Speech Ch 16

identification

A connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes.

coercion

A process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods.

evaluation criteria

A set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition.

refutation pattern

A speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views.

causal pattern

A speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena.

direct method pattern

A speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data.

proposition of policy

An argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action.

proposition of value

An argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something.

proposition of fact

An argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false.

receptive audience

An audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition.

neutral audience

An audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition.

hostile audience

An audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition.

Monroe's motivated sequence

An organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.

fallacies

Errors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument.

backing

Foundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony.

speeches to actuate

Persuasive speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors.

speeches to convince

Persuasive speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic.

syllogisms

Reasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim.

persuasive speeches

Speeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way.

warrant

The (often unstated) connection between data and claim.

persuasion

The art of influencing or reinforcing people's beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions.

causal reasoning

The process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other.

deductive reasoning

The process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion.

claim

The proposition you want the audience to accept.

argument

a proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence

data

preliminary evidence on which a claim is based

demographics

statistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation

ethos

the audience's perception of a speaker's credibility and moral character

status quo

the current situation

logos

the logical means of proving an argument

inductive reasoning

the process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization

pathos

the use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience