Division and Classification, ENC1101 Chapter 8, ENC1101 Chapter 13, ENC1101
Invention
* aka prewriting *During invention, you decide what to write about and gather info to support or explain what you want to say
Unified Paragraph
*A paragraph is unified when each sentence relates directly to the main idea of the paragraph
Topical
*Current *Current events
Topic Sentence
*Main idea of a paragraph *Acts as a guide post
Antecedent
A pronoun is word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Every pronoun should clearly refer to a specific antecedent, the word it replaces.
Rhetorical Question
A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.
Rhetorical question
A question that you ask without expecting an answer. May not even have an answer *Can be stacked on top of one another, that is called stacked rhetorical questions.
Allusion
A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art
Philosopher
Adventurer of mind
Classify
Begin with individual items and sort them into categories
Synthesizing
Combing paraphrases, summaries, and quotations with your own ideas.
Communication Effectiveness
Communicating those ideas, getting your point across, teaching
Bar Graphs
Compare qualities
Ethos
Ethics. Right or wrong
Anthropos
Human or humanity
Works Cited List
Includes all the works you cite in your essay.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Join two independent clauses that express ideas of equal importance, and they indicate how those ideas are related.
Opinions
Judgements of beliefs that are not sustained by proof
Cliches
Overused expressions
Secondary Source
Reporting about something/was not there
Effect
Result of, noun,
Colliquial
Slang
Self evident
So obvious it needs no truth.
Refutation vs Explication
Stealing thunder or counterclaims . "Unfolding" and analysis
Diction
Style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by the writer
Passive voice
Th car was driven by John
Basis for comparison
That two things have enough in common to justify the comparison
Predicate
Verb or action that the subject preforms . Morton loves
"Dicto Simpliciter
an argument based on as unqualified generalization
Complex sentence
dependent clause, independent clause
Antecedent
is the noun or pronoun that a pronoun refers to in a sentence
Ensure
make certain
Evaluative Arguments
makes a judgment on the performance of a particular item in its category. You can determine whether this performance was "good" or "fair" or "unusual," etc. Or you may use any other term that connotes evaluation - i.e., "wise," "unwise," "solid," "shaky," "unfortunate."
Deliberative
the argument that focuses on what should happen in the future
Personification
the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
Simple Sentence
two independent clauses
Litotes
understatements
Synedoche Metaphor
"Lend me your ears". a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa
Writing process
* A process that experienced writers follow when they write
Visual text
*A photograph, advertisement, diagram, graph or chart, work of art info graphic. *Instead of identifying elements such as words and ideas you identify visual elements including use of color, the arrangment of shapes, the contrast b/w large and small or light and dark.
Primary Certitude
*A strong, even irrational, belief that you know the truth about a given topic
Active Reading
*Actively participating in the reading process:approaching an assigned reading with a clear understanding of your purpose and marking the text to help you understand what you are reading
Toulmin
*An informal method of reasoning *Involves the grounds (data), claim, and warrant of an argument *Necessary to support a good argument
Argumentative essay
*Attempts to persuade *Makes a claim and then includes reasons, evidence,and rhetorical devices to support its validity
A proposal
*Calls for change, often in response to a problem *Focus on future * Center on the audience
Paragraphs
*Can be a simple transition sentence *Is an exploration of an idea *Have only one idea per paragraph
Comment or observation thesis
*Convey messages *Develop thoughts
Refutation
*Counterargument *Followed by a rebuttal
Denotation
*Dictionary meaning
Editing and proofreading
*During editing, you focus on grammar and punctuation as well as on sentence style and word choice *During proofreading, you correct spelling mechanical errors, and typos and check your essays format
Drafting and revising
*During this, you write several drafts as you reconsider your ideas and their organization and refine your style and structure
Papyrus and Tree bark
*Egyptian paper was made of papyrus *Mayan paper was made of tree bark *Missionaries destroyed many mayan codices or books
Formal Diction
*Elaborate, complex sentences *Use of a learned vocabulary and objective or serious tone *NO "I"
Expository writing
*Explain. *Tell why *What is in your head
Exemplum
*Figure of amplification using an example to prove a point *An example of exemplum: For example, Martin Luther king............
