

Daytime vision: a) involves mostly cones, rather than rods b) is possible due an excitatory impulse generated when light contacts the photosensitive chemical rhodopsin c) involves mostly rod cells d) A and B only

a) involves mostly cones, rather than rods

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane? a) moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth b) transmits movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear c) supports the olfactory organ d) tiny duct necessary for the static sense of equilibrium e) covers the oval window

a) moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling? a) semicircular canal b) utricle c) saccule d) organ of Corti

a) semicircular canal

depth perception

ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations

Olfactory (smell) receptors: are specialized endings of afferent neurons lie in a small patch of mucus membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity possess fine cilia extending into the olfactory mucus all of the above

all of the above

The response of receptors to different sound frequencies: takes place in the cochlea depends upon response of certain portions of the basilar membrane to different frequencies takes place as certain hair cells are affected by particular frequencies all of the above

all of the above

The auditory (Eustachian) tube: contains fluid that vibrates to convert sound waves to auditory nerve impulses conducts sound from the middle ear to the cochlea responds to changes in acceleration allows equalization of air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere.

allows equalization of air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere.

Color blindness is a visual defect resulting from: damage to rod cells an absence of one of the type of cones a lack of rhodopsin damage to the pigment layer of the iris

an absence of one of the type of cones

Color blindness is a visual defect resulting from: damage to the pigment layer of the iris damage to rod cells an absence of one of the type of cones a lack of rhodopsin

an absence of one of the type of cones

lysozyme

an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria

gustatory cortex

area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue

Senile cataracts

areas of cloudiness or opacity in the lens of the eye that are found in a large proportion of older adults and often cause them to experience glare

Which of the following refers to the condition in which there are irregularities in the curved surface of the cornea of lens?

astigmatism

What structure equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and outer atmosphere? scala vestibuli tympanic membrane auditory tube (Eustachian tube) cochlear duct

auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth. a) bony callus b) bony labyrinth c) membranous callus d) vestibule e) auditory ossicle

b) bony labyrinth

Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness. a) tone b) conductive c) nerve d) neural e) vertigo

b) conductive

Sound travels directly to the eardrum through the a) pinna. b) external auditory canal. c) cochlea. d) vestibule. e) ear ossicles.

b) external auditory canal.

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. a) inner; middle b) outer; middle c) outer; inner d) middle; inner e) None of the answers is correct.

b) outer; middle

That structure involved in sensing changes in angular acceleration (turning) of the head is the: a) saccule b) semicircular canal c) utricle d) a and c only

b) semicircular canal

That structure involved in sensing changes in angular acceleration (turning) of the head is the: a) saccule b) semicircular canal c) utricle d) a and c only

b) semicircular canal

What structure supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? membranous labyrinth. tympanic membrane. tectorial membrane. vestibular duct. basilar membrane.

basilar membrane.

Before an odorant can be detected, it must: contact a supporting cell. apply pressure to the olfactory epithelium. be transported to the olfactory bulbs. bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites.

bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites.

Cochlear nerve

branch of the auditory nerve responsible for transmitting auditory info from the cochlea to the brain. connects to vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

bleaching

breaking down of rhodopsin to retinal and opsin. retinal changed back to cis shape

Lingual papillae

bumps and projections on the tongue that are the sites of the taste buds

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia? a) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth b) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear c) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells d) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium e) seal the oval window in urtricle and saccule

c) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

The process by which changes in the curvature of the lens adjusts the focusing of an image on the retina is:

called accommodation

The individual receptors for the sense of taste: are actually only located in the nasal passages are restricted to the tongue can respond to a variety of chemicals are of three different types, each of which is evenly distributed on the surface of the tongue

can respond to a variety of chemicals

Optic nerve (II)

carries visual information to the brain

Vision impairment due to an opaque lens is known as: astigmatism presbyopia glaucoma cataracts

cataracts

Supporting cells

cells that insulate, support and protect neurons

The ________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax. apocrine sweat ceruminous sweat mammary sudoriferous

ceruminous

Scala vestibule

chamber of choclea that is filled with perilymph and begins near the oval window

Accommodation

changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far

The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air. water pressure proteins dust chemicals

chemicals

When auditory receptors are stimulated, the resulting action potential is transmitted through the: vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve tympanic nerve cranial nerve II

cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Water receptors

concentrated in pharynx, provide information to hypothalamus for water balance regulation

Auditory tube (eustachian tube)

connects to throat, equalizes pressure

Vestibular nerve

connects with cochlear nerve to form Cranial Nerve VIII (acoustic or vestibulocochlear nerve)

External ear

consists of the auricle and external auditory canal (meatus)

