Speech Exam #2 Study Guide

What are three key guidelines on visual aids? How do we use or follow them in a speech?

1. Aim for clarity and simplicity. 2. Bigger is better. Make it easy to read. 3. Timing of the visual aids. For example, if a presenter is giving a speech that cannot clarify what their topic is in the first minute or so, it will leave the listeners confused on what you are trying to say. As for visual aids, bigger is better. If they can see it, they can relate it to your speech for a better connection. But if the visual aids are not timed well or forgotten about completely until the end, then the overall effectiveness of the speech is diminished and skewed.

Illustrate how contextual reasoning would be utilized to determine the types of support for specific speech situations. Use examples.

Contextual reasoning - concerns thinking about the kinds of support you can use for a speech given its contextual demands and constraints. 5 major categories of supporting material: facts, statistics, testimony, examples, and stories. Contextual judgements do not simply concern how you order your main points or avoid contradictions; it is also a matter of choosing support that is appropriate for the occasion. 1. Analyzing context - thinking about it in advance 2. Contemplating the type of speech 3. Considering the types of people that will be there Scenarios, occasion, audience, the kind of speech being given, and mood are all important factors to help guide what type of speech support to use. Example: 1. A Persuasive Speech at a Political Fund-Raiser: Appropriate speech support might include personal anecdotes to create a feeling of goodwill and familiarity with the audience. Facts and statistics (e.g., about the need for a new animal shelter) are also appropriate, as they are common in political speeches. Example: 4. Speech of Introduction at a Sorority Meeting: Appropriate support for your speech of introduction might include factual information about your friend's biography, statistical information about the sorority's membership, examples of the kind of philanthropy work your chapter has done under her leadership, and even personal stories or anecdotes about the kindness and charity work of the grand president.

Identify the three different types of appeals. Use specific examples to appeal to specific situations.

Logos - is the appeal to reason Pathos - is the appeal to feelings and emotions Ethos - is the appeal to character or trustworthiness Logos Example • When a speaker cites scientific data, methodically walks through the line of reasoning behind their argument, or precisely recounts historical events relevant to their argument, he or she is using logos. • In a speech, stating a well-known fact and appealing to their logistical side on a topic is using logos. Pathos Example • Convincing a judge to keep you on the show: "But I worked so hard!" or "I was born to do this!" Appealing to their sense of compassion and feelings towards them. • After ten moviegoers were shot--and two killed--in a theater during a screening of her film Trainwreck in 2015, Amy Schumer began speaking out passionately and emotionally against gun violence. • In a speech, telling the audience that the polar bears won't be saved unless we help the climate can be an appeal to pathos. Ethos Example • Credibility can be used for ethos. Like a doctor giving advice: "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results." • In a speech, giving off a statement of credibility about your topic is an appeal to ethos.

Clearly reference 3 criteria from the speech rubric for 3 of our classmate's speeches and rank the 3 of your classmate's speeches from best to worst.

Rubric • Organization - Arrangement of ideas clearly related to topic; well organized with introduction, body, conclusion; good transitions; introduction includes attention-getter, statement of thesis, credibility information; conclusion includes summary and closure • Language - Arrangement of ideas clearly related to topic; well organized with introduction, body, conclusion; good transitions; introduction includes attention-getter, statement of thesis, credibility information; conclusion includes summary and closure • Support - Content highly specific, credible, relevant, sufficient, interesting; evidence supported topic; connection between support and main points was clear; content was appropriate to situation and audience; information sources accurately cited • Stylistic Devices - Skillful use of one or more stylistic devices (e.g., repetition, parallelism, anecdotes, analogies, figurative language, different types of appeals) greatly enhance the effectiveness of the speech • Purpose - Presentation clearly adapted to audience and situation; approach and structure highly consistent with overall purpose; strong evidence of critical thinking • Nonverbal Delivery - Barely read from notes and/or visual aids; clearly engaged audience through consistent eye contact and appropriate gestures; responsive to audience reaction; handled visual materials effectively, if used • Verbal Delivery - Voice varied in pitch, volume, rate, and emphasis; appropriate tone; free of fillers (ahs, uhms, ers, likes, you knows); highly effective articulation and pronunciation • Overall Effectiveness - Speaker remains enthusiastic, audience attention is maintained, and the purpose of the speech is achieved Chosen Classmates (Ranked): Lexi, Devin, and Cecilia 1. Cecilia - Cecilia's topic about how tourism being harmful was very well informed. The organization of her speech was wonderful as it went well with both her paper and PowerPoint slides. The attention-getter and transition from how Stone Henge was one of the most memorable tourist sites to how said tourists were damaging important monuments was great. Credibility was held up as she is a history major with an interest in this subject and did extensive research. Cecilia's verbal and non-verbal were amazing. Not only did Cecilia hardly reference her material, but she also effectively coordinated hand gestures, eye contact, with plenty of movement in her voice, passionately speaking of her subject, and the timing of her PowerPoint to really covey her message. 2. Lexi - Lexi's persuasive speech about stopping the banning of books was effective. Her organization was down pat as she included a reference, Of Mice and Men, that we all know of and have read being banned from other libraries and schools, grabbing our attention. Her credibility was simpler as she is simply and avid reader advocating for this topic. Her overall speech was well-thought out and gave out good ideas for why we should not be banning books, but some were flimsier than others as they were more hopeful-based solutions. Verbal and non-verbal delivery was excellent as Lexi hardly read from her paper and continuously gestured and made eye contact with her audience. She really nailed her conclusion with the emphasis in her voice, the plead that books shouldn't be banned. 3. Devin - Devin's speech and topic were overall interesting and good as it is important to know about OSHA and the persuasion of following OSHA guidelines is just as important. His organization was well thought out as he had PowerPoint slides to effectively explain this, but he lacked in nonverbal and verbal delivery. His entire speech ran the length of a hefty 9 minutes which was 2 minutes over the maximum 7-minute length due to his pacing of his speech. Despite reading off of both his paper and PowerPoint (more paper than slides), Devin did not pace himself well and did not memorize his paper as best he could. There was plenty of looking away from the audience as well as stutters (ahs and ums), and lack of variation in pitch and hand movements. This effectively dragged on the speech and lowered the quality of it despite his excellent topic.

