Special Senses
Cochlear duct
"scala media" a continuation of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea. contains Endolymph separates the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani except at the apex(top) of the cochlea where they are joined at the "helicotrema" contains spiral organ/ organ of corti that converts vibrations to nerve impulses
gustatory pathway
-Uses cranial nerves VII, IX &X -Afferent fibers synapse with nucleus solitarius in medulla -Goes to thalamus & cerebral cortex
Generator potential
A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials.
Receptor potential
A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus
Equilibrium
A state of balance
equilibrium
A state of balance
Basilar membrane
A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
Decibels (dB)
A unit of measurement of loudness
Visual axis
An imaginary line passing from the midpoint of the visual field to the fovea centralis.
Anterior chamber
Area behind the cornea and in front of the iris. It contains aqueous humor.
A person with normal vision is driving down the road, looking far ahead. If they glance down to read the speedometer, the lens of the eye will: a) become flattened b) become more rounded c) accommodate A and C B and C
B and C
Gustatory receptor cell
Chemicals dissolved in saliva bind to receptors on hair; message is conveyed to neuron
conjunctiva
Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball
Motion sickness
Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info
Cochlear duct (scala media)
Filled with endolymph, middle duct containing spiral organ and basilar membrane.
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
Frequency
How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time
Activation
Na pump is open. when absorbs light, closes. with light cis chances to trans and activates opsin molecule which activates transducin which then activates PDE
eyelashes
Nerve endings of follicles initiate reflex blinking
For olfaction, which of the following is FALSE? Olfactory receptors are located in mucus membranes in the upper portion of the nasal cavity. Smell can influence taste and evoke emotional responses. Olfactory receptors are specialized neurons. Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands.
Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands.
For olfaction, which of the following is FALSE? Olfactory receptors are specialized neurons. Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands. Smell can influence taste and evoke emotional responses. Olfactory receptors are located in mucus membranes in the upper portion of the nasal cavity.
Olfaction only occurs in the presence of scent-producing glands.
Eyelids (palpebrae)
Protection, Shade eyes for sleep, Spread lubricant, Anchor orbicularis oculi
Optic disc
Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light.
The tough, white, outermost part of the eye is the:
Scelera
In lab this week, what test will you use to check your visual acuity?
Snellen Chart
ciliary body
Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.
basal cells (olfactory)
The cells which replace lost or damaged olfactory receptor cells at the base of the olfactory epithelium. (They are a notable exception to the rule of thumb that neurons do not replicate).
cornea
The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye
tympanic membrane
The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves.
Round window
The membrane that relieves pressure from the vibrating waves in the cochlear fluid.
Visual cortex
The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.
Accommodation in the eye involves which of the following? a) curvature of the lens b) ciliary muscles c) length of the eyeball d) all of the above a and b only
a and b only
Olfactory bulb
a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes
Opsin
a class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments
Spiral ganglion
a collection of neurons in the modiolus of the cochlea that receives input from hair cells and sends output to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla via the auditory nerve
Sensory adaptation
a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
Color blindness is believed to be due to: a deficiency of rhodopsin an overabundance of saccades a deficiency of photoreceptors a deficiency of bipolar neurons
a deficiency of photoreceptors
Ampullary cupula
a flexible, elastic, gelatinous structure that extends the full width of the ampulla
Tensor tympani muscle
a middle-ear muscle that is attached to the malleus. This muscle contracts in response to intense sound and to tactile stimulation of the force. and innervated by trigeminal nerve
Action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Bony labyrinth
a shell of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth
incus
a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.
Malleus
a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus.
Olfactory epithelium
a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell
pitch
a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. high= close to beginning of cochlea. Low= end of cochlea
Daytime vision: a) involves mostly cones, rather than rods b) is possible due an excitatory impulse generated when light contacts the photosensitive chemical rhodopsin c) involves mostly rod cells d) A and B only
a) involves mostly cones, rather than rods
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane? a) moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth b) transmits movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear c) supports the olfactory organ d) tiny duct necessary for the static sense of equilibrium e) covers the oval window
a) moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth
When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling? a) semicircular canal b) utricle c) saccule d) organ of Corti
a) semicircular canal
depth perception
ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations
Olfactory (smell) receptors: are specialized endings of afferent neurons lie in a small patch of mucus membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity possess fine cilia extending into the olfactory mucus all of the above
all of the above
The response of receptors to different sound frequencies: takes place in the cochlea depends upon response of certain portions of the basilar membrane to different frequencies takes place as certain hair cells are affected by particular frequencies all of the above
all of the above
The auditory (Eustachian) tube: contains fluid that vibrates to convert sound waves to auditory nerve impulses conducts sound from the middle ear to the cochlea responds to changes in acceleration allows equalization of air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere.
allows equalization of air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere.
