speech final exam

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. The "essential ingredients" you'll need when practicing your speech are:

A tape or video recorder A clock or wristwatch Your speech notes

A speech in which you began by discussing the percentage of drivers during a particular period of time who were drunk when involved in car accidents and then discussed number of deaths each year attributed directly to driving under the influence of alcohol, would be using which organizational pattern?

Cause-and-effect

sources for research

GALENet LexisNexis

five criteria for an effective thesis statement???

- It is a single sentence that conveys the essence of the speech. - It focuses the attention of audience members on what they should know, do, or feel after experiencing the speech. - It forecasts the development or organization of the speech. - It is phrased diplomatically, avoiding figurative language that is apt to in inflame. - It supports the specific purpose.

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is true regarding ethical communication?

- It is honest and accurate - It is reflective of your best interests and the interests of others

Your goal is to be fully ready to deliver a peak performance. To ensure you are, don't commit any of these training fouls:

- Preparing mentally does not replace preparing aurally. - Don't wait to be given feedback • Don't skip practice sessions

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are traditional or linear approaches to ordering material:

- Spatial order - Cause-and-effect order - Chronological order

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. What can speakers expect of a quality audience?

- That they are courteous and polite - That they are attentive to the message - That they give all ideas a fair hearing

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following can help reduce anxiety.

- Visualize a positive experience - Remember that listeners often don't know how nervous you are - Practice your speech in front of a practice audience

Whatever the nature of the policy disagreement, there are four aspects of any controversy that advocates usually address:

Is there a problem with the status quo? Is it fixable? Will the proposed solution work? Will the costs of fixing the problem outweigh the benefits of fixing the problem—that is, will the proposed solution help, or will it create new and more serious problems?

_____________________ identity regards income and social status.

Socioeconomic

Testimony

Speakers use the opinions of respected individuals to add credibility to the conclusions they draw. Testimony should be fair, unbiased, appropriate, and from a recognized expert

The difference between the rate of the average speaker and the rate of comprehension for the average listener is referred to as the:

Speech-thought differential

internal summary

Summaries help speakers clarify or emphasize what they have said.

the backing

Supporting information that answers other questions of concern and strengthens the warrant when it is controversial,

metaphor

builds a direct identification by omitting the words like or as

object speech

can cover anything tangible—a machine, building, structure, place, or phenomenon

Audio and video clips

can help make a speech more dynamic, involving, and exciting for receivers. Because they allow a speaker to custom design more sophisticated examples of presentation support, they can be extremely effective tools to use with today's mediawise audiences

graphs

can help speakers communicate statistical information, illustrate trends, and demonstrate patterns. Among the most commonly used are line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, and pictographs and infographics

a visual aid

can save time make it easier for audience to understand

______________________ transitions help show the cause-and-effect relationships between the ideas.

casual

The speech to persuade is designed primarily to...............

change the thoughts and/or the behaviors of receivers.

"Should carrying a concealed weapon be legal, yes or no?" is an example of which type of question:

close-ended

peer/lay testimony

comes from people who are not necessarily recognized authorities, but "ordinary people" who have firsthand experience with the subject

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Developing an understanding of organizational patterns has advantages as a(n):

communicator citizen listener speaker

literal analogy

compares two things from similar classes, for example, two viruses, two novels, or two crises.

figurative analogy

compares two things that at first appear to have little in com- mon with each other—a war and a dragon, or mad cow disease and an alien.

"Also", "next", "in addition to", and "likewise" are examples of ______________________ transitions.

complementary

a preliminary working outline

composed of a few words to identify the key points of your speech.

Which of the following is NOT a traditional or linear approach to ordering material.

configural order

triangle of meaning

devised by communication theorists C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, provides a model of the tenuous relationships among words, thoughts, and things

Ageist language

discriminates on the basis of age

Make sure to leave a positive final impression by avoiding these pitfalls:

don't end abruptly don't be long-winded don't introduce new ideas don't end with a thud

To ensure all goes smoothly and avoid committing an introductory foul, follow these guidelines:

don't forget to prepare don't rely on gimmicks don't pretend to be something you're not don't be long winded don't create the introduction first

The age of the audience is rarely a factor to consider.

false

There is a clear order your main points need to follow.

false

True or False: Problem-solution order is most frequently employed in informative presentations.

false

We should disregard our own person code of ethics when giving speeches.

false

You can easily reach, influence, motivate, or entertain an audience without knowing about its members.

false

logical fallacy

flawed reason,

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following should be considered when composing a demographic snapshot?

gender age sexual orientation socioeconomic background

main points

gives our body shape and purpose, these ideas serve as the framework of the outline that makes a successful speech

presentation aids

graphics, a photo or film segment, or maybe dramatic music—can supplement your words