Fibrous layer (tunic) of eye

consists of the cornea and sclera and they are connected by the corneoscleral junction. It supports and protects the eye, is an attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles, and contains the cornea

The rod-shaped receptor cells of the eye: contain rhodopsin indicate color are found mainly in the central portion of the retina are responsible for acuity (sharpness) of vision

contain rhodopsin

Iris

contains blood vessels, pigment cells (melanocytes), and 2 layers of smooth muscle fibers that when contract, change shape of eye

Membranous labyrinth

contains endolymph

Vascular layer (tunic) of eye

contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels and intrinsic (smooth muscles of the eye). provides rout for blood vessels and lymph, regulates light that enters eye, secretes aqueous humor, and controls shape of lens

Internal ear

contains sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium

Posterior cavity

contains vitreous humor

Ciliary muscle

controls the shape of the lens

Most light refraction is accomplished by the: lens pupil cornea retina

cornea

Tectorial membrane

covers organ of corti. A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places? a) surface of the epiglottis b) surface of the tongue c) portions of the pharynx d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

The external ear ends at the a) vestibule. b) cochlea. c) ossicles. d) tympanic membrane. e) pinna.

d) tympanic membrane.

tear ducts

deliver tears from the lacrimal gland to the space behind the upper eyelid

Discrimination of specific tastes and odors is believed to be due, at least in part, to: the suppression of specific receptors from firing different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals many receptors, each of which responds to a single chemical

different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals

Discrimination of specific tastes and odors is believed to be due, at least in part, to: the suppression of specific receptors from firing many receptors, each of which responds to a single chemical differences in the neurotransmitters released from the receptor cells different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals

different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals

Dim light situations would result in: dilation of the pupil constriction of the pupil the breakdown of rhodopsin increased cone sensitivity

dilation of the pupil

Which of the following is NOT one of the extrinsic eye muscles?

dilator pupillae

Odorants

dissolved chemicals that stimulate olfactory neurons

Focal distance

distance between center of lens and focal point

Vertigo

dizziness

Color blindness is: caused by a malfunctioning of rods an inability to focus certain light waves in front of the retina due to a lack of certain cone cells an inability to see any objects that have color

due to a lack of certain cone cells

Which of the following is/are true of rod cells? a) They contain a photosensitive chemical called rhodopsin. b) They are sensitive to dim light. c) They are located mostly in the fovea. d) All of the above are true. e) A and B only

e) A and B only

A loud noise causes a(n) a) large movement of the tympanic membrane. b) alerting reaction leading to sympathetic activation. c) large number of hair cells to be stimulated. d) big pressure pulse entering the cochlear duct at that oval window. e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the a) auditory ossicles. b) cochlea. c) oval window. d) round window. e) tympanic membrane.

e) tympanic membrane.

The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity. a) cochlea b) utricle c) ampulla d) saccule e) utricle and saccule

e) utricle and saccule

External acoustic meatus

ear canal

Emmetropia

emmetro- proper opia- vision normal vision

Nasolacrimal duct

empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

gustatory taste hairs are olfactory glands. goblet or mucous cells. epithelial cells. neurons. areolar connective tissue cells.

epithelial cells.

Vestibule

equilibrium: static equilibrium and linear acceleration of the head

Scala tympani

extends from apex of cochlea to round window

Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)

extends from ciliary processes to lens and holds lens in position

Auricle

external ear

Laser-assisted in-situ keratomilieusis (LASIK)

eye surgery

accessory structures of the eye

eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerves? trigeminal (V), facial (VII), and glossopharyngeal (IX). facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X). facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII), and glossopharyngeal (IX). glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and spinal accessory (XI).

facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).

Presbyopia

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

hyperopia

farsightedness; eyeball is too short, me; focal point is in BEHIND retina. conVEX lens

Gustatory receptors are clustered in taste buds in all of the following papillae except: vallate. fungiform. filiform. foliate.

filiform

Anterior cavity

filled with aqueous humor

Aqueous humor

fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber

Perilymph

fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear (scala vestibuli and scala tympani)

Endolymph

fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear (scala media (cochlear duct))

Taste bud

grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud

The sense of taste is also known as gustation. interoreception. olfaction. proprioception. equilibrium.

gustation

The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are: taste buds gustatory (taste) hairs located only on the tongue are most sensitive when the mouth is dry

gustatory (taste) hairs

The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are: taste buds located only on the tongue gustatory (taste) hairs are most sensitive when the mouth is dry

gustatory (taste) hairs

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

hearing and balance

Conductive hearing loss

hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or vibratory energy in the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

utricle

horizontal acceleration (car stopping)

Which of the following conditions can be corrected by a convex lens, that will shift the focal point anteriorly?

hyperopia

Damage to the left optic nerve may result in: impaired vision in only the right eye impaired vision in only the left eye weakness in the extrinsic eye muscles impaired vision in both eyes

impaired vision in only the left eye

The hair cells that convert sound into nervous impulses are found: in the organ of Corti on the malleus on the tympanic membrane in the semicircular canals

in the organ of Corti

Color blindness (color deficiency)

inability to distinguish colors

Otitis media

infection of the middle ear

Conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)

Near point of vision

inner limit of clear vision Determined by lens elasticity

Receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing are located in the: middle ear. internal ear. membranous endolymph. organ of Corti. perilymph.

internal ear.

