Speech

Chapter 6: Define culture, and compare and contrast cultural contexts and cultural values.

- (Globalization): The integration of economics and technology that is contributing to a worldwide, interconnected business environment. -Defining Culture - (Culture): A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next. - Cultures change as new information and new technology modify them - (co-culture):A culture that exists within a larger cultural context (e.g., GLBT cultures, Amish culture). - (intercultural communication): Communication between people who have different cultural traditions - The greater the difference in culture among people the more misunderstanding and mistrust. - (culture shock): Feelings of confusion, loss, stress, and anxiety that a person may experience when encountering a culture different from his or her own - (Worldview): A perspective shared by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, that influences interaction with others; the lens through which people - How culture perceives the role of various forces in explaining why events occur - Cultural Context - (cultural context): Additional information about a message that is communicated through nonverbal and environmental cues rather than through language - Some cultures place more weight in the surrounding nonverbal context than explicit verbal messages. vise versa - (high-context culture): A culture in which people derive much information from nonverbal and environmental cues and less information from the words of a message. - Asian, Arab, and southern European countries - facial expression, vocal cues, silence - (low-context culture): A culture in which people derive much information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal and environmental cues. - North Americans, Germans, Scandinavians - Less skilled in interpreting unspoken messages. - Cultural Values - (cultural values): Whatever a given group of people values or appreciates. - Hofstede identified five categories 1) Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultural Values - (collectivistic culture): A culture that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement. - (individualistic culture): a culture that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments. - North American = Individualistic: - Asian = Collectivist 2) Decentralized and Centralized Approaches to Power and Cultural Values - Decentralized approach to power allows more distribution of power to where leadership is not vested in one person. (Australia, Ireland) - Centralized approach to power are a more structured form of government and with managerial styles that feature a clear line of authority (India, Philippines) -Uncertainty and Certainty and Cultural Values - Cultures in which people need certainty to feel secure are likely to develop and enforce rigid rules for behavior and establish elaborate codes of conduct - Cultures with a greater tolerance to uncertainty have more relaxed, informal expectation for others. - Masculine and Feminine Cultural Values - (masculine culture): A culture that values achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth, and traditional male and female roles - (feminine culture): a culture that values being sensitive toward others and fostering harmonious personal relationships with others - Long-Term and Short-Term Time Orientation and Cultural Values - People from cultures with a long term orientation to time place an emphasis on the future and tend to value perseverance and thrift because these are virtues that pay off over time. LARGER PURPOSES - A culture that tends to have a short term time orientation values spending rather than saving tradition and preserving face of both self and others. FOCUSES ON IMMEDIATE TIME.

Chapter 4: Non- Verbal Communication

- (Non-Verbal Communication): communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone

Chapter 3- Explain how language helps create supportive or defensive communication climates.

- (Supportive Communication): Language that creates a climate of trust, caring, and acceptance. - (Defensive Communication): Language that creates a climate of hostility and mistrust. - 2 types of word barriers - (Polarization): Tendency to describe things in the extremes, as though no middle ground existed - (Trigger Words): Forms of language that arouse strong emotion in listeners. Using Words To Establish Supportive Climate 1) Describe Your Own Feelings Rather Than Evaluate Others 2) Solve Problems Rather Than Control Others 3) Empathize Rather Than Remain Detached from Others - (Empathy): The ability to understand and feel what another person is feeling. 4) Be Flexible Rather Than Rigid Toward Others 5) Present Yourself as Equal Rather Than Superior 6) Avoid gunny-sacking, or reminding someone of past mistakes or issues.

Chapter 3- Describe the major ways in which language reveals bias about race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, class, and ability

- Biased Language: Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, and Religion - Allness- Word barrier created through language reflecting unqualified, often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences or variations. - ***Avoid language that denigrates members of a racial or ethnic group; be careful not to overemphasize race or ethnicity or "mark" a person by using adjectives referring to national origin, as in "that Oriental student in my class. - Language reflects your attitudes and reveals how you think - Biased Language: Gender and Sexual Orientation - (Sexist/Exclusive Language): Language that reveals bias in favor of one sex and against another. - Language and the Sexes - (Generic Language): General terms that stand for all persons or things within a given category ( MOST COMMON FORM OF SEXISM IN LANGUAGE) - Using masculine term to describe everyone... you guys - ***Include both sexes in your language, especially in your use of pronouns; avoid masculine generic pronouns and male-linked terms that exclude women. - *** Be alert to the potential for hetero-sexism in your language. Eliminate homophobic language that degrades and stereotypes gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender individuals. -Language and Sexual Orientation - (Homophobic Language): Language that overly denigrates persons of non-heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian - (Hetero-sexist Language): Language that reveals an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if homosexuality or bisexuality did not exist. - Biased Language: Age, Class, and Ability - Age discrimination in the workforce, to the point they placed laws to prevent it - Stereotypes surrounding age - "geezer", "old timer", young ppl being irresponsible - *** Avoid calling too much attention to a person's age in your verbal communication. Be especially vigilant not to label or stereotype the elderly or to condescend to or glorify youth. - ***Monitor references to socioeconomic differences - "blue collar workers", "one percenters", "white trash" - ***Avoid language that draws attention to physical, mental, or learning ability

Chapter 6: Describe how differences of gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and age influence communication.

- Sex and Gender - Most obvious form of human diversity. Male/Female - (Gender): culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of ones self as feminine or masculine - (Androgynous): Exhibiting both masculine and feminine characteristics. - (Transgender): Biologically being born one gender while psychologically and culturally living as the other gender. Being transgendered is independent from one's sexual orientation. - One's gender is learned and is socially reinforced by others and experience and genetics. - Men communicate to report - Men communicate to accomplish something - Women communicate to establish rapport - Women communicate for the purpose of relating or connecting to others -Sexual Orientation - (Homophobia): Fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against gays or lesbians. -Age - Different generations have experienced different cultural and historical events, they often view life differently - a persons age has an influence on their communication with others, often how messages are processed. - Matures : 1925- 1942: work hard: sense of duty - Baby Boomers : 1943- 1960: buy now pay later: equal rights - Generation X : 1961-1981: save: live for today - Millenials : 1982-2002: social media:goal and team oriented - Ethnicity - (Ethnicity): A social classification based on factors, such as nationality, religion, and language as well as biological ancestral heritage, that are shared by a group of people with a common geographic origin. - Ethnicity fosters common bonds that affect communication patterns - Members of certain ethnic groups may suffer persecution/rejection - (Race): Genetically transmitted physical characteristics of a group of people - Ethnicity is a socially constructed category that emphasizes culture - (Discrimination): The unfair or inappropriate treatment of people based on their group membership. - To learn about diversity one must do away with discrimination and stereotypes

Chapter 4: Identify and explain the seven nonverbal communication codes.

1) APPEARANCE - Influences perceptions of credibility and attractiveness - (Artifact): Clothing or another element of appearance (e.g., jewelry, tattoos, piercings, makeup, cologne). 2) Body Movement, Gestures, and Posture - Communicate information, status, warmth, credibility, interest in others, attitudes, and liking - Responses are nonverbal attempts to compensate for lack of verbal understanding - (Kinesics): Human movements, gestures, and posture - Self esteem effects kinesics 3) Eye Contact - Conveys trustworthiness, sincerity, honesty, and interest - Plays extreme role in judgements of credibility 4) Facial Expressions - Reveal thoughts and express emotions and attitudes - Face tends to express which kind of emotion youre feeling 5) Touch - Communicates intimacy, affection, and rejection - (Haptics): the study of human touch. - (touch ethic): A person's own guidelines or standards as to appropriate and inappropriate touch. - Most powerful form of nonverbal communication: also most misunderstood: and carries potential for the most problems - Amount of touch we need initiate, tolerate, and receive depends on cultural background 6) The Voice - Communicates emotion and clarifies the meaning of messages through pitch, rate, and volume - (paralanguage/vocalics): Nonverbal aspects of voice (e.g., pitch, rate, volume, use of silence). - Sometimes is not what he say but how we say it that communicates things. 7) Physical Environment, Space, and Territory - Physical Environment: - Communicates information about the person who functions in that environment; provides context that alters behavior. - Physical Environments are an extension of our personalities. - Nonverbal behavior is altered by the various environments we communicate in - Space - Provides information about status, power, and intimacy - (Proxemics): The study of how close or far away from people and objects we position ourselves. -4 Spatial Zones 1) Intimate Space: Most personal communication. 0-1/2 feet. intimate space is open only to those with whom we are well acquainted unless we're forced to be in a crowded room 2) Personal Space: Friends and family. 1 1/2- 4 feet apart. We feel uncomfortable if someone we dont know enters our personal space zone 3) Social Space: Formal group interactions and professional relationships. 4-12 feet. 4) Public space: Public speakers position themselves at least 12 feet away. Interpersonal communication usually doesnt occur in public space -Territory -Provides cues as to use, ownership, and occupancy of space - (Territoriality): The study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space. - (territorial marker): A thing or action that signifies that an area has been claimed. - Most common form of territorial marker is a LOCK

Chapter 6: Describe six strategies that will help bridge differences between people and help them adapt to differences.