____________________ is an involuntary physiological process while _______________ is a voluntary mental process.

hearing; listening

definitions

help bridge cultural divides, enhance audience understanding, and facilitate audience acceptance of a speaker's ideas

Drawings and maps

help illustrate key differences, movements, or geographic information. These visuals translate complex information into a format that receivers can grasp readily

Complementary transitions

help the speaker add one idea to the next. Also, next, in addition to, and likewise are examples.

figurative language

helps your audience picture your meaning, while the sound and rhythm of certain words help them sense your intensity

derived credibility

how they perceive you while you are speaking

terminal credibility

how they perceive you after your speech

Understatement

hyperbole's opposite, drawing attention to an idea by minimizing its importance.

linear format

if its main points develop and relate directly to the thesis or topic sentence that comes early in the presentation.

pie graphs (circle graphs)

illustrate percentages of a whole or distribution patterns. Ideally, pie graphs should contain from two to five clearly labeled "slices" or divisions

deferred-thesis pattern

in which the main points of a speech gradually build up to the speaker's thesis, which the speaker does not reveal until the speech is nearly over

narrative pattern

in which the speaker tells a story or series of stories without stating a thesis or developing it with main points.

web pattern

in which threads of thought refer back to the speaker's central purpose

Contrasting transitions

include terms such as but, on the one hand/on the other hand, in contrast, and in spite of. These words show how the idea that follows differs from the ones that precede it

secondary research

includes published statistics, texts and articles by experts, and media and personal documents.

euphemisms

indirect expressions; make it easier for speakers to handle unpleasant subjects, but often they also make it harder for audiences to develop a clear and accurate perception of what the speaker is saying.

false division

infers that if something is true of the whole, it is also true of one or more of its parts

inference

is a conclusion we draw based on a fact

expert testimony

is provided by sources recognized as authorities on your topic; when you cite an expert and establish his or her reputation, you enhance your credibility and that of your speech as well.

Persuasion

is the deliberate attempt to change or reinforce attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors

general purpose

is the overall effect you hope to have on your audience.

illustrator

it illustrates your content

Which of the following is NOT true regarding your outline?

it is a good idea, but not necessary

Follow these content and design pointers to help craft effective slides.

keep it simple keep it short use bullets avoid clutter be direct be design wise use a readable font use a suitable text size be color cautious be creative be in control remember you are a speaker first maintain eye contact always rehearse be prepared

__________________ are the key ideas or central themes of the speech

main points

The __________________ ideas of your speech are the subtopics of your speech that directly support your thesis, whereas the __________________ ideas of your speech are those ideas that function as support or amplification for your main ideas or subtopics.

main;subordinate

Events and people

make solid informative speech topics.

A _____________________ approach is useful in making revisions.

modular

full-sentence outline

more detailed; Elaborates main and sub-points

In the ____________________________pattern, the speaker tells a story or series of stories without stating a thesis or developing it with main points.

narrative

Emblems

nonverbal symbols that have a direct verbal translation and are widely understood by the members of a culture

subordinate points

or sub-points, are the foundation on which larger ideas are constructed.

syllogisms

patterns to structure arguments.

A speaker who organized his or her speech by discussing health issues related to traditional 5 day school weeks before presenting the notion of a 4 day school week would be using a ____________________________ organizational pattern

problem-solution

In a _________________ organizational pattern, the emphasis is on how a problem can be resolved.

problem-solution

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. During the responding stage you:

provide feedback react to the message

proposition of value

provides an answer to questions like these: What is bad? What is right? What is moral? A proposition of value represents your assertion of a statement's worth.

When you learn about you our audience member's _____________, you are understanding how they see themselves - their personality, values, attitudes, etc

psychographics

causal reasoning

reasoning that unites two or more events to prove that one or more of them caused the other—a speaker either cites observed causes and infers effects, or cites observed effects and infers causes.

restatement

rephrasing an idea in different words to more fully explain it

impromptu speaking

requires that you be able to think on your feet

manuscript reading

requires that you write a manuscript in full and deliver it word for word, but you need not commit the text to memory.

Applause for a speaker occurs during which stage?

responding

repetition

reusing the exact same words

The second stage of creating an outline for your speech is to create the full ________________ outline.

sentence

sound bite speaking/twitter speak

short, memorable statements that can be tweeted after being delivered aurally.

Line graphs

show trends over time

The specific purpose statement of an informative speech often contains such words as.......

show, explain, report, instruct, describe, and (not surprisingly) inform

"Above all else, remember this," is an example of a(n):

sign post

proxemics

space and distance

Our political system depends on citizens who:

speak honestly speak openly freely and carefully to all sides of the issue

extemporaneous outline

speakers note, helps guide yo through your speech. This outline reminds you of the key parts of your speech and the support you will use to develop each point.