Persuasive thesis
*Give a reason to change an idea or attitude *
Paragraph structure
*Hook or grab/transition *Topic sentence or main idea *Explain *Support and paraphrase
Cogito Ergo Sum
*I think therefore I am *Facts and attitudes
Informative essay
*Informs or explains a topic *Includes central ideas supported by facts and examples
Abstract Words
*Intangible idea, condition, or quality *EX: Love
Visual Signals
*Look at the title *Look at the opening and closing paragraphs *Look at each paragraphs first sentence * Look for headings *Look for italicized and boldface words *Look for numbered list *Look for any visuals
Verbal Signals
*Look for phrases that signal emphasis(The primary reason) *Look for repeated words and phrases( *Look for words that signal time sequence(first,after,then,next) *Look for words that introduce examples(for example, for instance) *Look for words that signal contrast
Iraq
*Modern name for Mesopotamia *Place of the oldest form of writing
Compare and Contrast
*Most popular form of an essay *Subject by subject *Point by point
Persuasive
*Must take a stand *A persuasive thesis states what you want done and why
Revision
*Not something you do after your essay is finished *Proofreading or editing *Involves reseeing and rethinking what you have written
Process explanations
*Not to enable a reader to preform a process, but rather to help them understand how it is carried out
Informal Outline
*Organize your notes from brainstorming or other invention techniques *Do not include all major divisions and subdivisions of your essay *will include supporting details or suggest a pattern of develpment
Concrete Words
*Perceivable, tangible *EX:Kiss
Persuasive
*Prove an opinion *Persuade or convince
Critical Reading
*Reading to evaluate the ideas of others, to form judgement, and to develop original viewpoints.
Answer thesis
*Respond to an inquiry or question
Cause and effect
*Second most popular
Narration vs Academic essay
*Should be inside the bowl *3rd person POV
Informal Diction
*Slang, colloquial language *Use of everyday language
Analogy
*Special form of comparison *explains an idea or thing by comparing it o a second, more familiar thing
Warning thesis
*Spot potential problems before they happen
Startling fact grabber
*Starting a essay with some type of fact that people may not know. EX:China has more honors students than the U.S.
Dictionary Dangle
*Starting off an essay with a defintion *EX: According to google, love is......
Thesis/Claim
*Statements of purpose *THESIS STATEMENT=Argument, controlling statement *Thesis=purpose of an essay or research paper *Debatable or controversial statements or assertions to prove *NOT A FACT
Antonomasia
*Substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name
Futhark
*The oldest form of the runic alphabets
Anaphora
*The repetition of a word of phrase at the beginning of successive clauses *EX: Martin luther kept repeating "I have a dream
Subject
*The topic or material the work examines *Leads to an extended thesis
Voice
*The voice of a verb tells whether its subject preforms or receives the words actions
Style
*The way a writer uses language
Writing Style
*The way a writer uses language
Connotation
*Tone *Emotional meanings
Persuasive Writing
*Try to convince readers to act or think in a certain way *Used in editorials , argumentative essays, proposals, research
Archetype
*Universal symbol *a typical character or action or situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature
Highlighting
*When highlighting you mark the text *For example underling important concepts, box key terms, number a series of related points , circle an unfamiliar word , draw a vertical line in the margin beside a particularly interesting passage.
Purpose
*Why are you are reading *Will help you understand what kind of information you hope to get out of your reading and how you will use this information
Diction
*Word choice on paper *Diction=Style
Antonym
*Words opposite in meaning
Synonym
*Words with similar meaning
Expressive Writing
*You convey personal feelings or impressions to readers *Used in diaries, personal emails, and journals
Informative writing
*You inform readers about something *Used in essay exams, lab reports, and expository essays, and research papers
Rebuttal
*a refutation or contradiction
Counterargument
*an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.
