Spencer's 8 Characteristics for Militant and Industrial Societies 5-8

CHARACTERISTIC 5: Structure of the state

Militant: Centralized state, meaning power or legal authority is coordinated by a de facto political executive to which federal states, local authorities and all smaller units are considered subject. Industrial: Decentralized state, meaning top level decision-making processes are dispersed throughout the system rather than concentrated in one person, place or legislative body.

CHARACTERISTIC 7: Type of economic activity

Militant: Economic autonomy and self-sufficiency; little external trade; protectionism (shield their country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports) Industrial: Loss of economic autonomy; interdependence via peaceful trade; free trade

CHARACTERISTIC 6: Structure of social stratification

Militant: Fixity of rank, occupation, and locality; inheritance of positions Industrial: Plasticity and openness of rank, occupation, and locality; movement between positions

CHARACTERISTIC 8: Valued social and personal characteristics

Militant: Patriotism, courage, reverence, loyalty, obedience, faith in authority, discipline Industrial: Independence, respect for others, resistance to coercion, individual initiative, truthfulness, kindness