A(n) _______________ generally contains short sentences, whereas a(n) _______________ often contains complex sentences.

speech;essay

According to sociolinguist Deborah Tannen, "women speak and hear a language of connection and intimacy" whereas "men speak and hear a language of __________ and __________.

status; independence

_____________________ ideas are the foundation on which larger ideas are constructed.

subordinate

evidence

Use facts and statistics to lay the groundwork for persuasion and validate the conclusions you are asking receivers to accept

Toulmin Reasonable Argument Model

suggests that if you state your claim clearly and qualify it so as not to overgeneralize an issue, support it with reasons, and connect it to the evidence you offer via the warrant, you improve your chances of persuading others to accept it.

Sexist language

suggests that the two sexes are unequal and that one gender has more status and value and is more capable than the other

An informative speech is designed to _________

teach

ethos

the ability to convince the audience of your competence, good character, and charisma—your credibility

pathos

the ability to develop empathy and passion in others.

logos

the ability to use logical proof to demonstrate the reasonableness of argument(s)

Each of the six stages of listening are influenced by emotional and intellectual biases referred to as:

affectors

internal preview

also helps hold your speech together, but is generally longer than a simple transition. It prepares audience members for the information that will follow

Speaking from memory

also known as oratory, requires considerable skill and speaking expertise.

Photographs

also make effective visual aids make sure audience members can see it well. Select your photos with care, and enlarge them sufficiently.

the speech to entertain is designed to ______ ____ __________

amuse an audience

simile

an indirect comparison of dissimilar things, usually with the words like or as.

prop

an object that has the power to compel listeners to focus their attention on your message and better understand your subject t. To be effective, the object should be large enough for everyone to see, but small enough so you can carry it to your presentation and handle it with ease.

Antithesis

another means of adding vividness to a speech, achieves its objective by presenting opposites within the same or adjoining sentences.

configural formats

are less explicit in offering hard evidence in defense of a position

Propositions of fact

are statements asserting that something does or does not exist or is or is not true

Causal transitions

are words like because, therefore, and consequently; they help show the cause-and effect relationships between the ideas

proposition of policy

asks receivers to support a change in policy and/or to take action to remedy an existing situation or solve a perceived problem

Pitch

the highness or lowness of your voice on a tonal scale; it is your voice's upward or downward inflection

habitual pitch

the level at which we speak most often

Volume

the loudness or softness of the voice, its intensity

Glittering generalities

the opposite of a personal attack. Here the speaker associates an idea with things that the audience values highly (such as democracy and fairness

proposition

the relationship you wish to establish between accepted facts and your desired conclusions

Alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.

Who has the responsibilities of speechmaking?

the speaker and the listener

Rate

the speed at which you speak

Hyperbole

the use of extreme exaggeration for effect

Articulation

the way you pronounce individual sounds

Which of the following are true for open-ended questions?

they may not deliver the desired information They generate more detailed responses They may be harder to interpret

charts

to help compress or summarize large amounts of information.

three general rhetorical purposes.....

to inform to persuade to entertain

signposts

to make receivers aware that they are about to explain something, share an important idea, or let the audience know where they are in the progression of a speech. signaling cues such as, - numbers - phrases designed to focus on receiver attention - phrases that indicate an explanation is forthcoming - rhetorical questions

A speech examining the pros and cons of online anonymity would likely be using which linear organization?

topical

A good speaker builds redundancy into his or her message.

true

Audience members will often filter out the information that they deem less important.

true

We are exposed to millions of words every year.

true

true or False: If your listeners do not retain your main points, there is little purpose in them listening to the speech.

true

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are stages of listening?

understanding responding evaluating

jargon and technospeak

unfamiliar words and specialized language

spotlighting

used to reinforce the notion that men, and not women, set the standard

bar graph

useful for comparing or contrasting two or more items or groups

The A-B-C approach

uses the alphabet to help find a potential topic. is tech- nique is particularly useful in helping prevent "idea paralysis."

political correctness

using words that convey respect for and sensitivity to the needs and interests of different groups.

paralinguistic

vocal cues—pitch, volume, rate, and articulation—that play a part in creating the impression you make on an audience.

reasoning from analogy

we compare like things and conclude that because they are comparable in a number of ways, they also are comparable in another, new respect.

Slippery slope

when asserting that one action will set in motion a chain of events

Hasty generalizations

when you jump to a conclusion based on too little evidence

pronunciation

whether the words themselves are said correctly.

optimal pitch

which is where our voice functions best and where we have extensive vocal variation up and down the scale

parallelism

words, phrases, or sentences parallel each other or balance with one another, often mirroring each other

transitions

work as bridges from idea to idea. A transition also serves as the glue that binds your ideas into a completed presentation rather than an array of unrelated concepts.