Arrangement
*during arrangement you decide how you are going to organize your ideas
Refutation
*the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false.
Exemplification
*uses one or more particular cases or examples to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept. *Generalization *Make sure paragraphs contain strong examples or generalizations
Ways to begin Introduction
-general statement to introduce your topic -contradiction -short anecdote or narrative -interesting fact or statistic -definition of a term that is important to your essay
Negations
1. the contradiction or denial of something. 2. the absence or opposite of something actual or positive.
Different types of cause and effect relationships
1.Arguments that state an effect and then trace the evidence back to the causes 2. arguments that state a cause and then examine the effect 3.Arguments that move through a series of links: A causes B which leads to C and perhaps D
Point of View
1st: writer tells the story within their experiences(Uses I, ME, MINE, WE) 2nd: Writers tells the story from the perspective of "You" (You, Yours) 3rd: story told from a person watching outside (She, he, they)
Summary
A brief restatement in your own words, of a passage's main idea
Causal Relationship
A cause and effect relationship
Nonrestrictive Clause
A clause that does not supply information that is essential to the sentences meaning
Rhetorical analysis
A close reading of a text to find out hoe or if it persuades
Simile
A comparison using "like" or "as"
Metaphor
A comparison without using like or as
Concise Sentence
A concise sentence is efficient *It is not overloaded with extra words and complicated constructions
Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.Must be logical and true.
Paradigm Shifting
A fundamental change or approach or underlying assumptions
Persuasion
A general term that refers to how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action
Sentence
A group of words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought
Parody
A humorous or satrirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing
Revising in a Conference
A one on one conference with your instructor
Literacy Narrative
A personal account focusing on her experiences with reading and writing Traces your development as a writer
Accurate source
A source is accurate if its information is factual, correct, detailed, and up to date.
Authoritative Source
A source is authoritative when it is written by an expert.
Comprehensive Source
A source is comprehensive if it covers a subject is sufficient breadth and depth
Objective Source
A source is objective when it is not unduly influenced by personal feelings or opinions.
Antithesis
A statement that asserts the opposite position
Inductive Leap
A stretch of the imagination that enables you to draw a sound conclusion
Glittering generality
A virtue word. Used to make us accept and approve the thing without examining the evidence
Brainstorming
A way of discovering ideas about your topic * A useful tool for generating ideas
Wiki
A web based site for writers to collaborate on a single project or database
Concede
Admit that an argument is true and that you may be wrong
Detriments
Adress antithesis, or counterclaims
Argument form Analogy
Although analogies can help explain abstract or unclear ideas, they do not constitute proof. An argument based on an analogy frequently ignores important dissimilarities between the two things being compared. When this occurs, the argument is fallacious.
Conclusion
Always make conclusion worth reading by including new insightful analysis and interesting ending
Fused Sentence
An error that occurs when 2 independent clauses are connected with out any punctuation
Comma Splice
An error that occurs when two independent clauses are connected by just a comma
Fragment
An incomplete sentence, one that is missing a subject, a verb, or both a subject and a verb or that has a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought
Cause and effect
Analyzes why something happens
Hypophora
Answer your own rhetoical question
Trough
Any kind of creative use of language/Figurative language
Misplaced Modifier
Appears to modify the wrong word because it is placed incorrectly in the sentence
post hoc ergo propter hoc
Assumes that because two events occur close together in time, the first must be the cause of the second.
Ad populum
Attack population
Poisoning the well
Attacking the person/ Labeling
Plain Folks
Attempting to convince the public that one's views reflect those of the common person, I am of the people. what politicians try to do
In order of increasing complexity
Beginning with the simplest and moving to the most difficult or complex
Order of Importance
Beginning with those that are less significant and moving to those that are most significant or persuasive
Chronologically
Beginning with those that occurred first and moving to those that occurred later
Factual Error
Being wrong about the facts
Venn Diagram
Best to compare only two items at a time, when possible
Old media
Books, journals, research articles, newspapers, photographs movies
Precipitating Cause
Brings on a change
Free writing
Can be used to generate supporting information or to find a thesis *You write for a fixed period of time *Goal is to get ideas down on paper so that you can react to them and shape them
Stasis Theory
Can only work when people agree they can't agree so they find a solution. Long time ago
Instructor's Written comments
Can suggest changes in content, arrangement, or style *Comments may question your logic, suggest a clearer thesis statement, ask for more explicit transitions
Dramatis Personae
Characters or persons in a work
Evaluating Information
Check the credibility of the source, review the source information in context, look for references
Horatian
Cheerful, human idiocy/ more personal , says people the problem
Rogerian Arguments
Civil discourse, agree to dissagree,common grounds, we both win
Immediate casue
Closely precedes an effect and is therefore relatively easy to recognize
Transitional Paragraph
Connects the two sections of the essay
Specialized encyclopedias
Contain articles that give you detailed information about a specific field
Implied thesis
Conveys an essays main focus, but it does not do so explicitly *Instead the selection and arrangement of the essays ideas suggest the focus
Subjective Description
Conveys your personal response to your subject. personal perspective is not stated explicitly but revealed indirectly
Topical
Current events
Dangling modifier
Dangles because it cannot logically describe any word in the sentence
Deflecting
Defined as switching the focus of a conversation to another topic to get away with something. The real issue is forgotten.
Delusion
Defined as the tendency to see excuses as facts. Filters out information that contradicts what we believe. Delusion uses the mind's ability to see things in myriad ways to support what it wants to be the truth.
Out and out lies
Described as an absolute or complete lie. This sort of lie when told, can be easily confronted. The person who is lied to knows where they stand.
Formal Outlines
Detailed , multilevel constructions that indicate the exact order in which you will present your key points and supporting details
Evaluate
Determine its suitability
Dennotation
Dictionary meanings
Blatent
Direct or obvious
Dismissal
Dismissing feelings, perceptions, or even the raw facts.
Straw Men
Distraction to Argument
Invention or pre writng
During invention you discover what interest you about your subject and consider what ideas to develop in your essay
Coherent
Each paragraph should be coherent *A paragraph is coherent if its sentences are smoothly and logically connected to one another
Connotation(Tone)
Emotional Meanings
Instructions
Enable readers to preform a process
Reference books and Nonfictional sources
Encyclopedia, dictionary, journals, interviews. video recordings, magazines, books
Sufficient Cause
Enough for something to occur on its own
Facades
Ericsson defines a "Facade" as a lie that puts on another face to meet expectations. They are used to seduce others into an illusion. Basically you act the way people expect you to act, instead of being yourself.
White Lie
Ericsson defines a "white lie" as a lie that assumes that the truth will cause more damage than a simple harmless untruth. It is the liar deciding what is best for the person being lied to.
Audience
Essay should be written with a particular audience in mind*
Band Wagon
Everyone is doing it
Support
Examples, reasons,facts,and so on *Convinces your audience that your thesis is resonable
Primary Source
Experienced first hand/Ex. Anne Frank
Process Essay
Explains how to do something or how something occurs. *Presents a sequence of steps and shows how those steps lead to a particular result
Explanation thesis
Explains new policies or rules
Analogy
Explains something unfamiliar by comparing it to something familiar
Argumentation
Exploring truths about our society, community, and world; based on logic
Thesis types
Expressive=conveying a mood or impression Informative=perhaps listing the major points you will discuss or presenting on objective overview of the essay Persuasive=taking a strong or outlining the position you will argue
Yonic
Female symbol
Sententia
Figure of argument in which a wise, witty or pithy maxim or aphorism is used to sum up the proceeding material. "Mines eyes have seen the glory of the Lord"
Fallacies
Flaws in reasoning the undermine your arguments's logic.
