Division and Classification, ENC1101 Chapter 8, ENC1101 Chapter 13, ENC1101

Invention

* aka prewriting *During invention, you decide what to write about and gather info to support or explain what you want to say

Unified Paragraph

*A paragraph is unified when each sentence relates directly to the main idea of the paragraph

Topical

*Current *Current events

Topic Sentence

*Main idea of a paragraph *Acts as a guide post

Antecedent

A pronoun is word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Every pronoun should clearly refer to a specific antecedent, the word it replaces.

Rhetorical Question

A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.

Rhetorical question

A question that you ask without expecting an answer. May not even have an answer *Can be stacked on top of one another, that is called stacked rhetorical questions.

Allusion

A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art

Philosopher

Adventurer of mind

Classify

Begin with individual items and sort them into categories

Synthesizing

Combing paraphrases, summaries, and quotations with your own ideas.

Communication Effectiveness

Communicating those ideas, getting your point across, teaching

Bar Graphs

Compare qualities

Ethos

Ethics. Right or wrong

Anthropos

Human or humanity

Works Cited List

Includes all the works you cite in your essay.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Join two independent clauses that express ideas of equal importance, and they indicate how those ideas are related.

Opinions

Judgements of beliefs that are not sustained by proof

Cliches

Overused expressions

Secondary Source

Reporting about something/was not there

Effect

Result of, noun,

Colliquial

Slang

Self evident

So obvious it needs no truth.

Refutation vs Explication

Stealing thunder or counterclaims . "Unfolding" and analysis

Diction

Style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by the writer

Passive voice

Th car was driven by John

Basis for comparison

That two things have enough in common to justify the comparison

Predicate

Verb or action that the subject preforms . Morton loves

"Dicto Simpliciter

an argument based on as unqualified generalization

Complex sentence

dependent clause, independent clause

Antecedent

is the noun or pronoun that a pronoun refers to in a sentence

Ensure

make certain

Evaluative Arguments

makes a judgment on the performance of a particular item in its category. You can determine whether this performance was "good" or "fair" or "unusual," etc. Or you may use any other term that connotes evaluation - i.e., "wise," "unwise," "solid," "shaky," "unfortunate."

Deliberative

the argument that focuses on what should happen in the future

Personification

the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

Simple Sentence

two independent clauses

Litotes

understatements

Synedoche Metaphor

"Lend me your ears". a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa

Writing process

* A process that experienced writers follow when they write

Visual text

*A photograph, advertisement, diagram, graph or chart, work of art info graphic. *Instead of identifying elements such as words and ideas you identify visual elements including use of color, the arrangment of shapes, the contrast b/w large and small or light and dark.

Primary Certitude

*A strong, even irrational, belief that you know the truth about a given topic

Active Reading

*Actively participating in the reading process:approaching an assigned reading with a clear understanding of your purpose and marking the text to help you understand what you are reading

Toulmin

*An informal method of reasoning *Involves the grounds (data), claim, and warrant of an argument *Necessary to support a good argument

Argumentative essay

*Attempts to persuade *Makes a claim and then includes reasons, evidence,and rhetorical devices to support its validity

A proposal

*Calls for change, often in response to a problem *Focus on future * Center on the audience

Paragraphs

*Can be a simple transition sentence *Is an exploration of an idea *Have only one idea per paragraph

Comment or observation thesis

*Convey messages *Develop thoughts

Refutation

*Counterargument *Followed by a rebuttal

Denotation

*Dictionary meaning

Editing and proofreading

*During editing, you focus on grammar and punctuation as well as on sentence style and word choice *During proofreading, you correct spelling mechanical errors, and typos and check your essays format

Drafting and revising

*During this, you write several drafts as you reconsider your ideas and their organization and refine your style and structure

Papyrus and Tree bark

*Egyptian paper was made of papyrus *Mayan paper was made of tree bark *Missionaries destroyed many mayan codices or books

Formal Diction

*Elaborate, complex sentences *Use of a learned vocabulary and objective or serious tone *NO "I"

Expository writing

*Explain. *Tell why *What is in your head

Exemplum

*Figure of amplification using an example to prove a point *An example of exemplum: For example, Martin Luther king............

