speech final exam
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. The "essential ingredients" you'll need when practicing your speech are:
A tape or video recorder A clock or wristwatch Your speech notes
A speech in which you began by discussing the percentage of drivers during a particular period of time who were drunk when involved in car accidents and then discussed number of deaths each year attributed directly to driving under the influence of alcohol, would be using which organizational pattern?
Cause-and-effect
sources for research
GALENet LexisNexis
five criteria for an effective thesis statement???
- It is a single sentence that conveys the essence of the speech. - It focuses the attention of audience members on what they should know, do, or feel after experiencing the speech. - It forecasts the development or organization of the speech. - It is phrased diplomatically, avoiding figurative language that is apt to in inflame. - It supports the specific purpose.
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is true regarding ethical communication?
- It is honest and accurate - It is reflective of your best interests and the interests of others
Your goal is to be fully ready to deliver a peak performance. To ensure you are, don't commit any of these training fouls:
- Preparing mentally does not replace preparing aurally. - Don't wait to be given feedback • Don't skip practice sessions
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are traditional or linear approaches to ordering material:
- Spatial order - Cause-and-effect order - Chronological order
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. What can speakers expect of a quality audience?
- That they are courteous and polite - That they are attentive to the message - That they give all ideas a fair hearing
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following can help reduce anxiety.
- Visualize a positive experience - Remember that listeners often don't know how nervous you are - Practice your speech in front of a practice audience
Whatever the nature of the policy disagreement, there are four aspects of any controversy that advocates usually address:
Is there a problem with the status quo? Is it fixable? Will the proposed solution work? Will the costs of fixing the problem outweigh the benefits of fixing the problem—that is, will the proposed solution help, or will it create new and more serious problems?
_____________________ identity regards income and social status.
Socioeconomic
Testimony
Speakers use the opinions of respected individuals to add credibility to the conclusions they draw. Testimony should be fair, unbiased, appropriate, and from a recognized expert
The difference between the rate of the average speaker and the rate of comprehension for the average listener is referred to as the:
Speech-thought differential
internal summary
Summaries help speakers clarify or emphasize what they have said.
the backing
Supporting information that answers other questions of concern and strengthens the warrant when it is controversial,
metaphor
builds a direct identification by omitting the words like or as
object speech
can cover anything tangible—a machine, building, structure, place, or phenomenon
Audio and video clips
can help make a speech more dynamic, involving, and exciting for receivers. Because they allow a speaker to custom design more sophisticated examples of presentation support, they can be extremely effective tools to use with today's mediawise audiences
graphs
can help speakers communicate statistical information, illustrate trends, and demonstrate patterns. Among the most commonly used are line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, and pictographs and infographics
a visual aid
can save time make it easier for audience to understand
______________________ transitions help show the cause-and-effect relationships between the ideas.
casual
The speech to persuade is designed primarily to...............
change the thoughts and/or the behaviors of receivers.
"Should carrying a concealed weapon be legal, yes or no?" is an example of which type of question:
close-ended
peer/lay testimony
comes from people who are not necessarily recognized authorities, but "ordinary people" who have firsthand experience with the subject
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Developing an understanding of organizational patterns has advantages as a(n):
communicator citizen listener speaker
literal analogy
compares two things from similar classes, for example, two viruses, two novels, or two crises.
figurative analogy
compares two things that at first appear to have little in com- mon with each other—a war and a dragon, or mad cow disease and an alien.
"Also", "next", "in addition to", and "likewise" are examples of ______________________ transitions.
complementary
a preliminary working outline
composed of a few words to identify the key points of your speech.
Which of the following is NOT a traditional or linear approach to ordering material.
configural order
triangle of meaning
devised by communication theorists C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, provides a model of the tenuous relationships among words, thoughts, and things
Ageist language
discriminates on the basis of age
Make sure to leave a positive final impression by avoiding these pitfalls:
don't end abruptly don't be long-winded don't introduce new ideas don't end with a thud
To ensure all goes smoothly and avoid committing an introductory foul, follow these guidelines:
don't forget to prepare don't rely on gimmicks don't pretend to be something you're not don't be long winded don't create the introduction first
The age of the audience is rarely a factor to consider.
false
There is a clear order your main points need to follow.
false
True or False: Problem-solution order is most frequently employed in informative presentations.
false
We should disregard our own person code of ethics when giving speeches.
false
You can easily reach, influence, motivate, or entertain an audience without knowing about its members.
false
logical fallacy
flawed reason,
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following should be considered when composing a demographic snapshot?