Objective Descriptions
Focuses on the object itself rather than on your person reactions to it *Precise literary picture of your subject
Fewer
For counting
Less
For measuring
Clustering
Form of grouping ideas aka mapping. *A way of visually arranging ideas so that you can tell at a glance where they belong and whether or not you need more information
Check your papers format
Format=How your paragraphs, sentences, and words look on the page
Revising with pear editing group
Getting feedback from other students. May be formal or informal
Spoken Argumentation
Give and take, work with the oppositional view
Photographs
Give concrete visual images which often can be best when paired with text to add support to text
Documentation
Gives readers the ability to evaluate the sources you cite and to consult them if they wish
Video clips
Gives viewers images and sounds to help evaluate a topic
Statistic hook
Grabs the readers attention by using some type of number statistics . EX: lats year 2393991 people got married
Sentence outline
Headings expressed as complete sentences
Latent
Hidden
Process or progression papers
How it works, how something is done , provide instructions, author gives instructions on what the writer wants to learn
Warrior
Ideal strength
Ignoring Plain Facts
Ignoring facts presented to you. It is a lie where a false action is done in with the intent to deceive others. It ignores the actual problem and acts like its not a factor.
Proximate Cause
Immediate present or visible cause of action
Remote Causes
Indirect underlying explanation for action
Slang
Informal expressions whose meanings may vary from locale to locale or change as time passes
Common Knowledge
Information you could easily find in several sources
Person vs self
Internal conflict
Essays should be structured
Introduction, body, conclusion
Groupthink
Irving Janis, in Victims of Groupthink, defines this sort of lie as a psychological phenomenon within decision-making groups in which loyalty to the group has become more important than any other value, with the result that dissent and the appraisal of alternatives are suppressed.
Parallelism
Is the use of matching grammatical elements to express similar ideas
Stream of consciousness
James Joyce
Remote cause
Less obvious, perhaps because it occurred in the past or far away
Logos
Logic
Inductions
Logic, starting with the specific, general conclusions
Coherent
Logical and consistent
Main and contributory causes
Main=most important Contributory=less important
Phalic
Male symbols
Journal Writing
Many use journals , jotting down experiences, and ideas they may want to use when the write. *Journal entrees are the kernels from which llonger pieces of writing develop
Conference with a writing tutor
Meet with tutors one on one to the basis to address your concerns
Body Paragraphs
Middle sections *Develops your thesis *Should present support for thesis
Anecdotes
Mini stories
Thesis Statement
More than a title Is an announcement of your intent or a statement of fact
Metonomy
Name change. Name being used for another name. White house changed the Bill
Written Argumentation
No give and take, Anticipate counterclaim(Stealing thunder or refutation)
Subject
Noun that preforms an action. Mr. MORTON
Omission
Omission involves telling most of the truth minus one or two key facts whose absence changes the story completely. It does not include the entire truth.
Limits
Once you understand your assignment, you should consider its length, purpose, audience, and occasion, and your own knowledge of the subject
Reciprocal Cause
One factor leads to a second which reinforces a cycle
The persuasive principle or thesis
Pick an issue. Pick a side. Persuade the reader why you are right. Prove with facts and research not opinions
Alternating Pattern or seesaw method
Point by point, not one subject at a time, focuses on one point of comparison at a time
P.I.G.
Political interest groups
Writing process triangle
Prewriting/Inevention, writing and revising
Formal definitions
Print or online documentaries
Deductive reasoning
Proceeds from a general premise or assumption to a specific conclusion. Deductions is what ppl mean when they say speak of logic.
