Spinal Cord, Brain, and Meninges
What travels through the jugular foramen?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus), CN XIspinal accessory), and internal jugular vein
What would a tumor occluding the juglular foramen affect?
CN IX, X, XI, and internal jugular vein. This would affect so many things. (nasal mucosa, oral mucosa, ear mucosa, cough reflex, gag reflex, carotid sinus deficit, trouble swallowing, blood drainage of the cranial cavity, etc)
What is the dura mater innervated by and what is a consequence of this?
CN V and CN X can cause headache and migraine pain
What travels through foramen rotundum?
CN V2 (maxillary)
What travels through the foramen ovale?
CN V3 (mandibular)
What travels through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII (facial), CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
What courses through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII (hypoglossal)
What are the elongated lumbosacral and coccygeal roots that lie within the lumbar cistern referred to?
Cauda equina
What two areas make up the neurocranium?
The basicranium(floor) and the calvaria (roof)
From the confluence of sinuses, how does blood travel?
To the transverse, sigmoid, and cavernous sinuses.
Lateral extensions of pia mater that pass through the arachnoid layer and attach to the internal surface of the dura mater to anchor the spinal cord
Denticulate ligaments
What travels across the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery
Where does the dural venous sinous lie and where does it drain?
It lies between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura and drains into the internal jugular vein
What vertebral level is a spinal tap, or lumbar puncture, performed
L3-L4 or L4-L5 interlaminar space to avoid conus medllaris
What travels through the optic canal?
CN II (optic nerve) and opthalmic artery
What travels through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN V1 (opthalmic), CN VI (abducent) and opthalmic veins
Where would a subdural hematoma be?
Between the dura and the arachnoid
What artery does the middle meningeal artery arise from?
External carotid artery
What structure serves to anchor the spinal cord inferiorly?
Filum terminale
What artery is susceptible to injury in fractures of the pterion?
Middle meningeal artery
At what vertebral level does the spinal dura mater terminate?
S2
Which sinuses form the confluence of sinuses?
The superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses.
What does rupture of the middle meningeal artery cause?
an epidural hematoma
These structures are extensions of the arachnoid mater that are involved in the transfer of CSF to the venous system
arachnoid granulations
What connects the arachnoid and pia layers?
arachnoid trabeculae
what are the spinal meninges and spaces from superficial to deep?
epidural space, spinal dura mater, subdural space, spinal arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, spinal pia mater
Between what two normally fused layers are cranial sinuses located?
external periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer
A tumor obstructing the superior orbital fissure would affect what?
extraocular eye movement, sensory and blood drainage of the orbit
A dural reflection that lies between the cerebral hemispheres in the sagittal plane
falx cerebri
Membranous areas at the sutures of infants are called
fontanelles
Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the cranium?
foramen magnum
What travels through foramen magnum?
medulla, meninges, spinal root of CN XI, and vertebral arteries
What travels through the foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery and gein
What would a tumor in the ethmoid/sphenoid bone cause?
olfaction deprivation
What are the two paired bones of the neurocranium?
parietal and temporal
Which spinal mater is closely adhered to the spinal cord?
pia mater
What is located in the hypophysial fossa
pituitary gland
In what two locations can a epidural block be administered?
sacral hiatus (caudal epidural) or the lumbar region (lumbar epidural)
What are the three sutures of the neurocranium?
sagittal, coronal, lambdoid
Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained?
subarachnoid space
What gives rise to the opthalamic, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, and middle cerebral arteries?
the internal carotid artery