Color blindness is a visual defect resulting from: damage to rod cells an absence of one of the type of cones a lack of rhodopsin damage to the pigment layer of the iris
an absence of one of the type of cones
Color blindness is a visual defect resulting from: damage to the pigment layer of the iris damage to rod cells an absence of one of the type of cones a lack of rhodopsin
an absence of one of the type of cones
lysozyme
an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
gustatory cortex
area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue
Senile cataracts
areas of cloudiness or opacity in the lens of the eye that are found in a large proportion of older adults and often cause them to experience glare
Which of the following refers to the condition in which there are irregularities in the curved surface of the cornea of lens?
astigmatism
What structure equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and outer atmosphere? scala vestibuli tympanic membrane auditory tube (Eustachian tube) cochlear duct
auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth. a) bony callus b) bony labyrinth c) membranous callus d) vestibule e) auditory ossicle
b) bony labyrinth
Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness. a) tone b) conductive c) nerve d) neural e) vertigo
b) conductive
Sound travels directly to the eardrum through the a) pinna. b) external auditory canal. c) cochlea. d) vestibule. e) ear ossicles.
b) external auditory canal.
The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. a) inner; middle b) outer; middle c) outer; inner d) middle; inner e) None of the answers is correct.
b) outer; middle
That structure involved in sensing changes in angular acceleration (turning) of the head is the: a) saccule b) semicircular canal c) utricle d) a and c only
b) semicircular canal
That structure involved in sensing changes in angular acceleration (turning) of the head is the: a) saccule b) semicircular canal c) utricle d) a and c only
b) semicircular canal
What structure supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? membranous labyrinth. tympanic membrane. tectorial membrane. vestibular duct. basilar membrane.
basilar membrane.
Before an odorant can be detected, it must: contact a supporting cell. apply pressure to the olfactory epithelium. be transported to the olfactory bulbs. bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites.
bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites.
Cochlear nerve
branch of the auditory nerve responsible for transmitting auditory info from the cochlea to the brain. connects to vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII
bleaching
breaking down of rhodopsin to retinal and opsin. retinal changed back to cis shape
Lingual papillae
bumps and projections on the tongue that are the sites of the taste buds
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia? a) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth b) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear c) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells d) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium e) seal the oval window in urtricle and saccule
c) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
The process by which changes in the curvature of the lens adjusts the focusing of an image on the retina is:
called accommodation
The individual receptors for the sense of taste: are actually only located in the nasal passages are restricted to the tongue can respond to a variety of chemicals are of three different types, each of which is evenly distributed on the surface of the tongue
can respond to a variety of chemicals
Optic nerve (II)
carries visual information to the brain
Vision impairment due to an opaque lens is known as: astigmatism presbyopia glaucoma cataracts
cataracts
Supporting cells
cells that insulate, support and protect neurons
The ________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax. apocrine sweat ceruminous sweat mammary sudoriferous
ceruminous
Scala vestibule
chamber of choclea that is filled with perilymph and begins near the oval window
Accommodation
changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air. water pressure proteins dust chemicals
chemicals
When auditory receptors are stimulated, the resulting action potential is transmitted through the: vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve tympanic nerve cranial nerve II
cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Water receptors
concentrated in pharynx, provide information to hypothalamus for water balance regulation
Auditory tube (eustachian tube)
connects to throat, equalizes pressure
Vestibular nerve
connects with cochlear nerve to form Cranial Nerve VIII (acoustic or vestibulocochlear nerve)
External ear
consists of the auricle and external auditory canal (meatus)
Fibrous layer (tunic) of eye
consists of the cornea and sclera and they are connected by the corneoscleral junction. It supports and protects the eye, is an attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles, and contains the cornea
The rod-shaped receptor cells of the eye: contain rhodopsin indicate color are found mainly in the central portion of the retina are responsible for acuity (sharpness) of vision
contain rhodopsin
Iris
contains blood vessels, pigment cells (melanocytes), and 2 layers of smooth muscle fibers that when contract, change shape of eye
Membranous labyrinth
contains endolymph
Vascular layer (tunic) of eye
contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels and intrinsic (smooth muscles of the eye). provides rout for blood vessels and lymph, regulates light that enters eye, secretes aqueous humor, and controls shape of lens
Internal ear
contains sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium
Posterior cavity
contains vitreous humor
Ciliary muscle
controls the shape of the lens
Most light refraction is accomplished by the: lens pupil cornea retina
cornea
Tectorial membrane
covers organ of corti. A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move
Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places? a) surface of the epiglottis b) surface of the tongue c) portions of the pharynx d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
d) All of the answers are correct.