Foley process
Process of how to add sound to film
Antecedents
Pronouns should always be close to the nouns
Benefits
Prove Thesis
Graphs
Provide an illustration of statistical information or numerical relationships
Main Idea
Purpose of an essay
extrinsic ethos
Refers to already existing opinoins the audeince may have already about the speaker
Occasion
Refers to the situation or situations that leads that leads someone to write about a topic *In an academic writing situation, the occasion is almost always a specific assignment
Intrinsic ethos
Refers to what the audience learns about the speakers character through the speech
Necessary cause
Required for something to contribute to occur
Ways to end the conclusion
Reviewing your key points *Restating your thesis in different words *Recommendation of a course of action *Prediction *Revalent quotation
Expert opinions
Saying a certain doctor has an opinion on a certain med
Alter Ego
Second self
Parenthetical Reference
Should include enough information to guide readers to a specific entry in your works cited page. Consist of a authors last name and the page number
Paragraph
Should signal new ideas, transition between ideas, and amplify ideas.
Circle graphs
Show relationships of parts as a whole
Jumping to a conclusion
Sometimes called a hasty generalization or sweeping generalization. This fallacy occurs when a conclusion is reached on the basis of too little evidence.
Deductions
Starting with the general, specific conclusions, if they glove doesn't fit you must acquite
Facts
Statements that people generally agree are true and that can be verified independantly
Sterotypes and cliches
Stereotypes and cliches serve a purpose as a form of shorthand. The stereotype explains a situation with just enough truth to seem unquestionable.They close minds and separate people.
Active Voice
Subject comes before a predicate. Mr morton is the subject. Whatever he does is the predicate
Enthocentric observations
Systematic study of ordinary people in their routines
Quantitative
Tables and graphs
Verbal Banter
Talking junk(yo mamma jokes), not the same as verbal attacks
Document
Tell readers where you have found the information you have used in your essay
Definition
Tells what a term means and how it differs from other terms in its class
Paragraph arrangement
Temporal or chronological. Linear or systematic. Spatial or space. Logical or order of importance
Malapropism
The act of using an incorrect word in place of one that is similar in pronunciation
Perception
The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Preception guides behavior
Psudeoscientific Jargon
The propagandist uses confusing and sometimes false terminology to convince the audience that he is believable
First Draft
The purpose of your first draft is to get your ideas down on paper so that you can react to them
Active Voice
The subject preforms the action (John drove the car)
Passive voice
The subject receives the action(The car was driven by john)
Direct quote
The use of direct quote to start would have perhaps put the reader immediately into the passage
Subject verb agreement
The verb agrees with its subject in person and number
thesis and support
Thesis is the main idea of your essay, its central point *Thesis and support =Starting your thesis and developing ideas that explain and expand it.
you also(tu quoque)
This fallacy asserts that an opponents argument has no value because the opponent does not follow their own advice.
Begging the question
This fallacy assumes that a statement when it actually requires proof. It requires readers to agree that certain points are self evident when in fact they are not.
non sequitur(DOES NOT FOLLOW)
This fallacy occurs when a statement does not logically follow form a previous statement.
False Delimma
This fallacy occurs when a writer suggest that only two alternatives exist even though there may be others.
Red Herring
This fallacy occurs when the focus of an argument is shifted to divert the audience from the actual issue
Equivocation
This fallacy occurs when the meaning of a key term changes at some point in an argument. Makes it seem as if the conclusion follows from premises when it actually does not.
Personal attack
This fallacy tries to divert attention from the facts of an argument by attacking the motives or character of the person making the argument.
Toulmin Logic
This method tries to describe how the argumentative strategies a writer uses lead readers to respond the way they do.