gender age sexual orientation socioeconomic background
main points
gives our body shape and purpose, these ideas serve as the framework of the outline that makes a successful speech
presentation aids
graphics, a photo or film segment, or maybe dramatic music—can supplement your words
____________________ is an involuntary physiological process while _______________ is a voluntary mental process.
hearing; listening
definitions
help bridge cultural divides, enhance audience understanding, and facilitate audience acceptance of a speaker's ideas
Drawings and maps
help illustrate key differences, movements, or geographic information. These visuals translate complex information into a format that receivers can grasp readily
Complementary transitions
help the speaker add one idea to the next. Also, next, in addition to, and likewise are examples.
figurative language
helps your audience picture your meaning, while the sound and rhythm of certain words help them sense your intensity
derived credibility
how they perceive you while you are speaking
terminal credibility
how they perceive you after your speech
Understatement
hyperbole's opposite, drawing attention to an idea by minimizing its importance.
linear format
if its main points develop and relate directly to the thesis or topic sentence that comes early in the presentation.
pie graphs (circle graphs)
illustrate percentages of a whole or distribution patterns. Ideally, pie graphs should contain from two to five clearly labeled "slices" or divisions
deferred-thesis pattern
in which the main points of a speech gradually build up to the speaker's thesis, which the speaker does not reveal until the speech is nearly over
narrative pattern
in which the speaker tells a story or series of stories without stating a thesis or developing it with main points.
web pattern
in which threads of thought refer back to the speaker's central purpose
Contrasting transitions
include terms such as but, on the one hand/on the other hand, in contrast, and in spite of. These words show how the idea that follows differs from the ones that precede it
secondary research
includes published statistics, texts and articles by experts, and media and personal documents.
euphemisms
indirect expressions; make it easier for speakers to handle unpleasant subjects, but often they also make it harder for audiences to develop a clear and accurate perception of what the speaker is saying.
false division
infers that if something is true of the whole, it is also true of one or more of its parts
inference
is a conclusion we draw based on a fact
expert testimony
is provided by sources recognized as authorities on your topic; when you cite an expert and establish his or her reputation, you enhance your credibility and that of your speech as well.
Persuasion
is the deliberate attempt to change or reinforce attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors
general purpose
is the overall effect you hope to have on your audience.
illustrator
it illustrates your content
Which of the following is NOT true regarding your outline?
it is a good idea, but not necessary
Follow these content and design pointers to help craft effective slides.
keep it simple keep it short use bullets avoid clutter be direct be design wise use a readable font use a suitable text size be color cautious be creative be in control remember you are a speaker first maintain eye contact always rehearse be prepared
__________________ are the key ideas or central themes of the speech
main points
The __________________ ideas of your speech are the subtopics of your speech that directly support your thesis, whereas the __________________ ideas of your speech are those ideas that function as support or amplification for your main ideas or subtopics.
main;subordinate
Events and people
make solid informative speech topics.
A _____________________ approach is useful in making revisions.
modular
full-sentence outline
more detailed; Elaborates main and sub-points
In the ____________________________pattern, the speaker tells a story or series of stories without stating a thesis or developing it with main points.
narrative
Emblems
nonverbal symbols that have a direct verbal translation and are widely understood by the members of a culture
subordinate points
or sub-points, are the foundation on which larger ideas are constructed.
syllogisms
patterns to structure arguments.
A speaker who organized his or her speech by discussing health issues related to traditional 5 day school weeks before presenting the notion of a 4 day school week would be using a ____________________________ organizational pattern
problem-solution
In a _________________ organizational pattern, the emphasis is on how a problem can be resolved.
problem-solution
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. During the responding stage you:
provide feedback react to the message
proposition of value
provides an answer to questions like these: What is bad? What is right? What is moral? A proposition of value represents your assertion of a statement's worth.
When you learn about you our audience member's _____________, you are understanding how they see themselves - their personality, values, attitudes, etc
psychographics
causal reasoning
reasoning that unites two or more events to prove that one or more of them caused the other—a speaker either cites observed causes and infers effects, or cites observed effects and infers causes.
restatement
rephrasing an idea in different words to more fully explain it
impromptu speaking
requires that you be able to think on your feet
manuscript reading
requires that you write a manuscript in full and deliver it word for word, but you need not commit the text to memory.
Applause for a speaker occurs during which stage?
responding
repetition
reusing the exact same words
The second stage of creating an outline for your speech is to create the full ________________ outline.
sentence
sound bite speaking/twitter speak
short, memorable statements that can be tweeted after being delivered aurally.
Line graphs
show trends over time
The specific purpose statement of an informative speech often contains such words as.......
show, explain, report, instruct, describe, and (not surprisingly) inform
"Above all else, remember this," is an example of a(n):
sign post
proxemics
space and distance
Our political system depends on citizens who:
speak honestly speak openly freely and carefully to all sides of the issue
extemporaneous outline
speakers note, helps guide yo through your speech. This outline reminds you of the key parts of your speech and the support you will use to develop each point.
A(n) _______________ generally contains short sentences, whereas a(n) _______________ often contains complex sentences.
speech;essay
According to sociolinguist Deborah Tannen, "women speak and hear a language of connection and intimacy" whereas "men speak and hear a language of __________ and __________.
status; independence
_____________________ ideas are the foundation on which larger ideas are constructed.
subordinate
evidence
Use facts and statistics to lay the groundwork for persuasion and validate the conclusions you are asking receivers to accept
Toulmin Reasonable Argument Model
suggests that if you state your claim clearly and qualify it so as not to overgeneralize an issue, support it with reasons, and connect it to the evidence you offer via the warrant, you improve your chances of persuading others to accept it.
Sexist language
suggests that the two sexes are unequal and that one gender has more status and value and is more capable than the other
An informative speech is designed to _________
teach
ethos
the ability to convince the audience of your competence, good character, and charisma—your credibility
pathos
the ability to develop empathy and passion in others.
logos
the ability to use logical proof to demonstrate the reasonableness of argument(s)
Each of the six stages of listening are influenced by emotional and intellectual biases referred to as:
affectors
internal preview
also helps hold your speech together, but is generally longer than a simple transition. It prepares audience members for the information that will follow
Speaking from memory
also known as oratory, requires considerable skill and speaking expertise.
Photographs
also make effective visual aids make sure audience members can see it well. Select your photos with care, and enlarge them sufficiently.
the speech to entertain is designed to ______ ____ __________
amuse an audience
simile
an indirect comparison of dissimilar things, usually with the words like or as.
prop
an object that has the power to compel listeners to focus their attention on your message and better understand your subject t. To be effective, the object should be large enough for everyone to see, but small enough so you can carry it to your presentation and handle it with ease.
Antithesis
another means of adding vividness to a speech, achieves its objective by presenting opposites within the same or adjoining sentences.
configural formats
are less explicit in offering hard evidence in defense of a position
Propositions of fact
are statements asserting that something does or does not exist or is or is not true
Causal transitions
are words like because, therefore, and consequently; they help show the cause-and effect relationships between the ideas
proposition of policy
asks receivers to support a change in policy and/or to take action to remedy an existing situation or solve a perceived problem
Pitch
the highness or lowness of your voice on a tonal scale; it is your voice's upward or downward inflection
habitual pitch
the level at which we speak most often
Volume
the loudness or softness of the voice, its intensity
Glittering generalities
the opposite of a personal attack. Here the speaker associates an idea with things that the audience values highly (such as democracy and fairness
proposition
the relationship you wish to establish between accepted facts and your desired conclusions
Alliteration
the repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.
Who has the responsibilities of speechmaking?
the speaker and the listener
Rate
the speed at which you speak
Hyperbole
the use of extreme exaggeration for effect
Articulation
the way you pronounce individual sounds
Which of the following are true for open-ended questions?
they may not deliver the desired information They generate more detailed responses They may be harder to interpret
charts
to help compress or summarize large amounts of information.
three general rhetorical purposes.....
to inform to persuade to entertain
signposts
to make receivers aware that they are about to explain something, share an important idea, or let the audience know where they are in the progression of a speech. signaling cues such as, - numbers - phrases designed to focus on receiver attention - phrases that indicate an explanation is forthcoming - rhetorical questions
A speech examining the pros and cons of online anonymity would likely be using which linear organization?
topical
A good speaker builds redundancy into his or her message.
true
Audience members will often filter out the information that they deem less important.
true
We are exposed to millions of words every year.
true
true or False: If your listeners do not retain your main points, there is little purpose in them listening to the speech.
true
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are stages of listening?
understanding responding evaluating
jargon and technospeak
unfamiliar words and specialized language
spotlighting
used to reinforce the notion that men, and not women, set the standard
bar graph
useful for comparing or contrasting two or more items or groups
The A-B-C approach
uses the alphabet to help find a potential topic. is tech- nique is particularly useful in helping prevent "idea paralysis."
political correctness
using words that convey respect for and sensitivity to the needs and interests of different groups.
paralinguistic
vocal cues—pitch, volume, rate, and articulation—that play a part in creating the impression you make on an audience.
reasoning from analogy
we compare like things and conclude that because they are comparable in a number of ways, they also are comparable in another, new respect.
Slippery slope
when asserting that one action will set in motion a chain of events
Hasty generalizations
when you jump to a conclusion based on too little evidence
pronunciation
whether the words themselves are said correctly.
optimal pitch
which is where our voice functions best and where we have extensive vocal variation up and down the scale
parallelism
words, phrases, or sentences parallel each other or balance with one another, often mirroring each other
transitions
work as bridges from idea to idea. A transition also serves as the glue that binds your ideas into a completed presentation rather than an array of unrelated concepts.
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. We spend more time listening than we do:
writing reading speaking
argument ad hominem
you ask your audience to reject an idea because of a flaw in a person associated with that idea
When you deintensify an emotion....
you diminish your facial expressions so that audience members will judge your behavior as more acceptable.
concrete
you enhance your message with sufficient specificity and detail for audience members to form clear mental pictures, grounding your ideas in specific references rather than vague abstractions
When you intensify an emotion...
you exaggerate your facial expressions to reflect the degree of expression you believe audience members expect you to exhibit.
red herring
you lead your audience to consider an irrelevant issue instead of the subject actually under discussion.
deductive reasoning
you offer general evidence that leads to a specific conclusion
inductive reasoning
you progress from a series of specific observations to a more general claim or conclusion.
False dichotomy
you require your audience to choose between two options, usually polar extremes, when in reality there are many in between.
When you neutralize an emotion....
you suppress your real feelings so as to suggest greater inner strength and resilience to listeners
when you mask an emotion...
you try to replace one emotion with another to which you believe audience members will respond more favorably
specific purpose
your statement of the speech's main objective. It identifies what you want your speech to accomplish or what you hope to do with your speech.
Rhetorical questions
—questions requiring no overt answer or response
Persuaders rely on four key methods of reasoning to move receivers to affirm or act on their goal:
(1) deductive reasoning, (2) inductive reasoning, (3) causal reasoning, and (4) analogical reasoning
Three major factors affect the audience's judgment of your credibility:
(1) their perception of your competence, (2) their perception of your character, and (3) their opinion of whether you are charismatic.
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. You are being an unethical speaker when you do the following:
- Cover up information - Distort information - Lie about information
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements are true of the thesis statement?
- It express the central idea of your speech - It reflects your narrowed topic by declaring what you want the speech to accomplish - It can be as little as one sentence
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are questions you should ask yourself when analyzing the occasion?
How long should me speech be? What type of room will the speech be in? What kind of speech is the audience expecting? Is the audience here voluntarily?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four "key plays" to delivering your first speech?
Identifying your weaknesses
Low-context communication is generally seen in ____________ cultures.
Individualistic
narratives
More detailed and vivid than brief examples, extended examples are built very much like a story: they open, reveal a complication, contain a climax, and describe a resolution
_______________ a phone ringing in the audience would be an example of:
Noise
Based on the psychology of persuasion, Monroe's Motivated Sequence has five phases that move listeners toward accepting and acting on a proposition of policy:
Phase One: Attention Phase Two: Need Phase Three: Satisfaction Phase Four: Visualization Phase Five: Action
Words such as "first", "finally", and "next" are:
Signposts
immediacy
The amount of space between presenter and receivers
Physical discomfort, a psychological state, intellectual ability, or the environment can create noise.
True
True or False: Organization and content are equal partners in speech development.
True
You should indicate in your outline where you plan to use visual aids.
True
pictograph
a graphic representation of the subject—is a simplified version of an infographic
kinesics
body language
A ___________________ audience is one composed of persons of diverse ages with different characteristics, attitudes, values, and knowledge.
heterogeneous
initial credibility
how receivers perceive you before you speak
A speech has a ____________________ organization if its main points develop and relate directly to the thesis or topic sentence that comes early in the presentation.
linear
denotative meaning
precise and objective
statistics
to clarify and strengthen our ideas and claims, and to express the seriousness of a situation and/or the magnitude of a problem.9
Use these questions to assess your appearance:
• Am I well groomed? • Am I dressed appropriately? • Does my appearance support both the content and mood of my speech? • Am I wearing anything that might distract the audience's attention?
claim
expresses an arguable opinion or point of view;
Which of the following express societies opinions of the rightness or wrongness of an act?
ethics
. A claim
The proposition or thesis you hope to prove
explanation
clarify
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. We listen with our:
mind heart ears
. A warrant
. A logical and persuasive relationship that explains how you get to your claim from the data you offer
Use these two questions to check the validity of an analogy
1. Are the objects of comparison in the speech alike in essential respects? That is, are they more alike than they are different? 2. Are the differences between them significant?
______________ refers to a technique that focuses attention on our thoughts rather than on our bodily reactions that works by altering the beliefs people have about themselves and their abilities.
Cognitive restructuring
Sending the message is the exclusive job of the source.
False
The specific purpose of your speech should be a 2-3 sentence statement.
False
You can evaluate the soundness of causal reasoning by asking:
Is the cause cited real or actual? Is the cause cited an oversimplification?
the qualifier
Limitations placed on the connection between the data and the warrant, usually symbolized by words such as often, rarely, or always,
When you contemplate how conditions of place and time influence both behavior and the outcome of the communication event, you are considering the:
Situational/cultural context
Which of the following is NOT true regarding audience diversity?
The language of your speech should not change based on your audience
Which of the following is NOT true regarding racial and ethnic identities?
They don't influence how we receive a message
coordinate points
This simply means that all the main points you discuss should be of equal weight or substance
Cause and Effect order
To categorize a topic and relevant materials into those related to the causes and consequences of a problem (informative ad persuasive speaking).requires you to categorize your materials into those related to the causes of a problem and those related to its effects.
refutation format
When arguing against a previously espoused position, you first note the stance being refuted, state your position, support it, and demonstrate why your position undermines the one previously stated
appeal to misplaced authority
When a speaker asks us to endorse an idea because a well-liked personality who is not an expert on the subject has endorsed it, we should question the request critically
extemporaneous speaking
When a speech is prepared and practiced in advance but is neither written out word for word nor memorized
appeal to tradition
When appealing to tradition, you ask the members of your audience to accept your idea or plan because that's the way it's always been done, or to reject a new idea because the old way of doing things is better.
dialect
a speech pattern characteristic of a group of people from a particular area or of a specific ethnicity
reasons approach
a type of topical organization, in which each reason in support of the position is presented as a main point.
A mind map
a visual means of showing relationships among brainstormed ideas
Onomatopoeia
a word or words imitating natural sounds, also enhances vividness.
Our _________________ are what we hold to be true and false.
beliefs
human visual aid
can be effective if her role is well planned and she is not allowed to distract audience members
thesis/central idea
declarative sentence that divides a topic into its major components and summarizes the main points of your speech.
Racist language
expresses bigoted views about a person or persons from another group, based on a person's ideas of that race
A speaker can value cultural diversity while attempting to convince others of the superiority of their culture.
false
Creating a speech is just like writing an essay.
false
It is rare to have a heterogeneous audience.
false
infographics
help speakers relay information in more interesting ways. Infographics are particularly useful in helping audience members visualize data
Chronological transitions
help the listener understand the time relationship between the first main point and the one that follows (Words and phrases such as before, after, later, at the same time, while, and finally show what is happening in time order)
wiki
is a website whose content is composed and edited by members of the public.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
is another organizational framework that speakers on propositions of policy find particularly effective in motivating receivers to act.
rule of one to three
is says that you should aim for three sources ("the rule of three") for every minute of the presentation.
computer-generated graphic
technology is helping transform ordinary presentations into extraordinary speechmaking events, but you need to be selective when deciding whether or not to use presentation software
Bandwagon appeals
tells receivers that because "everyone is doing it" they should as well.
rule of one.
that is, you should aim to refer to at least one source for every minute of your presentation.
probing questions
that seek more information
chronological order
to organize the body of your speech, you explain to your audience members the order in which events happened.
descriptions
to produce fresh and striking word pictures designed to provoke sensory reactions.
pause
to slow the rate of the speech
Our _________________ are the standards by which we judge what is right or wrong.
values
Connotative meaning
variable and subjective
idea or concept
we typically define and explain it.
As you decide what to include in your speech from your Web search, ask yourself the following questions about information you and on websites and on social media:
- Who is the site's sponsor? - To what sites, if any, is the site linked? - What is the connection between the site and the links? Are the links from reputable sites? - What clues does the Internet address of the site provide? - Who wrote the material that appears on the site? Is the author a quali ed and reliable source? How recent is the webpage? How often is information on it updated? Why is the site on the Web? Is its primary purpose to provide information or to sell a product or idea?
With that in mind, ask these questions to evaluate your attention-getter
- Will audience members perceive it as relevant to the topic? • Will they follow it without difficulty? • Will it ignite their interest?
Data
. Reasons, facts, and evidence for making the claim
. A syllogism has three parts:
1. A major premise, that is, a general statement or truth; for example, we must condemn speech that precipitates violence. 2. A minor premise, which is a more specific statement that describes a claim made about a related object; for example, a speech by the grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan will precipitate violence. 3. A conclusion derived from both the major premise and the minor premise; for example, therefore we must condemn this speech.
When using a human visual aid, follow these coaching pointers:
1. Be certain your "human visual" is willing and committed to helping you accomplish your objectives. 2. Be sure to rehearse with this person prior to the big day. 3. Any human visual aid is subordinate to your speech
Keep these coaching pointers in mind when using both props and models:
1. Be sure the prop or model illustrates and reinforces an important point. 2. Be sure it's visible from anywhere in the audience. 3. Keep it hidden until ready to use it. 4. Put it away when finished using it. 5. Practice so you can use it without difficulty or calling undue attention to yourself
For maximum effectiveness, presentation aids need to be skillfully integrated into your speech and not create awkward moments for you. Here are some tips:
1. Be sure your visual and audio aids are in place before starting. 2. Present and explain each one. 3. Stand to one side of the visual and talk to the audience, making sure everyone can see the visual. 4. Keep physical possession and control of your visual. 5. Put the visual away when you are finished referring to it.