1) Aim for Intercultural Communication Competence - (Intercultural Communication Competence): The ability to adapt ones behavior toward another person in ways that are appropriate to the other person's culture -Stage One: Denial - Person believes there is one authentic culture; his her own culture: Denies there are other ways to doing things - Stage Two: Defense - Person acknowledges the presence of other cultures but still believes his/her culture has best way of doing things: Defends culture as best -Stage Three: Minimization - Person recognizes there are other cultural perspectives but minimizes them; suggesting no real difference in way people behave and interact -Stage Four: Acceptance - Person's ethnocentrism is diminished and he/she recognizes and accepts cultural differences. -Stage Five: Adaptation - Intercultural competence emerges, person consciously seeks to adapt his/her behavior appropriately in response to cultural difference - Stage Six: Integration - Highest stage of intercultural competence, person moves freely in and put of his/her own cultural mindset while adapting to others - (Ethnocentric Cultural Perspective): The view that one's own culture is superior to all other cultures. - (ethnorelative cultural perspective): An appreciation for and sensitivity to cultural differences. 2) Seek Info - Learning about other persons values, beliefs, and culture can help you understand that persons messages and meanings - The more you know the more cultural competent youll be 3) Ask Questions and Listen - Asking questions and listening is good when you dont know the likes dislikes of people. 4) Tolerate Ambiguity - Takes time and several messages to understand, - Be patient and understanding 5) Develop Mindfulness - (Mindful): Aware of what you are doing and how you are communicating with others. - Be aware of your communication with yourself and others. - (self-talk): Inner speech; communication with the self; the process of mentally verbalizing messages that help a person become more aware or mindful of how he or she is processing information and reacting to life situations. 6) Become Other Oriented - (other-oriented communication): Communication in which we focus on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining our personal integrity; achieved through the processes of socially decentering and being empathic. - (Egocentric): Focused on oneself and one's importance - (Social Decentering): A cognitive process through which we take into account another person's thoughts, values, background, and perspectives. - 3 ways to socially decenter 1) Consider how you have responded in the past - Develop understanding based on previous experience 2) Consider how the other person has responded in the past 3) Consider how most people respond to similar situations - Developing Empathy - (Empathy): An emotional reaction that is similar to the reaction being experienced by another person - (Sympathy): An acknowledgment that someone is feeling a certain emotion, often grief; compassion. 7) Ethically Adapt to Others - (Adapt): To adjust behavior in response to someone else - 4 Communication Principles for a Lifetime 1) Be aware of your communication with yourself and others - more effective in adapting to other is more aware cultural differences 2) Effectively use and interpret verbal messages 3) Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages 4) Listen and respond to others thoughtfully

Chapter 6: Illustrate four barriers that inhibit communication between individuals.

1) Assuming Superiority - Becoming ethnocentric, assuming that one's own culture and cultural traditions are superior to those of others - (Ethnocentrism): The belief that one's own cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others. - We become so extremely biased of our culture that we fail to recognize people from other cultures are just as comfortable with their approach to life as ours. 2) Assuming Similarity - Assuming that other people respond to situations as we respond; failing to acknowledge and consider differences in culture and background 3) Assuming Differences - Assuming that other people are always different from ourselves; failing to explore common values and experiences that can serve as bridges to better understanding 4) Stereotyping and Prejudice - Rigidly categorizing others and prejudging others on the basis of limited information - (Stereotype): To place a person or group of persons into an inflexible, all- encompassing category. - (Prejudice): A judgement of someone based on an assumption that you already know relevant facts or background information about the person

Chapter 3- 5 Primary Ways Words Have Power

1) Create and Label Experience -New experiences may lead to new words. 2) Communicate Feelings -Words help create and communicate our moods and emotional states 3) Affect Thoughts and Actions -Words influence how we think. For instance, product names are critical to audience response and sales success. 4) Shape and Reflect Culture -Cultures change; language both creates and reflects the changing nature of culture. 5) Make and Break Relationships -Verbal communication creates opportunities for us to know and be known by others. It's an important tool for establishing relationships and deepening them; it can also be a catalyst for a relationship to end.