Cause
To bring about, a verb, to produce, give rise
Description
To tell readers about the physicAL CHARACTERISTICS of a person,place, or thing Relies on the 5 senses
Tone vs mood
Tone is the attitude of the writer mood is the the attitude of the reader
Board Thesis
Too board of evidence
Satire
Trechant wit, ironyor sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly
Contraction
Two words made shorter by placing an apostrophe where letters have been omitted
Quote
Use a writers exact words as they appear in the source, including all punctuation, capitalization, and spelling
Apostrophes
Used for procession, used in contradictions
Review Outline
Used to check your essay's structure *Show you whether your essay follows a particular pattern *Can clarify the relationship between your thesis statement and your body paragraphs
Apostrophes
Used to indicate missing letters in contraction. Used to show possession or ownership
Colons
Used to produce lists, examples, and clarification. Should always be proceeded by a complete sentence
Appeal to Doubtful Authority
Using an authority as evidence in your argument when the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument.
Faulty Parallelism
Using terms that are not parallel in a context in which parallelism is expected Makes ideas difficult to follow and will likely confuse your readers
Introduction
Usually one paragraph *Transports readers from their world to the world of your essay
Visual
Videoclips, photogrphs, maps
The introduction, Background info
What can you do with what you already know
S.T.A.R.
What the character says, thinks , acts, reacts
Hypophora
When a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question.
Previewing
When you preview, toy try to get a sense of the writers main idea, key supporting points, and general emphasis.At this stage, you don't read every word;instead you skim the text. *After previewing, you should have a general sense of what the writer wants to communicate
Causal chain
Where A causes B, B causes C, and C causes D, and so on
Argumentative Thesis
Who should do what because why
Purpose
Why are you writing. What are your intentions. EX: PERSUASIVE, ARGUMENTATIVE, INFORM
Topic outline
With headings expressed as short phrases
Subject by subject/Block pattern
Wont move on to the next subject without exhausting the first one. aka lens comparison or dividing pattern. *One subject, then the next subject, then compare and contrast the two
Modifiers
Words and phrases that describe other words in a sentence *Place modifiers close to the words the modify.
Focused free writing or looping
Writing more and more specific freewriting exercises *Can help you decide a workable topic
Revising with a Checklist
You can create a detailed revision checklist adapted to your own writing needs
Principle of Classification
You choose-the quality your items have in common
Secondary source
You hear it from someone who told someone
Primary source
You hear it from the source, directly form the source (diaries, testimonals, art)
Proofread
You look for spelling errors, typos, incorrect spacing, or problems with your essays format
Editing
You search for grammatical errors, check punctuation, and look over your sentence style and word choice one last time
Selective Perception
You see what (stereotype) you expect to see
Divide
You start with a whole and break it into its individual parts.
Paraphrase
You use your own words to restate a source's idea in some detail, presenting the sources main idea, its key supporting points, and possibly an example or two. Must be slightly shorter than the original
Positionality
Your feelings toward a subject
Considering Length when writing
Your instructor will specify the length of an assignment, and this word or page limit has a direct bearing on your essays focus
Purpose
Your purpose limits what you say and how you say it
Restrictive Clause
a clause that supplies information that is vital to the sentence's meaning
slippery slope fallacy or card stacking
a logical fallacy that assumes once an action begins it will lead, undeterred, to an eventual and inevitable conclusion
Argumentation
a logical way of asserting the soundness of a debatable position, belief, or conclusion. *Takes a stand, supported by evidence, and urges people to share the writer's perspective and insights.*The appeal to reason(logos)
Colon
a punctuation mark whose purpose is to direct readers to look ahead for a series, list, clarification, or explanation.
Explication
a relatively short analysis which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem
Current source
a source is current if the information it contains is up to date
Allegory
a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
Communication competence
a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately. Knowing the info
Selecting and Arranging Categories
after you define your principle of classification, and apply it to your topic, you should decide on your categories by dividing a whole class into parts and grouping a number of different items together within each part. *Arrange categories in some logical order so that readers can see how the categories are related and what their relative importance is.