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. We spend more time listening than we do:

writing reading speaking

argument ad hominem

you ask your audience to reject an idea because of a flaw in a person associated with that idea

When you deintensify an emotion....

you diminish your facial expressions so that audience members will judge your behavior as more acceptable.

concrete

you enhance your message with sufficient specificity and detail for audience members to form clear mental pictures, grounding your ideas in specific references rather than vague abstractions

When you intensify an emotion...

you exaggerate your facial expressions to reflect the degree of expression you believe audience members expect you to exhibit.

red herring

you lead your audience to consider an irrelevant issue instead of the subject actually under discussion.

deductive reasoning

you offer general evidence that leads to a specific conclusion

inductive reasoning

you progress from a series of specific observations to a more general claim or conclusion.

False dichotomy

you require your audience to choose between two options, usually polar extremes, when in reality there are many in between.

When you neutralize an emotion....

you suppress your real feelings so as to suggest greater inner strength and resilience to listeners

when you mask an emotion...

you try to replace one emotion with another to which you believe audience members will respond more favorably

specific purpose

your statement of the speech's main objective. It identifies what you want your speech to accomplish or what you hope to do with your speech.

Rhetorical questions

—questions requiring no overt answer or response

Persuaders rely on four key methods of reasoning to move receivers to affirm or act on their goal:

(1) deductive reasoning, (2) inductive reasoning, (3) causal reasoning, and (4) analogical reasoning

Three major factors affect the audience's judgment of your credibility:

(1) their perception of your competence, (2) their perception of your character, and (3) their opinion of whether you are charismatic.

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. You are being an unethical speaker when you do the following:

- Cover up information - Distort information - Lie about information

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements are true of the thesis statement?

- It express the central idea of your speech - It reflects your narrowed topic by declaring what you want the speech to accomplish - It can be as little as one sentence

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are questions you should ask yourself when analyzing the occasion?

How long should me speech be? What type of room will the speech be in? What kind of speech is the audience expecting? Is the audience here voluntarily?

Which of the following is NOT one of the four "key plays" to delivering your first speech?

Identifying your weaknesses

Low-context communication is generally seen in ____________ cultures.

Individualistic

narratives

More detailed and vivid than brief examples, extended examples are built very much like a story: they open, reveal a complication, contain a climax, and describe a resolution

_______________ a phone ringing in the audience would be an example of:

Noise

Based on the psychology of persuasion, Monroe's Motivated Sequence has five phases that move listeners toward accepting and acting on a proposition of policy:

Phase One: Attention Phase Two: Need Phase Three: Satisfaction Phase Four: Visualization Phase Five: Action

Words such as "first", "finally", and "next" are:

Signposts

immediacy

The amount of space between presenter and receivers

Physical discomfort, a psychological state, intellectual ability, or the environment can create noise.

True

True or False: Organization and content are equal partners in speech development.

True

You should indicate in your outline where you plan to use visual aids.

True

pictograph

a graphic representation of the subject—is a simplified version of an infographic

kinesics

body language

A ___________________ audience is one composed of persons of diverse ages with different characteristics, attitudes, values, and knowledge.

heterogeneous

initial credibility

how receivers perceive you before you speak

A speech has a ____________________ organization if its main points develop and relate directly to the thesis or topic sentence that comes early in the presentation.

linear

denotative meaning

precise and objective

statistics

to clarify and strengthen our ideas and claims, and to express the seriousness of a situation and/or the magnitude of a problem.9

Use these questions to assess your appearance:

• Am I well groomed? • Am I dressed appropriately? • Does my appearance support both the content and mood of my speech? • Am I wearing anything that might distract the audience's attention?

claim

expresses an arguable opinion or point of view;

Which of the following express societies opinions of the rightness or wrongness of an act?

ethics

. A claim

The proposition or thesis you hope to prove

explanation

clarify

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. We listen with our:

mind heart ears

. A warrant

. A logical and persuasive relationship that explains how you get to your claim from the data you offer

Use these two questions to check the validity of an analogy

1. Are the objects of comparison in the speech alike in essential respects? That is, are they more alike than they are different? 2. Are the differences between them significant?

______________ refers to a technique that focuses attention on our thoughts rather than on our bodily reactions that works by altering the beliefs people have about themselves and their abilities.

Cognitive restructuring

Sending the message is the exclusive job of the source.

False

The specific purpose of your speech should be a 2-3 sentence statement.

False

You can evaluate the soundness of causal reasoning by asking:

Is the cause cited real or actual? Is the cause cited an oversimplification?

the qualifier

Limitations placed on the connection between the data and the warrant, usually symbolized by words such as often, rarely, or always,

When you contemplate how conditions of place and time influence both behavior and the outcome of the communication event, you are considering the:

Situational/cultural context

Which of the following is NOT true regarding audience diversity?