Whatever types of graphs you use, keep in mind the following guidelines:
1. Clearly title the graph. 2. Keep the graph as simple as possible. Too many graphs or too much information contributes to information overload. 3. Help receivers with the interpretation process. Don't assume they will read the graph the way you expect them to. 4. Make sure the graph is large enough for the audience to see everything written on it and contains colors that are distinguishable. Clear graphs facilitate clear speech.
By using an outline you can....
1. Confirm clarity of both the purpose statement and thesis 2. Critique construction of both main and subpoints 3. Identify placement of transitions or idea connectors
Sharing information involves transferring an idea or a skill to others, with the hope that you will accomplish at least one of the following two goals
1. Expand your audience's knowledge, or 2. Clarify what your audience knows by reducing their confusion or uncertainty, or providing a fresh way of perceiving. To accomplish either goal, you need to deliver a speech that 1. conveys information that is well organized, clear, and accurate; 2. delivers the right amount of content, avoiding information overload or underload; 3. creates information hunger; and 4. is memorable.
. Making effective eye contact early and often with an audience serves a number of important functions:
1. Eye contact signals that the lines of communication are open between speaker and listeners. It is easier for audience members to ignore a speaker who has not established eye contact with them. 2. Eye contact psychologically reduces the distance between speaker and listeners, helping to cement their bond. 3. It allows the speaker to obtain valuable feedback from audience members regarding how the speech is coming across, enabling the speaker to adjust his or her delivery as needed. 4. It communicates the speaker's confidence, conviction, concern, and interest.
. Consider these criteria when deciding whether to use a presentation aid:
1. Is it worth its cost? Will the amount of time and effort you expend preparing the aid pay off in audience interest and response? 2. Does it "talk" to receivers? Will the visual or audio aid facilitate your task by saving you words? Will your listeners be able to understand and relate to it? Might anyone in your audience find the visuals or sounds you are using inappropriate or distracting? 3. Am I skilled enough and equipped to use it effectively? Is equipment on site? Will you have the opportunity to practice with the equipment? Unrealistic expectations regarding the time it will take you to master using a piece of equipment could leave you with too little time to rehearse your speech. Remember, using visual and audio aids well takes practice too.
A well-designed conclusion fulfills these functions:
1. It lets the audience know a presentation is drawing to a close. 2. It summarizes key ideas the speaker shared. 3. It "wows" receivers, reenergizing them and reminding them of the response the speaker seeks. 4. It provides the speech with a sense of closure
When delivering a speech, or even a section of a speech, from memory, keep these techniques in mind
1. Rehearse sufficiently to sound natural. 2. Keep your energy high. 3. Use appropriate nonverbal cues to reinforce the spoken words
In a speech about an idea, also known as a concept speech, your goal is to explain it in such a way that audience members agree on two things
1. The idea has relevance and importance for them, and 2. They want you to clarify or elaborate on it
How do you choose an appropriate delivery style? Take the following three factors into account
1. The nature of the speaking occasion 2. The purpose of the presentation 3. Your strengths and abilities
MYGLO or "My eyes glaze over" often happens when:
A speaker does not take the needs or interests of the members of the audience into account
Appeal to fear
A speaker who makes receivers feel overly fearful in order to accomplish his or her goals often ends up pandering to prejudices or escalating the legitimate fears of receivers
What do you notice about each of the preceding specific purposes? Though formulated for very different topics, they share at least five characteristics.
1. The specific purpose is stated as an nitive phrase, that is, to explain or to convince. 2. The specific purpose is for your personal use and is written from your perspective; it identifies your concrete goal and can guide your research and the direction of your speech. 3. The specific purpose focuses on a single, distinct idea. 4. The specific purpose relates your topic to your audience by specifying what you want the audience to know, think, or do as a result of your speech. 5. The specific purpose is clear and concise, not muddled or unfocused.
When planning on integrating visual or audio aids into a speech, consider these key questions
1. What can I do to make my presentation more visually and aurally alive for my listeners? 2. Which presentation aids are most appropriate given the situation or setting for my speech? What kinds of presentation aids will the location of the speech allow? 3. Which presentation aids best suit the purpose of my speech?
To succeed, the persuasive speaker must be able to identify his or her objectives succinctly and, more specifically, be able to answer the following two questions:
1. What exactly am I trying to reinforce or change in my receivers? 2. How must the members of my audience alter their attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors for them to respond as I desire?
To hone your own level of credibility, answer these five questions as you draft your speech.