Persuasive thesis

*Give a reason to change an idea or attitude *

Paragraph structure

*Hook or grab/transition *Topic sentence or main idea *Explain *Support and paraphrase

Cogito Ergo Sum

*I think therefore I am *Facts and attitudes

Informative essay

*Informs or explains a topic *Includes central ideas supported by facts and examples

Abstract Words

*Intangible idea, condition, or quality *EX: Love

Visual Signals

*Look at the title *Look at the opening and closing paragraphs *Look at each paragraphs first sentence * Look for headings *Look for italicized and boldface words *Look for numbered list *Look for any visuals

Verbal Signals

*Look for phrases that signal emphasis(The primary reason) *Look for repeated words and phrases( *Look for words that signal time sequence(first,after,then,next) *Look for words that introduce examples(for example, for instance) *Look for words that signal contrast

Iraq

*Modern name for Mesopotamia *Place of the oldest form of writing

Compare and Contrast

*Most popular form of an essay *Subject by subject *Point by point

Persuasive

*Must take a stand *A persuasive thesis states what you want done and why

Revision

*Not something you do after your essay is finished *Proofreading or editing *Involves reseeing and rethinking what you have written

Process explanations

*Not to enable a reader to preform a process, but rather to help them understand how it is carried out

Informal Outline

*Organize your notes from brainstorming or other invention techniques *Do not include all major divisions and subdivisions of your essay *will include supporting details or suggest a pattern of develpment

Concrete Words

*Perceivable, tangible *EX:Kiss

Persuasive

*Prove an opinion *Persuade or convince

Critical Reading

*Reading to evaluate the ideas of others, to form judgement, and to develop original viewpoints.

Answer thesis

*Respond to an inquiry or question

Cause and effect

*Second most popular

Narration vs Academic essay

*Should be inside the bowl *3rd person POV

Informal Diction

*Slang, colloquial language *Use of everyday language

Analogy

*Special form of comparison *explains an idea or thing by comparing it o a second, more familiar thing

Warning thesis

*Spot potential problems before they happen

Startling fact grabber

*Starting a essay with some type of fact that people may not know. EX:China has more honors students than the U.S.

Dictionary Dangle

*Starting off an essay with a defintion *EX: According to google, love is......

Thesis/Claim

*Statements of purpose *THESIS STATEMENT=Argument, controlling statement *Thesis=purpose of an essay or research paper *Debatable or controversial statements or assertions to prove *NOT A FACT

Antonomasia

*Substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name

Futhark

*The oldest form of the runic alphabets

Anaphora

*The repetition of a word of phrase at the beginning of successive clauses *EX: Martin luther kept repeating "I have a dream

Subject

*The topic or material the work examines *Leads to an extended thesis

Voice

*The voice of a verb tells whether its subject preforms or receives the words actions

Style

*The way a writer uses language

Writing Style

*The way a writer uses language

Connotation

*Tone *Emotional meanings

Persuasive Writing

*Try to convince readers to act or think in a certain way *Used in editorials , argumentative essays, proposals, research

Archetype

*Universal symbol *a typical character or action or situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature

Highlighting

*When highlighting you mark the text *For example underling important concepts, box key terms, number a series of related points , circle an unfamiliar word , draw a vertical line in the margin beside a particularly interesting passage.

Purpose

*Why are you are reading *Will help you understand what kind of information you hope to get out of your reading and how you will use this information

Diction

*Word choice on paper *Diction=Style

Antonym

*Words opposite in meaning

Synonym

*Words with similar meaning

Expressive Writing

*You convey personal feelings or impressions to readers *Used in diaries, personal emails, and journals

Informative writing

*You inform readers about something *Used in essay exams, lab reports, and expository essays, and research papers

Rebuttal

*a refutation or contradiction

Counterargument

*an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

Arrangement

*during arrangement you decide how you are going to organize your ideas

Refutation

*the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false.

Exemplification

*uses one or more particular cases or examples to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept. *Generalization *Make sure paragraphs contain strong examples or generalizations

Ways to begin Introduction

-general statement to introduce your topic -contradiction -short anecdote or narrative -interesting fact or statistic -definition of a term that is important to your essay

Negations

1. the contradiction or denial of something. 2. the absence or opposite of something actual or positive.

Different types of cause and effect relationships

1.Arguments that state an effect and then trace the evidence back to the causes 2. arguments that state a cause and then examine the effect 3.Arguments that move through a series of links: A causes B which leads to C and perhaps D

Point of View

1st: writer tells the story within their experiences(Uses I, ME, MINE, WE) 2nd: Writers tells the story from the perspective of "You" (You, Yours) 3rd: story told from a person watching outside (She, he, they)

Summary

A brief restatement in your own words, of a passage's main idea

Causal Relationship

A cause and effect relationship

Nonrestrictive Clause

A clause that does not supply information that is essential to the sentences meaning

Rhetorical analysis

A close reading of a text to find out hoe or if it persuades

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Concise Sentence

A concise sentence is efficient *It is not overloaded with extra words and complicated constructions

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.Must be logical and true.

Paradigm Shifting

A fundamental change or approach or underlying assumptions

Persuasion

A general term that refers to how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action

Sentence

A group of words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought

Parody

A humorous or satrirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing

Revising in a Conference

A one on one conference with your instructor

Literacy Narrative

A personal account focusing on her experiences with reading and writing Traces your development as a writer

Accurate source

A source is accurate if its information is factual, correct, detailed, and up to date.

Authoritative Source

A source is authoritative when it is written by an expert.

Comprehensive Source

A source is comprehensive if it covers a subject is sufficient breadth and depth

Objective Source

A source is objective when it is not unduly influenced by personal feelings or opinions.

Antithesis

A statement that asserts the opposite position

Inductive Leap

A stretch of the imagination that enables you to draw a sound conclusion

Glittering generality

A virtue word. Used to make us accept and approve the thing without examining the evidence

Brainstorming

A way of discovering ideas about your topic * A useful tool for generating ideas

Wiki

A web based site for writers to collaborate on a single project or database

Concede

Admit that an argument is true and that you may be wrong

Detriments

Adress antithesis, or counterclaims

Argument form Analogy

Although analogies can help explain abstract or unclear ideas, they do not constitute proof. An argument based on an analogy frequently ignores important dissimilarities between the two things being compared. When this occurs, the argument is fallacious.

Conclusion

Always make conclusion worth reading by including new insightful analysis and interesting ending

Fused Sentence

An error that occurs when 2 independent clauses are connected with out any punctuation

Comma Splice

An error that occurs when two independent clauses are connected by just a comma

Fragment

An incomplete sentence, one that is missing a subject, a verb, or both a subject and a verb or that has a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought

Cause and effect

Analyzes why something happens

Hypophora

Answer your own rhetoical question

Trough

Any kind of creative use of language/Figurative language

Misplaced Modifier

Appears to modify the wrong word because it is placed incorrectly in the sentence

post hoc ergo propter hoc

Assumes that because two events occur close together in time, the first must be the cause of the second.