What structure changes the size of the opening through which light enters the eye? iris lens retina pupil

iris

What structure changes the size of the opening through which light enters the eye? iris pupil lens retina

iris

Hyperopia: can be corrected by a concave lens is a condition in which the focal point is posterior to the retina is also known as nearsightedness my be the result of an elongated eyeball

is a condition in which the focal point is posterior to the retina

Vitreous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

Rotating the eyeball directly towards the midline or away from the midline is accomplished by which muscles? ciliary muscles lateral and medial rectus muscles orbicularis oculi oblique muscles

lateral and medial rectus muscles

Visual pigment

light sensitive chemical that reacts to light

volume

loudness. perception of sound energy, intensity, amplitude of the vibration. expressed in decibels. prolonged exposure can cause damage

Oval window

membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations. what stapes sits on

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore. flagella papillae dendrites microvilli

microvilli

choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

Ceruminous glands

modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)

The condition in which the image is formed in front of the retina is called: myopia cataract astigmatism hyperopia

myopia

The condition in which the image is formed in front of the retina is called: myopia hyperopia astigmatism cataract

myopia

Myopia

nearsightedness; eyeball is too long (football). focal point is IN FRONT of retina. ConCAVE lens

basal cells (gustatory)

neural stem cells that replace gustatory cells

Olfactory receptors are highly modified olfactory glands. goblet or mucous cells. epithelial cells. neurons. areolar connective tissue cells.

neurons.

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and, thus, the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? olfaction b) hearing c) equilibrium d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

olfaction

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the: olfactory tract. olfactory bulb. medial geniculate. cerebral cortex. medulla oblongata.

olfactory bulb.

The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria. olfactory bulb cribriform plate olfactory tract olfactory epithelium olfactory nerve

olfactory epithelium

The function of gustatory receptors is most similar to the function of: lamellated corpuscles. mechanoreceptors in the ear. light receptors in the eye. olfactory receptors.

olfactory receptors.

Gustatory receptors are located in the nose. in the eye. in the ear. on the surface of the tongue.

on the surface of the tongue.

Taste pore

opening in taste bud

The "blind spot" is technically called the:

optic disc

Cochlea

organ of hearing

Olfactory organs

organs at the top of the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptors

Maculae

patch of "supporting cells" and "hair cells" along the utricles and saccules

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? sour umami sweet peppery salty

peppery

Fovea centralis

pinpoint depression in the center of the macula lutea that is the site of sharpest vision. most photoreceptors here

Optic chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

Olfactory glands

produce mucus

lacrimal gland

produces tears

Cones

provide us with color vision. give us sharper, clear images than rods but require more intense light

Olfactory receptor cells

receive chemicals interpreted as smells

Which of the following is directly responsible for converting sound (mechanical energy) into nerve impulses? tympanic membrane receptor cells in the organ of Corti cochlear fluid tectorial membrane

receptor cells in the organ of Corti

Which of the following is directly responsible for converting sound (mechanical energy) into nerve impulses? tympanic membrane receptor cells in the organ of Corti tectorial membrane cochlear fluid

receptor cells in the organ of Corti

Spiral organ (organ of Corti)

receptor for hearing located within the cochlea (scala media); the organ of hearing

Special cells or nerve endings which convert various forms of energy from the environment into action potentials are: receptors efferent neurons glial cells interneurons

receptors

Stapedius muscle

reduces movement of stapes at oval window and innervated by facial nerve

Light waves are converted into nerve impulses in the: pupil ciliary body retina lens

retina

Identify the correct order of structures involved in sensing light and transmitting the information to the brain: optic chiasma --> retina --> thalamus --> visual cortex choroid --> retina --> optic nerve --> visual cortex retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex sclera --> optic nerve --> optic chiasma --> thalamus

retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex

Identify the correct order of structures involved in sensing light and transmitting the information to the brain: sclera --> optic nerve --> optic chiasma --> thalamus optic chiasma --> retina --> thalamus --> visual cortex choroid --> retina --> optic nerve --> visual cortex retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex

retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. highly sensitive

Photoreceptors

rods and cones

Photoreceptors of eye

rods and cones

Ciliary processes

secrete aqueous humor

tarsal glands

secrete oil onto eyelashes

When you spin around several times with your eyes closed, which of the following will detect the motion? otoliths cochlea utricles semicircular canals

semicircular canals

Olfaction

sense of smell

Gustation

sense of taste

Vestibular membrane

separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct

Visual acuity

sharpness of vision

Graded potential

shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.