Chapter 4: Explain Mehrabian's three-part framework for interpreting nonverbal cues.

1) Immediacy - (Immediacy): Nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness. - Explains why we're drawn to some people but not others. 2) Arousal - (Arousal): Nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of interest and excitement - Degree in which a person is stimulated or activated 3) Dominance - (Dominance): Nonverbal behaviors that communicate power, status, and control - people who are in higher power have a relaxed body posture.

Chapter 4: Provide 4 reasons for studying nonverbal communication.

1) Nonverbal Messages Communicate Feelings and Attitudes - Most significant source of emotional info is the face. - We communicate 93% of our emotional meaning non-verbally 2) Nonverbal Messages Are More Believable Than Verbal Ones - Verbal communication is conscious activity: it involves the translation of thoughts and impulses into symbols. - Most Non-verbal communication is subconsciously therefore its more believable. 3) Nonverbal Messages Are Critical to Successful Relationships -Nonverbal communication is critical in the initiation, development, and termination of relationships. 4) Non-Verbal Messages Serve Multiple Functions 1) NV cues can SUBSTITUTE for verbal messages -Raising your index and middle fingers in the air can mean "peace" or "V" for victory, or it can simply be someone's way of ordering two of something in a noisy, crowded environment where it's hard to be heard. 2) COMPLEMENT -Nonverbal cues delivered simultaneously with verbal messages complement, clarify, or extend the meaning of the verbal cues, conveying more information and allowing for a more accurate interpretation. When someone waves, makes eye contact, and says "Hello," the gesture and eye contact are nonverbal complements to the verbal greeting, providing context and revealing emotions and attitudes. 3) CONTRADICT - Sometimes our nonverbal cues contradict our verbal cues, as in the case of Danita in our earlier example, whose words said she wasn't mad but whose nonverbal cues showed her true emotional state. In most instances when verbal and nonverbal cues contradict each other, the nonverbal message is the one we should believe. 4) REPEAT - We use nonverbal messages to repeat our verbal messages. You and a friend head in different directions after class. You yell, "See you at the dorm at 4," but your friend can't hear you over the hall noise, so he makes a face as though he's confused. You point in the direction of the dorm and then raise four fingers in the air, to which your friend nods his head up and down, signaling that he understands your message. 5) REGULATE - Nonverbal cues regulate our participation in conversation. When talking with people, we rely on such nonverbal cues as eye contact, facial expressions, audible intakes of breath, vocalizations such as "um," shifts in posture or seating position, and movements closer to or farther away from others. 6) ACCENT - We may use nonverbal cues to accent or reinforce a verbal message. "We simply must do something about this problem or we will all bear the blame," bellows the mayor. When the mayor says the word must, she pounds the podium and increases her volume for emphasis. Such a vocalization and gesture serve to accent or add intensity to the verbal message.

Chapter 4: Discuss six elements that reveal the nature of nonverbal communication

1) The Culture-Bound Nature of Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication is culture bound. Nonverbal behaviors vary widely across cultural and co-cultural groups. Interpret nonverbal cues within a cultural context. 2) The Rule-Governed Nature of Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication is rule governed. We develop rules or expectations for appropriate nonverbal behavior in ourselves and others. - (Expectancy Violations Theory): A theory that suggests that we develop rules or expectations for appropriate nonverbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated. 3) The Ambiguous Nature of Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication is ambiguous. Nonverbal behavior is difficult to interpret accurately because the meanings for different actions vary from person to person. - (Perception Checking): The skill of asking other observers or the person being observed whether your interpretation of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate. 4) The Continuous Nature of Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication is continuous. Unlike the stop-start nature of verbal communication, nonverbal messages flow from one situation to the next. 5) The Nonlinguistic Nature of Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication is nonlinguistic. Nonverbal communication does not have the regularities of vocabulary, grammar, and pattern that language has. - Nonverbal cues mean different stuff ins different cultures 6) The Multichanneled Nature of Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication is multichanneled. Nonverbal cues register on our senses from a variety of sources simultaneously, but we can actually attend to only one nonverbal cue at a time. - Process one cue at a time