The external ear ends at the a) vestibule. b) cochlea. c) ossicles. d) tympanic membrane. e) pinna.
d) tympanic membrane.
tear ducts
deliver tears from the lacrimal gland to the space behind the upper eyelid
Discrimination of specific tastes and odors is believed to be due, at least in part, to: the suppression of specific receptors from firing different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals many receptors, each of which responds to a single chemical
different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals
Discrimination of specific tastes and odors is believed to be due, at least in part, to: the suppression of specific receptors from firing many receptors, each of which responds to a single chemical differences in the neurotransmitters released from the receptor cells different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals
different firing patterns of groups of receptor cells in response to different chemicals
Dim light situations would result in: dilation of the pupil constriction of the pupil the breakdown of rhodopsin increased cone sensitivity
dilation of the pupil
Which of the following is NOT one of the extrinsic eye muscles?
dilator pupillae
Odorants
dissolved chemicals that stimulate olfactory neurons
Focal distance
distance between center of lens and focal point
Vertigo
dizziness
Color blindness is: caused by a malfunctioning of rods an inability to focus certain light waves in front of the retina due to a lack of certain cone cells an inability to see any objects that have color
due to a lack of certain cone cells
Which of the following is/are true of rod cells? a) They contain a photosensitive chemical called rhodopsin. b) They are sensitive to dim light. c) They are located mostly in the fovea. d) All of the above are true. e) A and B only
e) A and B only
A loud noise causes a(n) a) large movement of the tympanic membrane. b) alerting reaction leading to sympathetic activation. c) large number of hair cells to be stimulated. d) big pressure pulse entering the cochlear duct at that oval window. e) All of the answers are correct.
e) All of the answers are correct.
Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the a) auditory ossicles. b) cochlea. c) oval window. d) round window. e) tympanic membrane.
e) tympanic membrane.
The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity. a) cochlea b) utricle c) ampulla d) saccule e) utricle and saccule
e) utricle and saccule
External acoustic meatus
ear canal
Emmetropia
emmetro- proper opia- vision normal vision
Nasolacrimal duct
empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity
gustatory taste hairs are olfactory glands. goblet or mucous cells. epithelial cells. neurons. areolar connective tissue cells.
epithelial cells.
Vestibule
equilibrium: static equilibrium and linear acceleration of the head
Scala tympani
extends from apex of cochlea to round window
Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)
extends from ciliary processes to lens and holds lens in position
Auricle
external ear
Laser-assisted in-situ keratomilieusis (LASIK)
eye surgery
accessory structures of the eye
eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles
Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerves? trigeminal (V), facial (VII), and glossopharyngeal (IX). facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X). facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII), and glossopharyngeal (IX). glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and spinal accessory (XI).
facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).
Presbyopia
farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.
hyperopia
farsightedness; eyeball is too short, me; focal point is in BEHIND retina. conVEX lens
Gustatory receptors are clustered in taste buds in all of the following papillae except: vallate. fungiform. filiform. foliate.
filiform
Anterior cavity
filled with aqueous humor
Aqueous humor
fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber
Perilymph
fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear (scala vestibuli and scala tympani)
Endolymph
fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear (scala media (cochlear duct))
Taste bud
grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud
The sense of taste is also known as gustation. interoreception. olfaction. proprioception. equilibrium.
gustation
The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are: taste buds gustatory (taste) hairs located only on the tongue are most sensitive when the mouth is dry
gustatory (taste) hairs
The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are: taste buds located only on the tongue gustatory (taste) hairs are most sensitive when the mouth is dry
gustatory (taste) hairs
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
hearing and balance
Conductive hearing loss
hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or vibratory energy in the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
utricle
horizontal acceleration (car stopping)
Which of the following conditions can be corrected by a convex lens, that will shift the focal point anteriorly?
hyperopia
Damage to the left optic nerve may result in: impaired vision in only the right eye impaired vision in only the left eye weakness in the extrinsic eye muscles impaired vision in both eyes
impaired vision in only the left eye
The hair cells that convert sound into nervous impulses are found: in the organ of Corti on the malleus on the tympanic membrane in the semicircular canals
in the organ of Corti
Color blindness (color deficiency)
inability to distinguish colors
Otitis media
infection of the middle ear
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)
Near point of vision
inner limit of clear vision Determined by lens elasticity
Receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing are located in the: middle ear. internal ear. membranous endolymph. organ of Corti. perilymph.
internal ear.
