SPM Final
is a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data
Earned value management
is best known for developing a hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
determine(s) if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected.
Acceptance
"Organizations can gain access to specific skills and technologies when they are required by using outside resources." refers to the ____ benefit of outsourcing.
Access skills and technologies
involves getting the needed personnel assigned to and working on the project
Acquiring the project
. was an early project management software product that helped managers analyze complex schedules for designing aircraft
Artemis
is a monitoring and controlling
Integrated change
are a complete set of organized project records that provide an accurate history of the project
Project archives
. , with assistance from financial experts in their organizations, should create estimates of the costs and benefits of the project for its entire life cycle.
Project managers
___ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project
Stakeholders
involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection
Statistical sampling
are a good way to highlight information provided in important project documents, empower people to be accountable for their work, and have face-to-face discussions about important project issue
Status review meetings
is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.
Systems analysis
. describes a holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization
Systems thinking
are those costs that an organization can easily measure in dollars
Tangible
. Project managers often illustrate progress with a showing key deliverables and activities
Tracking Gantt chart
. According to the guidelines provided by Practical Communications, Inc., a(n) is the only inappropriate method for expressing support/appreciation.
Web site
____ are developed for risks that have a high impact on meeting project objectives, and are put into effect if attempts to reduce the risk are not effective.
A Fallback plans |
involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards
Performing quality assurance
use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project
Analogous estimates
____ change orders are oral or written acts or omissions by someone with actual or apparent authority that can be construed to have the same effect as a written change order.
B Constructive
____ applies to positive risks when the project team cannot or chooses not to take any actions toward a risk.
B Risk acceptance
tools track the execution of business process flows and expose how the state of supporting IT
BSM
generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization
Benchmarking
. In the information technology planning stage, the analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology
Business Area Analysis
____ are predefined actions that the project team will take if an identified risk event occurs.
C Contingency plans |
____ analysis simulates a model's outcome many times to provide a statistical distribution of the calculated results.
C Monte Carlo
. Many companies have realized that information technology is integral to their business and have created a vice president or equivalent-level position for the head of information technology, often called the
CIO
helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes
CMMI
is the earned value minus the actual cost
CV
is a method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project and the resulting annual cash flow
Cash flow analysis
involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them
Collecting requirements
means the project's processes and products meet written specifications
Conformance to requirements
involves controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project, which is a challenge on many information technology projects
Controlling scope
involves controlling and managing changes to the project schedule
Controlling the schedule
should result in improvements in project performance
Corrective actions
is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost
Crashing
is a planning process falling under the Project Scope Management knowledge area
Create WBS
is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date
Critical chain
is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration
Critical path analysis
wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects
Crosby
____ are/is a qualitative risk analysis tool, and in addition to identifying risks, it maintains an awareness of risks throughout the life of a project.
D Top Ten Risk Item Tracking |
__ addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management
IT govemance
80% of the problems are found in 20% of the work is a concept of:
D. Pareto
results in supporting detail to document important product information as well as assumptions and constraints related to specific activities
Defining activities
involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved
Defining scope
. is a planning process falling under the Project Integration Management knowledge area
Develop project management plan
. involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project
Developing the project charter
involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document
Developing the project management plan
involves building individual and group skills to enhance project performance
Developing the project team
are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence
Directive
dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care since they may limit later scheduling options.
Discretionary
is best known for developing Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor
involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities.
Estimating activity
the project involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.
Executing
support contributes the most to successful information technology projects
Executiv
dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities
Externa
#is a cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the customer.
External failure cost
is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities
Free slack
provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format
Gantt charts
. tools, sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software, provide robust capabilities to handle very large projects
High-end
, a quality system standard developed by the ISO, is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization
ISO 9000
are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project
Indirect costs
include defining and authorizing a project or project phase
Initiating processes
__ tools are often recommended for small projects and single users.
Low-end
____ contracts involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service.
Lump sum
involves tracking team member performance, motivating team members, providing timely feedback, resolving issues and conflicts, and coordinating changes to help enhance project performance.
Managing the project team
dependencies are inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project.
Mandatory
"If the information technology project is to produce a new product or service, will it be useful to the organization or marketable to others?" applies to which risk category?
Market risk
is matching certain behaviors of the other person
Mirrorin
____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
Net present value
analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time
Net present value
refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.
Open-systems focus
is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization
Organizational culture
use(s) probabilistic time estimates—duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates of activity durations—instead of one specific or discrete duration estimate
PERT
is crucial in information technology projects because once a project team implements a new system, it takes a considerable amount of effort to change the system
Planning
include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs
Planning processes
includes identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy those standards
Planning quality
correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements
Process adjustments
is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members
RUP
refers to the amount of individual resources an existing schedule requires during specific time periods
Resource loading
is action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations
Rework
involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders
Scope verification
involves evaluating the reasons for dependencies and the different types of dependencies
Sequencing activities
involves identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities
Sequencing activities
are often more effective particularly for sensitive information
Short face-to-face meetings
is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success.
Six Sigma
____ are those costs that an organization can easily measure in dollars.
Tangible costs
emphasizes things such as job rotation, broadening of skills, generalization versus specialization, and the need for continuous training of workers
Theory Z
is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them
Use case modeling
is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system
User acceptance
. People with a high need for seek to excel and tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations to improve their chances for achieving something worthwhile
achievemen
. Project managers often use the approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team
bottom-up
__ ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete
configuration management
___ processes include coordinating people and other resources to carry out the project plans and produc the products, services, or results of the project or phase
excuting
. Examples of include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements
executing processes
The ____ model provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.
incremental build life cycle
William Ibbs and Young H. Kwak's study revealed that the ____ industry had the lowest level of project management maturity in the area of risk management.
information systems
. The focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
structural frame
___ is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems
the systems development life cycle