Ad populum

Attack population

Poisoning the well

Attacking the person/ Labeling

Plain Folks

Attempting to convince the public that one's views reflect those of the common person, I am of the people. what politicians try to do

In order of increasing complexity

Beginning with the simplest and moving to the most difficult or complex

Order of Importance

Beginning with those that are less significant and moving to those that are most significant or persuasive

Chronologically

Beginning with those that occurred first and moving to those that occurred later

Factual Error

Being wrong about the facts

Venn Diagram

Best to compare only two items at a time, when possible

Old media

Books, journals, research articles, newspapers, photographs movies

Precipitating Cause

Brings on a change

Free writing

Can be used to generate supporting information or to find a thesis *You write for a fixed period of time *Goal is to get ideas down on paper so that you can react to them and shape them

Stasis Theory

Can only work when people agree they can't agree so they find a solution. Long time ago

Instructor's Written comments

Can suggest changes in content, arrangement, or style *Comments may question your logic, suggest a clearer thesis statement, ask for more explicit transitions

Dramatis Personae

Characters or persons in a work

Evaluating Information

Check the credibility of the source, review the source information in context, look for references

Horatian

Cheerful, human idiocy/ more personal , says people the problem

Rogerian Arguments

Civil discourse, agree to dissagree,common grounds, we both win

Immediate casue

Closely precedes an effect and is therefore relatively easy to recognize

Transitional Paragraph

Connects the two sections of the essay

Specialized encyclopedias

Contain articles that give you detailed information about a specific field

Implied thesis

Conveys an essays main focus, but it does not do so explicitly *Instead the selection and arrangement of the essays ideas suggest the focus

Subjective Description

Conveys your personal response to your subject. personal perspective is not stated explicitly but revealed indirectly

Topical

Current events

Dangling modifier

Dangles because it cannot logically describe any word in the sentence

Deflecting

Defined as switching the focus of a conversation to another topic to get away with something. The real issue is forgotten.

Delusion

Defined as the tendency to see excuses as facts. Filters out information that contradicts what we believe. Delusion uses the mind's ability to see things in myriad ways to support what it wants to be the truth.

Out and out lies

Described as an absolute or complete lie. This sort of lie when told, can be easily confronted. The person who is lied to knows where they stand.

Formal Outlines

Detailed , multilevel constructions that indicate the exact order in which you will present your key points and supporting details

Evaluate

Determine its suitability

Dennotation

Dictionary meanings

Blatent

Direct or obvious

Dismissal

Dismissing feelings, perceptions, or even the raw facts.

Straw Men

Distraction to Argument

Invention or pre writng

During invention you discover what interest you about your subject and consider what ideas to develop in your essay

Coherent

Each paragraph should be coherent *A paragraph is coherent if its sentences are smoothly and logically connected to one another

Connotation(Tone)

Emotional Meanings

Instructions

Enable readers to preform a process

Reference books and Nonfictional sources

Encyclopedia, dictionary, journals, interviews. video recordings, magazines, books

Sufficient Cause

Enough for something to occur on its own

Facades

Ericsson defines a "Facade" as a lie that puts on another face to meet expectations. They are used to seduce others into an illusion. Basically you act the way people expect you to act, instead of being yourself.

White Lie

Ericsson defines a "white lie" as a lie that assumes that the truth will cause more damage than a simple harmless untruth. It is the liar deciding what is best for the person being lied to.

Audience

Essay should be written with a particular audience in mind*

Band Wagon

Everyone is doing it

Support

Examples, reasons,facts,and so on *Convinces your audience that your thesis is resonable

Primary Source

Experienced first hand/Ex. Anne Frank

Process Essay

Explains how to do something or how something occurs. *Presents a sequence of steps and shows how those steps lead to a particular result

Explanation thesis

Explains new policies or rules

Analogy

Explains something unfamiliar by comparing it to something familiar

Argumentation

Exploring truths about our society, community, and world; based on logic

Thesis types

Expressive=conveying a mood or impression Informative=perhaps listing the major points you will discuss or presenting on objective overview of the essay Persuasive=taking a strong or outlining the position you will argue

Yonic

Female symbol

Sententia

Figure of argument in which a wise, witty or pithy maxim or aphorism is used to sum up the proceeding material. "Mines eyes have seen the glory of the Lord"

Fallacies

Flaws in reasoning the undermine your arguments's logic.