What structure changes the size of the opening through which light enters the eye? iris lens retina pupil
iris
What structure changes the size of the opening through which light enters the eye? iris pupil lens retina
iris
Hyperopia: can be corrected by a concave lens is a condition in which the focal point is posterior to the retina is also known as nearsightedness my be the result of an elongated eyeball
is a condition in which the focal point is posterior to the retina
Vitreous humor
jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
Rotating the eyeball directly towards the midline or away from the midline is accomplished by which muscles? ciliary muscles lateral and medial rectus muscles orbicularis oculi oblique muscles
lateral and medial rectus muscles
Visual pigment
light sensitive chemical that reacts to light
volume
loudness. perception of sound energy, intensity, amplitude of the vibration. expressed in decibels. prolonged exposure can cause damage
Oval window
membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations. what stapes sits on
Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore. flagella papillae dendrites microvilli
microvilli
choroid
middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
Ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)
The condition in which the image is formed in front of the retina is called: myopia cataract astigmatism hyperopia
myopia
The condition in which the image is formed in front of the retina is called: myopia hyperopia astigmatism cataract
myopia
Myopia
nearsightedness; eyeball is too long (football). focal point is IN FRONT of retina. ConCAVE lens
basal cells (gustatory)
neural stem cells that replace gustatory cells
Olfactory receptors are highly modified olfactory glands. goblet or mucous cells. epithelial cells. neurons. areolar connective tissue cells.
neurons.
Some neural tissues retain stem cells and, thus, the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? olfaction b) hearing c) equilibrium d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
olfaction
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the: olfactory tract. olfactory bulb. medial geniculate. cerebral cortex. medulla oblongata.
olfactory bulb.
The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria. olfactory bulb cribriform plate olfactory tract olfactory epithelium olfactory nerve
olfactory epithelium
The function of gustatory receptors is most similar to the function of: lamellated corpuscles. mechanoreceptors in the ear. light receptors in the eye. olfactory receptors.
olfactory receptors.
Gustatory receptors are located in the nose. in the eye. in the ear. on the surface of the tongue.
on the surface of the tongue.
Taste pore
opening in taste bud
The "blind spot" is technically called the:
optic disc
Cochlea
organ of hearing
Olfactory organs
organs at the top of the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptors
Maculae
patch of "supporting cells" and "hair cells" along the utricles and saccules
Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? sour umami sweet peppery salty
peppery
Fovea centralis
pinpoint depression in the center of the macula lutea that is the site of sharpest vision. most photoreceptors here
Optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
Olfactory glands
produce mucus
lacrimal gland
produces tears
Cones
provide us with color vision. give us sharper, clear images than rods but require more intense light
Olfactory receptor cells
receive chemicals interpreted as smells
Which of the following is directly responsible for converting sound (mechanical energy) into nerve impulses? tympanic membrane receptor cells in the organ of Corti cochlear fluid tectorial membrane
receptor cells in the organ of Corti
Which of the following is directly responsible for converting sound (mechanical energy) into nerve impulses? tympanic membrane receptor cells in the organ of Corti tectorial membrane cochlear fluid
receptor cells in the organ of Corti
Spiral organ (organ of Corti)
receptor for hearing located within the cochlea (scala media); the organ of hearing
Special cells or nerve endings which convert various forms of energy from the environment into action potentials are: receptors efferent neurons glial cells interneurons
receptors
Stapedius muscle
reduces movement of stapes at oval window and innervated by facial nerve
Light waves are converted into nerve impulses in the: pupil ciliary body retina lens
retina
Identify the correct order of structures involved in sensing light and transmitting the information to the brain: optic chiasma --> retina --> thalamus --> visual cortex choroid --> retina --> optic nerve --> visual cortex retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex sclera --> optic nerve --> optic chiasma --> thalamus
retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex
Identify the correct order of structures involved in sensing light and transmitting the information to the brain: sclera --> optic nerve --> optic chiasma --> thalamus optic chiasma --> retina --> thalamus --> visual cortex choroid --> retina --> optic nerve --> visual cortex retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex
retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. highly sensitive
Photoreceptors
rods and cones
Photoreceptors of eye
rods and cones
Ciliary processes
secrete aqueous humor
tarsal glands
secrete oil onto eyelashes
When you spin around several times with your eyes closed, which of the following will detect the motion? otoliths cochlea utricles semicircular canals
semicircular canals
Olfaction
sense of smell
Gustation
sense of taste
Vestibular membrane
separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct
Visual acuity
sharpness of vision
Graded potential
shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.