Subject by subject
aka dividing pattern
Tone
an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience
Fallacy
an error in reasoning
Ad Misericordiam
appeal to pity. I had a bad day so give me an A. Feel sorry for me
Nominilizations
are nouns that are created from adjectives For example, "interference" is a nominalization of "interfere," "decision" is a nominalization of "decide," and "argument" is a nominalization of "argue."Apr 13, 2018
Forensic
argument that focuses on what happened in the past
non sequitur
argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants, do not connect logically. I will not pass ENC1101 because i hate mr.tommy
Begging the question
assuming something to be true that really needs proof
Arguments
avoid broad generalities, do not over simplify, focus on the issues, avoid personal attacks
Credibility
believability
New Media
blog post, twitter, facebook, social cites, political cites
Toulmin Logic
claim, grounds, warrant, argument as it would be spoken, state thesis, back it up with evidence, Welton deserves no loyalty, welton is king, kings deserve no loyalty
per se
collectively
Informal
conversational
Doorways
difficulties or challenges
ad hominem
directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.
Stacked rhetorical questions
do we need this?does this benifit us? does it really help us?
Homonym
each of two or more words having the same spelling but different meanings and origins
Pathos
emotions
Constitution
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility(peace in country),provide for the common defense(protect in times a war), promote the general Welfare and secure the blessing of liberty
Evidence
facts and opinions in support of your opinions
Concise
giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words, brief but comprehensive
Equivocation
half truth
Warrant
inference that connects the claim to the grounds
Common Knowledge
information you could easily find in several reference sources
Metonymy
is a scary word for a not-so-scary concept. It's just a type of metaphor in which an object is used to describe something that's closely related to it. So, for example, when you're talking about the power of a king, you might say "the crown," instead.
Formal
literary
Research
looking for information in magazines, newspapers, journals, and books as well s in the library's electronic databases or on the internet.
Antithesis
means opposite and is used as a literary device to put two contrasting ideas together. This emphasizes the difference between the two ideas and adds interest to writing. refer to an author's use of two contrasting or opposite terms in a sentence for effect.
Faulty Causality
mistakes a correlation or association for causation, by assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.
Atypical
not representative of a type, group, or class.
Hyperboles
overstatements
Epideictic
present
Proposal Argument
present an issue or problem, present a solution
Evaluation Argument
present criteria, measure against the standards
Plagiarism
presenting the ideas or words of others as if they were your own
Insure
promise
Allusion
reference
Symbolism
representation
Ethnic revitalization
riots, victimization, cool down,acceptance, reforms formulated and real discussion of issues
Inference
s statement about the unknown based on the unknown.
Juvenilian
sarcastic, bitter, attack a person or group
Flashbacks
shifts into the past
Abstracts
short summaries of an entire article that help the reader grasp the main points of the study
Colliqual Language
slang
Formality
something that follows traditional rules. Means to align with customs or etiquette. Is more symbolic than nessesary
Toulmin Logic
start with a claim, then find grounds to prove it. Cant win an argument, look for solution
Narration
tells a story by presenting events in an orderly, logical sequence
Skeptical
that they are open to your ideas but need to be convinced
Lethologica
the inability to remember a particular word or name.
Grounds
the material a writer uses to support the claim
Dominant Impression
the mood or quality emphasized in the piece of writing
Aliteration
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.(She sells sea shells)
Division
the process of breaking a whole into parts
Classification
the process of sorting individual items into categories.
Ambiguity
the quality of being open to more than one interpretation. *Doubt
Questions for probing
useful because they reflect how your mind operates. *For example, by finding similarities and differences or by dividing a whole into parts
Affect
verb meaning to influence something, is a verb
Classification and division
we can make sense of seemingly random ideas by putting scattered bits of information into useful,coherent order. Brings order to chaos.
Paradox
what is said seems false but is a truth
Valid
when a conclusion follows logically from the major and minor premises
Misleading Statistics
when statistics are misrepresented or distorted in order to influence an audience
Rogerian Argument
you enter into a cooperative relationship with opponents. Instead of aggressively refuting opposing arguments, you emphasize points of agreement and find common ground.