Objective Descriptions

Focuses on the object itself rather than on your person reactions to it *Precise literary picture of your subject

Fewer

For counting

Less

For measuring

Clustering

Form of grouping ideas aka mapping. *A way of visually arranging ideas so that you can tell at a glance where they belong and whether or not you need more information

Check your papers format

Format=How your paragraphs, sentences, and words look on the page

Revising with pear editing group

Getting feedback from other students. May be formal or informal

Spoken Argumentation

Give and take, work with the oppositional view

Photographs

Give concrete visual images which often can be best when paired with text to add support to text

Documentation

Gives readers the ability to evaluate the sources you cite and to consult them if they wish

Video clips

Gives viewers images and sounds to help evaluate a topic

Statistic hook

Grabs the readers attention by using some type of number statistics . EX: lats year 2393991 people got married

Sentence outline

Headings expressed as complete sentences

Latent

Hidden

Process or progression papers

How it works, how something is done , provide instructions, author gives instructions on what the writer wants to learn

Warrior

Ideal strength

Ignoring Plain Facts

Ignoring facts presented to you. It is a lie where a false action is done in with the intent to deceive others. It ignores the actual problem and acts like its not a factor.

Proximate Cause

Immediate present or visible cause of action

Remote Causes

Indirect underlying explanation for action

Slang

Informal expressions whose meanings may vary from locale to locale or change as time passes

Common Knowledge

Information you could easily find in several sources

Person vs self

Internal conflict

Essays should be structured

Introduction, body, conclusion

Groupthink

Irving Janis, in Victims of Groupthink, defines this sort of lie as a psychological phenomenon within decision-making groups in which loyalty to the group has become more important than any other value, with the result that dissent and the appraisal of alternatives are suppressed.

Parallelism

Is the use of matching grammatical elements to express similar ideas

Stream of consciousness

James Joyce

Remote cause

Less obvious, perhaps because it occurred in the past or far away

Logos

Logic

Inductions

Logic, starting with the specific, general conclusions

Coherent

Logical and consistent

Main and contributory causes

Main=most important Contributory=less important

Phalic

Male symbols

Journal Writing

Many use journals , jotting down experiences, and ideas they may want to use when the write. *Journal entrees are the kernels from which llonger pieces of writing develop

Conference with a writing tutor

Meet with tutors one on one to the basis to address your concerns

Body Paragraphs

Middle sections *Develops your thesis *Should present support for thesis

Anecdotes

Mini stories

Thesis Statement

More than a title Is an announcement of your intent or a statement of fact

Metonomy

Name change. Name being used for another name. White house changed the Bill

Written Argumentation

No give and take, Anticipate counterclaim(Stealing thunder or refutation)

Subject

Noun that preforms an action. Mr. MORTON

Omission

Omission involves telling most of the truth minus one or two key facts whose absence changes the story completely. It does not include the entire truth.

Limits

Once you understand your assignment, you should consider its length, purpose, audience, and occasion, and your own knowledge of the subject

Reciprocal Cause

One factor leads to a second which reinforces a cycle

The persuasive principle or thesis

Pick an issue. Pick a side. Persuade the reader why you are right. Prove with facts and research not opinions

Alternating Pattern or seesaw method

Point by point, not one subject at a time, focuses on one point of comparison at a time

P.I.G.

Political interest groups

Writing process triangle

Prewriting/Inevention, writing and revising

Formal definitions

Print or online documentaries

Deductive reasoning

Proceeds from a general premise or assumption to a specific conclusion. Deductions is what ppl mean when they say speak of logic.