Movement of the endolymph within the semicircular canals: signals body position with respect to gravity. allows us to hear low tones. signals rotational movements. produces a rushing sound. signals linear acceleration.
signals rotational movements.
Otoliths
small crystals in the fluid-filled vestibular sacs of the inner ear that, when shifted by gravity, stimulate nerve cells that inform the brain of the position of the head
Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity within the temporal bone
Posterior chamber
space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor
Hair cells
specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane
hair cells ear
specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane
Sensory receptor
specialized cell that transmits signals to sensory neurons
Focal point
specific point of intersection on retina
The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the saccule. utricle. spiral organ (organ of Corti). semicircular canal.
spiral organ (organ of Corti).
stapes
stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear. inserted on oval window which transmits vibrations to cochlea
lacrimal sac
structure that collects tears before emptying into the nasolacrimal duct
Which eye muscle moves the eyeball down and laterally? superior oblique none of the above superior rectus medial rectus
superior oblique
Primary taste sensations
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
Umami
taste for monosodium glutamate
Which structure overlies the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? tectorial membrane. endolymph. stapedius. basilar membrane. perilymph.
tectorial membrane.
pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
Refracted/refraction
the bending of a light wave or ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another of different density, or through layers of different density in the same medium
Vitreous body
the cavity between the retina and the back of the lens
ampulla
the dilated portion of a canal or duct next to the utricle especially of the semicircular canals of the ear
lacrimal canaliculi
the ducts at the inner corner of each eye that collect tears and drain them into the lacrimal sac
Rotational or angular acceleration causes: the flow of perilymph which causes the movement of otoliths to stimulates receptor cilia the flow of endolymph which stimulates receptor cilia in the semicircular canals action potentials to be generated on the basilar membrane action potentials which travel through the cochlear portion of cranial nerve VIII
the flow of endolymph which stimulates receptor cilia in the semicircular canals
Threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Olfactory tract
the path along which the olfactory receptors send their electrical messages to the brain.
Blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
lacrimal apparatus
the structures that produce, store, and remove tears
hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
Which of the following is true of photoreceptors? cones are not color sensitive rods contain 3 types of color sensitive receptors there are 3 types of color sensitive receptors - red, green, and yellow there are 3 types of color sensitive receptors - red, green, and blue
there are 3 types of color sensitive receptors - red, green, and blue
Astigmatism is a condition in which: the lens weakens and can no longer effectively accommodate there is unequal curvature of the cornea or lens vision is impaired due to clouding of the lens there is unequal curvature of the vitreous humor
there is unequal curvature of the cornea or lens
Otolithic membrane
thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer located directly over hair cells of the macula in the saccule and utricle of the internal ear
Inner layer (tunic) (retina)
thin outer layer that absorbs light and thick layer that contains light sensitive photoreceptors
Semicircular canals
three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance
Auditory ossicles
three small bones linked together that connect the eardrum to the inner ear
Semicircular ducts
three small membranous tubes of the vestibular labyrinth within the bony semicircular canals
The ossicles (bones) in the ear function to: equalize pressure in the inner ear stimulate the tympanic membrane transfer sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear initiate action potentials in response to sound waves
transfer sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear
It is possible to be "deaf" for only certain frequencies. true false
true
The auditory ossicles connect the oval window to the round window. tympanic membrane to the oval window. tympanic membrane to the round window. stapedius to the tympanic membrane.
tympanic membrane to the oval window.
The external acoustic meatus ends at the tympanic membrane. pharynx (throat) cochlea. auditory tube. utricle
tympanic membrane.
Which taste sensation is triggered by amino acids and small peptides? sweet. sour. peppery. umami. salty.
umami.
The sensory receptors that contain otoliths, and that are primarily concerned with recognition of head position relative to gravity are located in the: organ of Corti semicircular canals sensory cortex utricle and saccule
utricle and saccule
The sensory receptors that contain otoliths, and that are primarily concerned with recognition of head position relative to gravity are located in the: organ of Corti sensory cortex semicircular canals utricle and saccule
utricle and saccule
Saccule
vertical acceleration (elevator)
Rhodopsin
visual purple; a photosensitive purple-red chromoprotein in the retinal rods
Perception of the frequency of a sound depends on: which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated. the movement of perilymph in the cochlear duct. the number of hair cells that are stimulated. the frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane. the frequency of stereocilia vibration.
which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.
Sclera
white of the eye
Cerumen
yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal
Macula
yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc. Contains fovea centralis