The language of your speech should not change based on your audience

Which of the following is NOT true regarding racial and ethnic identities?

They don't influence how we receive a message

coordinate points

This simply means that all the main points you discuss should be of equal weight or substance

Cause and Effect order

To categorize a topic and relevant materials into those related to the causes and consequences of a problem (informative ad persuasive speaking).requires you to categorize your materials into those related to the causes of a problem and those related to its effects.

refutation format

When arguing against a previously espoused position, you first note the stance being refuted, state your position, support it, and demonstrate why your position undermines the one previously stated

appeal to misplaced authority

When a speaker asks us to endorse an idea because a well-liked personality who is not an expert on the subject has endorsed it, we should question the request critically

extemporaneous speaking

When a speech is prepared and practiced in advance but is neither written out word for word nor memorized

appeal to tradition

When appealing to tradition, you ask the members of your audience to accept your idea or plan because that's the way it's always been done, or to reject a new idea because the old way of doing things is better.

dialect

a speech pattern characteristic of a group of people from a particular area or of a specific ethnicity

reasons approach

a type of topical organization, in which each reason in support of the position is presented as a main point.

A mind map

a visual means of showing relationships among brainstormed ideas

Onomatopoeia

a word or words imitating natural sounds, also enhances vividness.

Our _________________ are what we hold to be true and false.

beliefs

human visual aid

can be effective if her role is well planned and she is not allowed to distract audience members

thesis/central idea

declarative sentence that divides a topic into its major components and summarizes the main points of your speech.

Racist language

expresses bigoted views about a person or persons from another group, based on a person's ideas of that race

A speaker can value cultural diversity while attempting to convince others of the superiority of their culture.

false

Creating a speech is just like writing an essay.

false

It is rare to have a heterogeneous audience.

false

infographics

help speakers relay information in more interesting ways. Infographics are particularly useful in helping audience members visualize data

Chronological transitions

help the listener understand the time relationship between the first main point and the one that follows (Words and phrases such as before, after, later, at the same time, while, and finally show what is happening in time order)

wiki

is a website whose content is composed and edited by members of the public.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

is another organizational framework that speakers on propositions of policy find particularly effective in motivating receivers to act.

rule of one to three

is says that you should aim for three sources ("the rule of three") for every minute of the presentation.

computer-generated graphic

technology is helping transform ordinary presentations into extraordinary speechmaking events, but you need to be selective when deciding whether or not to use presentation software

Bandwagon appeals

tells receivers that because "everyone is doing it" they should as well.

rule of one.

that is, you should aim to refer to at least one source for every minute of your presentation.

probing questions

that seek more information

chronological order

to organize the body of your speech, you explain to your audience members the order in which events happened.

descriptions

to produce fresh and striking word pictures designed to provoke sensory reactions.

pause

to slow the rate of the speech

Our _________________ are the standards by which we judge what is right or wrong.

values

Connotative meaning

variable and subjective

idea or concept

we typically define and explain it.

As you decide what to include in your speech from your Web search, ask yourself the following questions about information you and on websites and on social media:

- Who is the site's sponsor? - To what sites, if any, is the site linked? - What is the connection between the site and the links? Are the links from reputable sites? - What clues does the Internet address of the site provide? - Who wrote the material that appears on the site? Is the author a quali ed and reliable source? How recent is the webpage? How often is information on it updated? Why is the site on the Web? Is its primary purpose to provide information or to sell a product or idea?

With that in mind, ask these questions to evaluate your attention-getter

- Will audience members perceive it as relevant to the topic? • Will they follow it without difficulty? • Will it ignite their interest?

Data

. Reasons, facts, and evidence for making the claim

. A syllogism has three parts:

1. A major premise, that is, a general statement or truth; for example, we must condemn speech that precipitates violence. 2. A minor premise, which is a more specific statement that describes a claim made about a related object; for example, a speech by the grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan will precipitate violence. 3. A conclusion derived from both the major premise and the minor premise; for example, therefore we must condemn this speech.

When using a human visual aid, follow these coaching pointers:

1. Be certain your "human visual" is willing and committed to helping you accomplish your objectives. 2. Be sure to rehearse with this person prior to the big day. 3. Any human visual aid is subordinate to your speech

Keep these coaching pointers in mind when using both props and models:

1. Be sure the prop or model illustrates and reinforces an important point. 2. Be sure it's visible from anywhere in the audience. 3. Keep it hidden until ready to use it. 4. Put it away when finished using it. 5. Practice so you can use it without difficulty or calling undue attention to yourself

For maximum effectiveness, presentation aids need to be skillfully integrated into your speech and not create awkward moments for you. Here are some tips:

1. Be sure your visual and audio aids are in place before starting. 2. Present and explain each one. 3. Stand to one side of the visual and talk to the audience, making sure everyone can see the visual. 4. Keep physical possession and control of your visual. 5. Put the visual away when you are finished referring to it.

Whatever types of graphs you use, keep in mind the following guidelines:

1. Clearly title the graph. 2. Keep the graph as simple as possible. Too many graphs or too much information contributes to information overload. 3. Help receivers with the interpretation process. Don't assume they will read the graph the way you expect them to. 4. Make sure the graph is large enough for the audience to see everything written on it and contains colors that are distinguishable. Clear graphs facilitate clear speech.

By using an outline you can....

1. Confirm clarity of both the purpose statement and thesis 2. Critique construction of both main and subpoints 3. Identify placement of transitions or idea connectors

Sharing information involves transferring an idea or a skill to others, with the hope that you will accomplish at least one of the following two goals

1. Expand your audience's knowledge, or 2. Clarify what your audience knows by reducing their confusion or uncertainty, or providing a fresh way of perceiving. To accomplish either goal, you need to deliver a speech that 1. conveys information that is well organized, clear, and accurate; 2. delivers the right amount of content, avoiding information overload or underload; 3. creates information hunger; and 4. is memorable.

. Making effective eye contact early and often with an audience serves a number of important functions:

1. Eye contact signals that the lines of communication are open between speaker and listeners. It is easier for audience members to ignore a speaker who has not established eye contact with them. 2. Eye contact psychologically reduces the distance between speaker and listeners, helping to cement their bond. 3. It allows the speaker to obtain valuable feedback from audience members regarding how the speech is coming across, enabling the speaker to adjust his or her delivery as needed. 4. It communicates the speaker's confidence, conviction, concern, and interest.

. Consider these criteria when deciding whether to use a presentation aid:

1. Is it worth its cost? Will the amount of time and effort you expend preparing the aid pay off in audience interest and response? 2. Does it "talk" to receivers? Will the visual or audio aid facilitate your task by saving you words? Will your listeners be able to understand and relate to it? Might anyone in your audience find the visuals or sounds you are using inappropriate or distracting? 3. Am I skilled enough and equipped to use it effectively? Is equipment on site? Will you have the opportunity to practice with the equipment? Unrealistic expectations regarding the time it will take you to master using a piece of equipment could leave you with too little time to rehearse your speech. Remember, using visual and audio aids well takes practice too.

A well-designed conclusion fulfills these functions:

1. It lets the audience know a presentation is drawing to a close. 2. It summarizes key ideas the speaker shared. 3. It "wows" receivers, reenergizing them and reminding them of the response the speaker seeks. 4. It provides the speech with a sense of closure

When delivering a speech, or even a section of a speech, from memory, keep these techniques in mind

1. Rehearse sufficiently to sound natural. 2. Keep your energy high. 3. Use appropriate nonverbal cues to reinforce the spoken words

In a speech about an idea, also known as a concept speech, your goal is to explain it in such a way that audience members agree on two things

1. The idea has relevance and importance for them, and 2. They want you to clarify or elaborate on it

How do you choose an appropriate delivery style? Take the following three factors into account

1. The nature of the speaking occasion 2. The purpose of the presentation 3. Your strengths and abilities

MYGLO or "My eyes glaze over" often happens when:

A speaker does not take the needs or interests of the members of the audience into account

Appeal to fear

A speaker who makes receivers feel overly fearful in order to accomplish his or her goals often ends up pandering to prejudices or escalating the legitimate fears of receivers

What do you notice about each of the preceding specific purposes? Though formulated for very different topics, they share at least five characteristics.

1. The specific purpose is stated as an nitive phrase, that is, to explain or to convince. 2. The specific purpose is for your personal use and is written from your perspective; it identifies your concrete goal and can guide your research and the direction of your speech. 3. The specific purpose focuses on a single, distinct idea. 4. The specific purpose relates your topic to your audience by specifying what you want the audience to know, think, or do as a result of your speech. 5. The specific purpose is clear and concise, not muddled or unfocused.

When planning on integrating visual or audio aids into a speech, consider these key questions

1. What can I do to make my presentation more visually and aurally alive for my listeners? 2. Which presentation aids are most appropriate given the situation or setting for my speech? What kinds of presentation aids will the location of the speech allow? 3. Which presentation aids best suit the purpose of my speech?

To succeed, the persuasive speaker must be able to identify his or her objectives succinctly and, more specifically, be able to answer the following two questions:

1. What exactly am I trying to reinforce or change in my receivers? 2. How must the members of my audience alter their attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors for them to respond as I desire?

To hone your own level of credibility, answer these five questions as you draft your speech.

1. Why should audience members listen to me? 2. What have I done or experienced that qualifies me to speak on the topic? 3. How personally committed am I to the ideas I am about to share with my audience? 4. What steps can I take to communicate my concerns and enthusiasm to the audience? 5. How can I use my appearance, attitude, and delivery to help establish my goodwill and make my case?

. We remember only ___ percent of what we read, ____ percent of what we hear, and _____ percent of what we see. But we remember more than ____ percent of what we see and hear simultaneously

10 20 30 50

Public speaking anxiety (PSA) affects what percentage of all speakers?

40-80%

Speakers who make visuals an inherent part of their presentations are perceived as better communicators and are ___ percent more likely to persuade their audiences than were speakers who relied exclusively on spoken words.

43

As a college student, you will spend approximately what percent of class listening?

60%

Speech Alone

70% retention after 3 hours 10% after 3 days

Visual alone

72% retention after 3 hours 20% retention after 3 days

We lose what percentage of what we hear over a very short time?

75%

Humans process more than ____ percent of all information we receive through our sense of sight

80

Speech and Visual

85% retention after 3 hours 65% retention after 3 days

facts

A fact is a statement that direct observation can prove true or false. Once proven, facts are noncontroversial and readily verifiable. Some common assertions aren't facts because there isn't enough information

closure

An effective means of giving a speech balance is to refer in the conclusion to ideas explored in the introduction

credibility

An effective persuasive speaker is someone audience members perceive as qualified. The more credibility receivers feel you have, the more likely they are to believe what you say, and think and do as you advocate

You can evaluate whether a speaker's use of inductive reasoning is effective by asking and answering these two questions:

Are enough reasons given to justify the conclusion drawn? Are the instances cited typical and representative?

In preparation for speaking, ask yourself these questions relevant to your facial expressiveness:

Are my facial expressions conveying the proper emotions? • Do my facial expressions support my thoughts and feelings?

Ask yourself these questions about your gestures:

Are my gestures natural and spontaneous, rather than exaggerated, too patterned, or uncertain? • Do they support my words? • Are they varied appropriately?

When you are ready to speak, ask yourself these posture-related questions:

Does my posture convey my command of the speech experience? • Does it express my interest in the audience? • Does it demonstrate my comfort with speaking before others?

Pauses help the speaker maintain control. Use the following pause pointers to enhance your effectiveness:

Before starting. Some speakers begin speaking even before getting to the front of the room. This demonstrates a lack of control. Instead, once in position, pause, scan the audience, and then begin. After posing a rhetorical question. Give members of the audience time to contemplate the question. When you are about to make an important point. Silence signals the significance of what will come next. When transitioning from one part of the speech to another. This gives receivers time to adjust psychologically. After delivering your final words. Don't leave your position while still speaking, demonstrating your desire to remove yourself from being the audience's focus. Instead, pause, scan the audience as you did at the outset, and then walk back to your seat at a comfortable pace

Hannah has decided on her topic and is beginning to write her speech. Which section of her speech would you suggest she develop first?

Body

Examples and illustrations

Both real and hypothetical examples and illustrations are used to support facts a speaker wants audience members to accept

You can evaluate examples of deductive reasoning with these criteria:

Both the major premise and the minor premise must be true. The conclusion must follow logically from the premise

BRIEF

Brainstorm ideas Research ideas Interpret ideas Energize ideas Finalize ideas

When called on to deliver an impromptu speech, remember the following guidelines:

Compose yourself. Think about your purpose. Relate the subject to what you know and have experienced and receiver interests. Organize your talk—connect your ideas to each other, and be certain to use an introduction, body, and conclusion. Don't ramble. Keep it brief, covering just two to three points. Stay on message.

___________________ refers to the principle that your main points should be relatively equal in importance, whereas ______________________ refers to the idea that you should have supporting ideas that underlie your main points

Coordination; subordination

When you listen in order to make an evaluation or a decision, you are using which type of listening?

Critical/Deliberative Listening

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic moves in the topic selection "play"?

Determine the ease of presenting a topic

Keep these techniques in mind when delivering a sound bite or Twitter speak

Develop a sentence that captures your subject's essence. Make your comments memorable. Abbreviate the speech until it is tweet-size—140 characters. You might also create a 6-second video to accompany it, using Vine

________________ refers to our internal communication that can often derail our attempts to control our anxiety.

Self-talk

The sharper your specific purpose, the easier you will find it to develop your speech. So while formulating your specific purpose, complete this checklist:

Does my specific purpose reject the assignment or speech situation? Will I be able to obtain my specific goal in the speaking time allotted me? Will I be able to prepare a speech that fulfills my specific purpose in a manner my listeners will be able to understand and respond to? Will my audience assess my goal to be relevant to their needs and rejective of their interests? Will my audience judge my purpose to be significant and worthy of their attention?

model

Effective models can aid in comprehension and retention by increasing the amount of audience engagement and interest.