Movement of the endolymph within the semicircular canals: signals body position with respect to gravity. allows us to hear low tones. signals rotational movements. produces a rushing sound. signals linear acceleration.

signals rotational movements.

Otoliths

small crystals in the fluid-filled vestibular sacs of the inner ear that, when shifted by gravity, stimulate nerve cells that inform the brain of the position of the head

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity within the temporal bone

Posterior chamber

space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor

Hair cells

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane

hair cells ear

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane

Sensory receptor

specialized cell that transmits signals to sensory neurons

Focal point

specific point of intersection on retina

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the saccule. utricle. spiral organ (organ of Corti). semicircular canal.

spiral organ (organ of Corti).

stapes

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear. inserted on oval window which transmits vibrations to cochlea

lacrimal sac

structure that collects tears before emptying into the nasolacrimal duct

Which eye muscle moves the eyeball down and laterally? superior oblique none of the above superior rectus medial rectus

superior oblique

Primary taste sensations

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Umami

taste for monosodium glutamate

Which structure overlies the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? tectorial membrane. endolymph. stapedius. basilar membrane. perilymph.

tectorial membrane.

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Refracted/refraction

the bending of a light wave or ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another of different density, or through layers of different density in the same medium

Vitreous body

the cavity between the retina and the back of the lens

ampulla

the dilated portion of a canal or duct next to the utricle especially of the semicircular canals of the ear

lacrimal canaliculi

the ducts at the inner corner of each eye that collect tears and drain them into the lacrimal sac

Rotational or angular acceleration causes: the flow of perilymph which causes the movement of otoliths to stimulates receptor cilia the flow of endolymph which stimulates receptor cilia in the semicircular canals action potentials to be generated on the basilar membrane action potentials which travel through the cochlear portion of cranial nerve VIII

the flow of endolymph which stimulates receptor cilia in the semicircular canals

Threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Olfactory tract

the path along which the olfactory receptors send their electrical messages to the brain.

Blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

lacrimal apparatus

the structures that produce, store, and remove tears

hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

Which of the following is true of photoreceptors? cones are not color sensitive rods contain 3 types of color sensitive receptors there are 3 types of color sensitive receptors - red, green, and yellow there are 3 types of color sensitive receptors - red, green, and blue

there are 3 types of color sensitive receptors - red, green, and blue

Astigmatism is a condition in which: the lens weakens and can no longer effectively accommodate there is unequal curvature of the cornea or lens vision is impaired due to clouding of the lens there is unequal curvature of the vitreous humor

there is unequal curvature of the cornea or lens

Otolithic membrane

thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer located directly over hair cells of the macula in the saccule and utricle of the internal ear

Inner layer (tunic) (retina)

thin outer layer that absorbs light and thick layer that contains light sensitive photoreceptors

Semicircular canals

three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

Auditory ossicles

three small bones linked together that connect the eardrum to the inner ear

Semicircular ducts

three small membranous tubes of the vestibular labyrinth within the bony semicircular canals

The ossicles (bones) in the ear function to: equalize pressure in the inner ear stimulate the tympanic membrane transfer sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear initiate action potentials in response to sound waves

transfer sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear

It is possible to be "deaf" for only certain frequencies. true false

true

The auditory ossicles connect the oval window to the round window. tympanic membrane to the oval window. tympanic membrane to the round window. stapedius to the tympanic membrane.

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

The external acoustic meatus ends at the tympanic membrane. pharynx (throat) cochlea. auditory tube. utricle

tympanic membrane.

Which taste sensation is triggered by amino acids and small peptides? sweet. sour. peppery. umami. salty.

umami.

The sensory receptors that contain otoliths, and that are primarily concerned with recognition of head position relative to gravity are located in the: organ of Corti semicircular canals sensory cortex utricle and saccule

utricle and saccule

The sensory receptors that contain otoliths, and that are primarily concerned with recognition of head position relative to gravity are located in the: organ of Corti sensory cortex semicircular canals utricle and saccule

utricle and saccule

Saccule

vertical acceleration (elevator)

Rhodopsin

visual purple; a photosensitive purple-red chromoprotein in the retinal rods

Perception of the frequency of a sound depends on: which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated. the movement of perilymph in the cochlear duct. the number of hair cells that are stimulated. the frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane. the frequency of stereocilia vibration.

which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.

Sclera

white of the eye

Cerumen

yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal

Macula

yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc. Contains fovea centralis