1. Why should audience members listen to me? 2. What have I done or experienced that qualifies me to speak on the topic? 3. How personally committed am I to the ideas I am about to share with my audience? 4. What steps can I take to communicate my concerns and enthusiasm to the audience? 5. How can I use my appearance, attitude, and delivery to help establish my goodwill and make my case?
. We remember only ___ percent of what we read, ____ percent of what we hear, and _____ percent of what we see. But we remember more than ____ percent of what we see and hear simultaneously
10 20 30 50
Public speaking anxiety (PSA) affects what percentage of all speakers?
40-80%
Speakers who make visuals an inherent part of their presentations are perceived as better communicators and are ___ percent more likely to persuade their audiences than were speakers who relied exclusively on spoken words.
43
As a college student, you will spend approximately what percent of class listening?
60%
Speech Alone
70% retention after 3 hours 10% after 3 days
Visual alone
72% retention after 3 hours 20% retention after 3 days
We lose what percentage of what we hear over a very short time?
75%
Humans process more than ____ percent of all information we receive through our sense of sight
80
Speech and Visual
85% retention after 3 hours 65% retention after 3 days
facts
A fact is a statement that direct observation can prove true or false. Once proven, facts are noncontroversial and readily verifiable. Some common assertions aren't facts because there isn't enough information
closure
An effective means of giving a speech balance is to refer in the conclusion to ideas explored in the introduction
credibility
An effective persuasive speaker is someone audience members perceive as qualified. The more credibility receivers feel you have, the more likely they are to believe what you say, and think and do as you advocate
You can evaluate whether a speaker's use of inductive reasoning is effective by asking and answering these two questions:
Are enough reasons given to justify the conclusion drawn? Are the instances cited typical and representative?
In preparation for speaking, ask yourself these questions relevant to your facial expressiveness:
Are my facial expressions conveying the proper emotions? • Do my facial expressions support my thoughts and feelings?
Ask yourself these questions about your gestures:
Are my gestures natural and spontaneous, rather than exaggerated, too patterned, or uncertain? • Do they support my words? • Are they varied appropriately?
When you are ready to speak, ask yourself these posture-related questions:
Does my posture convey my command of the speech experience? • Does it express my interest in the audience? • Does it demonstrate my comfort with speaking before others?
Pauses help the speaker maintain control. Use the following pause pointers to enhance your effectiveness:
Before starting. Some speakers begin speaking even before getting to the front of the room. This demonstrates a lack of control. Instead, once in position, pause, scan the audience, and then begin. After posing a rhetorical question. Give members of the audience time to contemplate the question. When you are about to make an important point. Silence signals the significance of what will come next. When transitioning from one part of the speech to another. This gives receivers time to adjust psychologically. After delivering your final words. Don't leave your position while still speaking, demonstrating your desire to remove yourself from being the audience's focus. Instead, pause, scan the audience as you did at the outset, and then walk back to your seat at a comfortable pace
Hannah has decided on her topic and is beginning to write her speech. Which section of her speech would you suggest she develop first?
Body
Examples and illustrations
Both real and hypothetical examples and illustrations are used to support facts a speaker wants audience members to accept
You can evaluate examples of deductive reasoning with these criteria:
Both the major premise and the minor premise must be true. The conclusion must follow logically from the premise
BRIEF
Brainstorm ideas Research ideas Interpret ideas Energize ideas Finalize ideas
When called on to deliver an impromptu speech, remember the following guidelines:
Compose yourself. Think about your purpose. Relate the subject to what you know and have experienced and receiver interests. Organize your talk—connect your ideas to each other, and be certain to use an introduction, body, and conclusion. Don't ramble. Keep it brief, covering just two to three points. Stay on message.
___________________ refers to the principle that your main points should be relatively equal in importance, whereas ______________________ refers to the idea that you should have supporting ideas that underlie your main points
Coordination; subordination
When you listen in order to make an evaluation or a decision, you are using which type of listening?
Critical/Deliberative Listening
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic moves in the topic selection "play"?
Determine the ease of presenting a topic
Keep these techniques in mind when delivering a sound bite or Twitter speak
Develop a sentence that captures your subject's essence. Make your comments memorable. Abbreviate the speech until it is tweet-size—140 characters. You might also create a 6-second video to accompany it, using Vine
________________ refers to our internal communication that can often derail our attempts to control our anxiety.
Self-talk
The sharper your specific purpose, the easier you will find it to develop your speech. So while formulating your specific purpose, complete this checklist:
Does my specific purpose reject the assignment or speech situation? Will I be able to obtain my specific goal in the speaking time allotted me? Will I be able to prepare a speech that fulfills my specific purpose in a manner my listeners will be able to understand and respond to? Will my audience assess my goal to be relevant to their needs and rejective of their interests? Will my audience judge my purpose to be significant and worthy of their attention?
model
Effective models can aid in comprehension and retention by increasing the amount of audience engagement and interest.
It is important to respect all members of the audience, acknowledging their cultural beliefs, norms, or preferences, and taking their perspectives into account when selecting your words
Eliminate idioms and jargon that persons unfamiliar with your topic would find confusing or frustrating. Speak in short units that facilitate the processing of your words, while making certain that you do not "dumb down" your content or talk down to the members of your audience. Avoid using overly technical language as well as overblown language that overwhelms rather than interests listeners.
Which of the following is NOT suggested after you have given your speech.
Harshly criticize what you did wrong so you can do better next time
In order for your speech to remain with your audience after you have finished speaking, you must convey the enthusiasm you have for your subject to your listeners, and make it memorable. To do this, you can
Let them know what you think is important for them to retain. Stress those points via verbal and nonverbal means, using repetition, pauses, vocal emphasis, and gestures. Build in audience participation.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow depicted motivation as a pyramid, with our most basic needs at the pyramid's base and our most sophisticated needs at its apex, According to Maslow, basic necessities of life are physiological: air, shelter, food, water, and procreation
A ________________ is a device that is use to trigger memory.
Mnemonic
rebuttal
Potential counterarguments, at times proffered during the initial argument
primary research
Primary research is original research involving the collecting of firsthand data, including using your knowledge and experiences, conducting surveys, and interviewing credible sources.
Persuasive speakers seek change that usually results in one or more of the following goals:
Reinforcement of a position • Shift in a position • Adoption of a behavior • Elimination of a behavior
To prepare a good extemporaneous speech, remember to:
Research the topic thoroughly. Create an outline and speaker's notes. Rehearse, familiarizing yourself with the organizational pattern, including the introduction and conclusion. Speak conversationally. Become so comfortable with the topic that you are able to adjust your speech, adapting to the audience as needed
In your outline, your main points will be represented with
Roman numerals I, II, III, etc.
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements are true regarding internal previews?
They help prepare audience members for what is coming next They helps hold your speech together like a transition Internal previews are generally longer than transitions
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is/are true regarding configural formats?
They imply what they want the audience to know They indirectly state their goal
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are true regarding main points?
They should be clear They should be easily identifiable as main points The order of main points should flow logically
Spatial order
To describe the physical arrangement of objects in space (informative speaking). Main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, north to south, and so forth—or vice versa.
Chronological order
To explain to audience members the order in which events happened; to describe a series of sequential developments (informative)
Topical order
To highlight the natural divisions of a topic; to identify the natural clusters or subtopics of a speech (informative, persuasive, special occasion)
Problem-Solution order
To identify a significant problem that needs a resolution and then a solution to alleviate the problem; to demonstrate a problem's nature and significance, then solutions (persuasive speaking)
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. In the United States, we are guaranteed free speech, but that doesn't mean:
We shouldn't listen critically People will listen to us We can speak without being questioned
processes and procedures
When delivering a speech that focuses on a process or procedure, you will probably find it most useful to arrange your ideas in either chronological or topical order
testimony
When speakers use the opinions of others to reinforce claims they are making
personal attacks
When you engage in name-calling, you give an idea, a group, or a person a bad name
hypothetical examples
When you integrate brief or extended examples that have not actually occurred into your speeches
straw man
When you respond to another's position by distorting, exaggerating, or misrepresenting their argument, you are depending on a "straw man" in an attempt to create the illusion that you refuted the other's stance successfully.
When the demands of the occasion make manuscript delivery necessary, remember the following:
Write the speech to be listened to; the audience will not be reading along with you. Be sure to use a font that is easy to read and large enough to see. Mark up the manuscript with delivery cues. Focus on communicating ideas, not words. Practice reading it aloud so your words sound fresh. Become so familiar with the manuscript that you are able to maintain eye contact and integrate appropriate gestures.
In order for a fear appeal to work, audience members must believe:
You are a credible source. The threat you describe is real. Taking action to remove the threat will restore them to a state of balance.
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Why is it important to understand how your audience views your topic?
You can demonstrate how your messages matches their beliefs or values You can adapt your speech to address their values and concerns You can be prepared to address misconceptions
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of public speaking for your personal life?
You can make your friends do what you want them to.
Brainstorming
a process of free association in which your goal is to generate as many ideas as possible without fear of critique.
Keep these guidelines in mind when speaking to an audience:
• Begin by looking audience members in the eye. • Keep your gaze steady and personal as you distribute it evenly about the room or auditorium; in this way you visually demonstrate your interest in everyone present. • Do not stare blankly. A blank stare can be mistaken for a hostile glower or a sign of a blank mind. • Maintain eye contact with your listeners for at least three seconds after you conclude your speech. Let your final words sink in before you leave the lectern.