It is important to respect all members of the audience, acknowledging their cultural beliefs, norms, or preferences, and taking their perspectives into account when selecting your words

Eliminate idioms and jargon that persons unfamiliar with your topic would find confusing or frustrating. Speak in short units that facilitate the processing of your words, while making certain that you do not "dumb down" your content or talk down to the members of your audience. Avoid using overly technical language as well as overblown language that overwhelms rather than interests listeners.

Which of the following is NOT suggested after you have given your speech.

Harshly criticize what you did wrong so you can do better next time

In order for your speech to remain with your audience after you have finished speaking, you must convey the enthusiasm you have for your subject to your listeners, and make it memorable. To do this, you can

Let them know what you think is important for them to retain. Stress those points via verbal and nonverbal means, using repetition, pauses, vocal emphasis, and gestures. Build in audience participation.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow depicted motivation as a pyramid, with our most basic needs at the pyramid's base and our most sophisticated needs at its apex, According to Maslow, basic necessities of life are physiological: air, shelter, food, water, and procreation

A ________________ is a device that is use to trigger memory.

Mnemonic

rebuttal

Potential counterarguments, at times proffered during the initial argument

primary research

Primary research is original research involving the collecting of firsthand data, including using your knowledge and experiences, conducting surveys, and interviewing credible sources.

Persuasive speakers seek change that usually results in one or more of the following goals:

Reinforcement of a position • Shift in a position • Adoption of a behavior • Elimination of a behavior

To prepare a good extemporaneous speech, remember to:

Research the topic thoroughly. Create an outline and speaker's notes. Rehearse, familiarizing yourself with the organizational pattern, including the introduction and conclusion. Speak conversationally. Become so comfortable with the topic that you are able to adjust your speech, adapting to the audience as needed

In your outline, your main points will be represented with

Roman numerals I, II, III, etc.

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements are true regarding internal previews?

They help prepare audience members for what is coming next They helps hold your speech together like a transition Internal previews are generally longer than transitions

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is/are true regarding configural formats?

They imply what they want the audience to know They indirectly state their goal

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are true regarding main points?

They should be clear They should be easily identifiable as main points The order of main points should flow logically

Spatial order

To describe the physical arrangement of objects in space (informative speaking). Main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, north to south, and so forth—or vice versa.

Chronological order

To explain to audience members the order in which events happened; to describe a series of sequential developments (informative)

Topical order

To highlight the natural divisions of a topic; to identify the natural clusters or subtopics of a speech (informative, persuasive, special occasion)

Problem-Solution order

To identify a significant problem that needs a resolution and then a solution to alleviate the problem; to demonstrate a problem's nature and significance, then solutions (persuasive speaking)

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. In the United States, we are guaranteed free speech, but that doesn't mean:

We shouldn't listen critically People will listen to us We can speak without being questioned

processes and procedures

When delivering a speech that focuses on a process or procedure, you will probably find it most useful to arrange your ideas in either chronological or topical order

testimony

When speakers use the opinions of others to reinforce claims they are making

personal attacks

When you engage in name-calling, you give an idea, a group, or a person a bad name

hypothetical examples

When you integrate brief or extended examples that have not actually occurred into your speeches

straw man

When you respond to another's position by distorting, exaggerating, or misrepresenting their argument, you are depending on a "straw man" in an attempt to create the illusion that you refuted the other's stance successfully.

When the demands of the occasion make manuscript delivery necessary, remember the following:

Write the speech to be listened to; the audience will not be reading along with you. Be sure to use a font that is easy to read and large enough to see. Mark up the manuscript with delivery cues. Focus on communicating ideas, not words. Practice reading it aloud so your words sound fresh. Become so familiar with the manuscript that you are able to maintain eye contact and integrate appropriate gestures.

In order for a fear appeal to work, audience members must believe:

You are a credible source. The threat you describe is real. Taking action to remove the threat will restore them to a state of balance.

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Why is it important to understand how your audience views your topic?

You can demonstrate how your messages matches their beliefs or values You can adapt your speech to address their values and concerns You can be prepared to address misconceptions

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of public speaking for your personal life?

You can make your friends do what you want them to.

Brainstorming

a process of free association in which your goal is to generate as many ideas as possible without fear of critique.

Keep these guidelines in mind when speaking to an audience:

• Begin by looking audience members in the eye. • Keep your gaze steady and personal as you distribute it evenly about the room or auditorium; in this way you visually demonstrate your interest in everyone present. • Do not stare blankly. A blank stare can be mistaken for a hostile glower or a sign of a blank mind. • Maintain eye contact with your listeners for at least three seconds after you conclude your speech. Let your final words sink in before you leave the lectern.