Illustrate how two possible patterns of organization could be used to shape or deliver informative or persuasive speeches on any topics.

Spatial - How you are spacing your speech through visualization and description • The most primary of our sense-making constructs is space, which our minds impose on the world so that we can move about within it. When you organize the main points of your speech this way, you are attempting to help your audience visualize moving through a place (e.g., a building) or over an object (e.g., up or down the parts of a tree). • Visualizing the speech as moving through a "memory palace" helps the speaker remember different parts of the speech. Also has the added bonus of helping the audience remember the order of your main points. Temporal - How you are timing your speech and how you are relaying information (chronologically) • Organizing a speech temporally, or in a time sequence that the audience anticipates, is as powerful as spatial organization because humans also use time to make sense of the world. A temporal organization pattern can move back in time, but most of the time people think in chronological order. 1) historical arrangement - refers to how a given object or event occurred in a documented fact. 2) narrative arrangement - sequences a speech like a story, moving from the beginning to the end. Topical - How it fits best in your speech • When giving a speech, you present your main points in respect to a series of topics, characteristics, part, or types. With this organizational pattern, the order of your main point is less important than it is with spatial or temporal patterns. In a topical speech pattern, you arrange your main points in the way that seems best for the speaking situation (e.g., economics, weather, and location). Problem-solution • This type of pattern of organization is very persuasive in popular culture. We speak publicly in response to "problems"; therefore, this pattern is one of the best that speakers and everyone alike use to persuade and convince others. • We use the problem-solution organizational pattern to convince audiences to do or think things they wouldn't otherwise do or think (e.g., encouraging to buy a product via television, advertisements, or online). • A problem-solution pattern (1) names or describes the nature or character of a problem, (2) outlines or describes the effects or consequences of the problem, and (3) advances a way to solve the problem (e.g., childhood obesity). Cause and effect • This pattern of organization is usually used concert with temporal or problem-solution forms, and this patter typically demands that speakers offer well-established or researched support. • When outlining the nature or character of a problem, a speaker will typically start with childhood obesity (the effect) and list the causes: Problem/Effect - Childhood obesity Cause - Overeating, lack of exercise, no nutrition, etc. Rambling • When the main points in a speech appear to be offered at random. Often unorganized and seemingly unorganized. • Tend to want to avoid but can be used effectively if asked to speak on the spot. Tends to be discouraged but can also be memorable (e.g., fictional monologues and political rallies). • Can be used for dramatic effect (e.g., speaker making seemingly random points but brings it together at the end).

What are the qualities to determine if an online source is credible?

Use CARS: An Internet Research Checklist 1. Credibility: Look into the credibility of the author(s). What are their credentials or qualifications? Does the author have expertise in the subject area? Does the information appear to be edited or peer reviewed? Use well-trusted websites or recommended websites recommended by teachers and professors. 2. Accuracy: Is the information timely and comprehensive? Does it appear to serve a general audience or a special interest? Is the information dated? 3. Reasonableness: Does the information appear balanced and objective? Is the information biased toward a particular worldview? 4. Support: Does the information provide its sources (a bibliography)? Can you find other resources that corroborate the information?