Foley process

Process of how to add sound to film

Antecedents

Pronouns should always be close to the nouns

Benefits

Prove Thesis

Graphs

Provide an illustration of statistical information or numerical relationships

Main Idea

Purpose of an essay

extrinsic ethos

Refers to already existing opinoins the audeince may have already about the speaker

Occasion

Refers to the situation or situations that leads that leads someone to write about a topic *In an academic writing situation, the occasion is almost always a specific assignment

Intrinsic ethos

Refers to what the audience learns about the speakers character through the speech

Necessary cause

Required for something to contribute to occur

Ways to end the conclusion

Reviewing your key points *Restating your thesis in different words *Recommendation of a course of action *Prediction *Revalent quotation

Expert opinions

Saying a certain doctor has an opinion on a certain med

Alter Ego

Second self

Parenthetical Reference

Should include enough information to guide readers to a specific entry in your works cited page. Consist of a authors last name and the page number

Paragraph

Should signal new ideas, transition between ideas, and amplify ideas.

Circle graphs

Show relationships of parts as a whole

Jumping to a conclusion

Sometimes called a hasty generalization or sweeping generalization. This fallacy occurs when a conclusion is reached on the basis of too little evidence.

Deductions

Starting with the general, specific conclusions, if they glove doesn't fit you must acquite

Facts

Statements that people generally agree are true and that can be verified independantly

Sterotypes and cliches

Stereotypes and cliches serve a purpose as a form of shorthand. The stereotype explains a situation with just enough truth to seem unquestionable.They close minds and separate people.

Active Voice

Subject comes before a predicate. Mr morton is the subject. Whatever he does is the predicate

Enthocentric observations

Systematic study of ordinary people in their routines

Quantitative

Tables and graphs

Verbal Banter

Talking junk(yo mamma jokes), not the same as verbal attacks

Document

Tell readers where you have found the information you have used in your essay

Definition

Tells what a term means and how it differs from other terms in its class

Paragraph arrangement

Temporal or chronological. Linear or systematic. Spatial or space. Logical or order of importance

Malapropism

The act of using an incorrect word in place of one that is similar in pronunciation

Perception

The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Preception guides behavior

Psudeoscientific Jargon

The propagandist uses confusing and sometimes false terminology to convince the audience that he is believable

First Draft

The purpose of your first draft is to get your ideas down on paper so that you can react to them

Active Voice

The subject preforms the action (John drove the car)

Passive voice

The subject receives the action(The car was driven by john)

Direct quote

The use of direct quote to start would have perhaps put the reader immediately into the passage

Subject verb agreement

The verb agrees with its subject in person and number

thesis and support

Thesis is the main idea of your essay, its central point *Thesis and support =Starting your thesis and developing ideas that explain and expand it.

you also(tu quoque)

This fallacy asserts that an opponents argument has no value because the opponent does not follow their own advice.

Begging the question

This fallacy assumes that a statement when it actually requires proof. It requires readers to agree that certain points are self evident when in fact they are not.

non sequitur(DOES NOT FOLLOW)

This fallacy occurs when a statement does not logically follow form a previous statement.

False Delimma

This fallacy occurs when a writer suggest that only two alternatives exist even though there may be others.

Red Herring

This fallacy occurs when the focus of an argument is shifted to divert the audience from the actual issue

Equivocation

This fallacy occurs when the meaning of a key term changes at some point in an argument. Makes it seem as if the conclusion follows from premises when it actually does not.

Personal attack

This fallacy tries to divert attention from the facts of an argument by attacking the motives or character of the person making the argument.

Toulmin Logic

This method tries to describe how the argumentative strategies a writer uses lead readers to respond the way they do.

Cause

To bring about, a verb, to produce, give rise

Description

To tell readers about the physicAL CHARACTERISTICS of a person,place, or thing Relies on the 5 senses

Tone vs mood

Tone is the attitude of the writer mood is the the attitude of the reader

Board Thesis

Too board of evidence

Satire

Trechant wit, ironyor sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly

Contraction

Two words made shorter by placing an apostrophe where letters have been omitted

Quote

Use a writers exact words as they appear in the source, including all punctuation, capitalization, and spelling

Apostrophes

Used for procession, used in contradictions

Review Outline

Used to check your essay's structure *Show you whether your essay follows a particular pattern *Can clarify the relationship between your thesis statement and your body paragraphs

Apostrophes

Used to indicate missing letters in contraction. Used to show possession or ownership

Colons

Used to produce lists, examples, and clarification. Should always be proceeded by a complete sentence

Appeal to Doubtful Authority

Using an authority as evidence in your argument when the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument.

Faulty Parallelism

Using terms that are not parallel in a context in which parallelism is expected Makes ideas difficult to follow and will likely confuse your readers

Introduction

Usually one paragraph *Transports readers from their world to the world of your essay

Visual

Videoclips, photogrphs, maps

The introduction, Background info

What can you do with what you already know

S.T.A.R.

What the character says, thinks , acts, reacts

Hypophora

When a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question.

Previewing

When you preview, toy try to get a sense of the writers main idea, key supporting points, and general emphasis.At this stage, you don't read every word;instead you skim the text. *After previewing, you should have a general sense of what the writer wants to communicate

Causal chain

Where A causes B, B causes C, and C causes D, and so on

Argumentative Thesis

Who should do what because why

Purpose

Why are you writing. What are your intentions. EX: PERSUASIVE, ARGUMENTATIVE, INFORM

Topic outline

With headings expressed as short phrases

Subject by subject/Block pattern

Wont move on to the next subject without exhausting the first one. aka lens comparison or dividing pattern. *One subject, then the next subject, then compare and contrast the two

Modifiers

Words and phrases that describe other words in a sentence *Place modifiers close to the words the modify.

Focused free writing or looping

Writing more and more specific freewriting exercises *Can help you decide a workable topic

Revising with a Checklist

You can create a detailed revision checklist adapted to your own writing needs

Principle of Classification

You choose-the quality your items have in common

Secondary source

You hear it from someone who told someone

Primary source

You hear it from the source, directly form the source (diaries, testimonals, art)

Proofread

You look for spelling errors, typos, incorrect spacing, or problems with your essays format

Editing

You search for grammatical errors, check punctuation, and look over your sentence style and word choice one last time

Selective Perception

You see what (stereotype) you expect to see

Divide

You start with a whole and break it into its individual parts.

Paraphrase

You use your own words to restate a source's idea in some detail, presenting the sources main idea, its key supporting points, and possibly an example or two. Must be slightly shorter than the original

Positionality

Your feelings toward a subject

Considering Length when writing

Your instructor will specify the length of an assignment, and this word or page limit has a direct bearing on your essays focus

Purpose

Your purpose limits what you say and how you say it

Restrictive Clause

a clause that supplies information that is vital to the sentence's meaning

slippery slope fallacy or card stacking

a logical fallacy that assumes once an action begins it will lead, undeterred, to an eventual and inevitable conclusion

Argumentation

a logical way of asserting the soundness of a debatable position, belief, or conclusion. *Takes a stand, supported by evidence, and urges people to share the writer's perspective and insights.*The appeal to reason(logos)

Colon

a punctuation mark whose purpose is to direct readers to look ahead for a series, list, clarification, or explanation.

Explication

a relatively short analysis which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem

Current source

a source is current if the information it contains is up to date

Allegory

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

Communication competence

a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately. Knowing the info

Selecting and Arranging Categories

after you define your principle of classification, and apply it to your topic, you should decide on your categories by dividing a whole class into parts and grouping a number of different items together within each part. *Arrange categories in some logical order so that readers can see how the categories are related and what their relative importance is.

Subject by subject

aka dividing pattern

Tone

an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience

Fallacy

an error in reasoning

Ad Misericordiam

appeal to pity. I had a bad day so give me an A. Feel sorry for me

Nominilizations

are nouns that are created from adjectives For example, "interference" is a nominalization of "interfere," "decision" is a nominalization of "decide," and "argument" is a nominalization of "argue."Apr 13, 2018

Forensic

argument that focuses on what happened in the past

non sequitur

argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants, do not connect logically. I will not pass ENC1101 because i hate mr.tommy

Begging the question

assuming something to be true that really needs proof

Arguments

avoid broad generalities, do not over simplify, focus on the issues, avoid personal attacks

Credibility

believability

New Media

blog post, twitter, facebook, social cites, political cites

Toulmin Logic

claim, grounds, warrant, argument as it would be spoken, state thesis, back it up with evidence, Welton deserves no loyalty, welton is king, kings deserve no loyalty

per se

collectively

Informal

conversational

Doorways

difficulties or challenges

ad hominem

directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.

Stacked rhetorical questions

do we need this?does this benifit us? does it really help us?

Homonym

each of two or more words having the same spelling but different meanings and origins

Pathos

emotions

Constitution

establish justice, insure domestic tranquility(peace in country),provide for the common defense(protect in times a war), promote the general Welfare and secure the blessing of liberty

Evidence

facts and opinions in support of your opinions

Concise

giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words, brief but comprehensive

Equivocation

half truth

Warrant

inference that connects the claim to the grounds

Common Knowledge

information you could easily find in several reference sources

Metonymy

is a scary word for a not-so-scary concept. It's just a type of metaphor in which an object is used to describe something that's closely related to it. So, for example, when you're talking about the power of a king, you might say "the crown," instead.

Formal

literary

Research

looking for information in magazines, newspapers, journals, and books as well s in the library's electronic databases or on the internet.

Antithesis

means opposite and is used as a literary device to put two contrasting ideas together. This emphasizes the difference between the two ideas and adds interest to writing. refer to an author's use of two contrasting or opposite terms in a sentence for effect.

Faulty Causality

mistakes a correlation or association for causation, by assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.

Atypical

not representative of a type, group, or class.

Hyperboles

overstatements

Epideictic

present

Proposal Argument

present an issue or problem, present a solution

Evaluation Argument

present criteria, measure against the standards

Plagiarism

presenting the ideas or words of others as if they were your own

Insure

promise

Allusion

reference

Symbolism

representation

Ethnic revitalization

riots, victimization, cool down,acceptance, reforms formulated and real discussion of issues

Inference

s statement about the unknown based on the unknown.

Juvenilian

sarcastic, bitter, attack a person or group

Flashbacks

shifts into the past

Abstracts

short summaries of an entire article that help the reader grasp the main points of the study

Colliqual Language

slang

Formality

something that follows traditional rules. Means to align with customs or etiquette. Is more symbolic than nessesary

Toulmin Logic

start with a claim, then find grounds to prove it. Cant win an argument, look for solution

Narration

tells a story by presenting events in an orderly, logical sequence

Skeptical

that they are open to your ideas but need to be convinced

Lethologica

the inability to remember a particular word or name.

Grounds

the material a writer uses to support the claim

Dominant Impression

the mood or quality emphasized in the piece of writing

Aliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.(She sells sea shells)

Division

the process of breaking a whole into parts

Classification

the process of sorting individual items into categories.

Ambiguity

the quality of being open to more than one interpretation. *Doubt

Questions for probing

useful because they reflect how your mind operates. *For example, by finding similarities and differences or by dividing a whole into parts

Affect

verb meaning to influence something, is a verb

Classification and division

we can make sense of seemingly random ideas by putting scattered bits of information into useful,coherent order. Brings order to chaos.

Paradox

what is said seems false but is a truth

Valid

when a conclusion follows logically from the major and minor premises

Misleading Statistics

when statistics are misrepresented or distorted in order to influence an audience

Rogerian Argument

you enter into a cooperative relationship with opponents. Instead of aggressively refuting opposing arguments, you emphasize points of agreement and find common ground.