SPM Final

is a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data

Earned value management

is best known for developing a hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow

determine(s) if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected.

Acceptance

"Organizations can gain access to specific skills and technologies when they are required by using outside resources." refers to the ____ benefit of outsourcing.

Access skills and technologies

involves getting the needed personnel assigned to and working on the project

Acquiring the project

. was an early project management software product that helped managers analyze complex schedules for designing aircraft

Artemis

is a monitoring and controlling

Integrated change

are a complete set of organized project records that provide an accurate history of the project

Project archives

. , with assistance from financial experts in their organizations, should create estimates of the costs and benefits of the project for its entire life cycle.

Project managers

___ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project

Stakeholders

involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection

Statistical sampling

are a good way to highlight information provided in important project documents, empower people to be accountable for their work, and have face-to-face discussions about important project issue

Status review meetings

is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.

Systems analysis

. describes a holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization

Systems thinking

are those costs that an organization can easily measure in dollars

Tangible

. Project managers often illustrate progress with a showing key deliverables and activities

Tracking Gantt chart

. According to the guidelines provided by Practical Communications, Inc., a(n) is the only inappropriate method for expressing support/appreciation.

Web site

____ are developed for risks that have a high impact on meeting project objectives, and are put into effect if attempts to reduce the risk are not effective.

A Fallback plans |

involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards

Performing quality assurance

use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project

Analogous estimates

____ change orders are oral or written acts or omissions by someone with actual or apparent authority that can be construed to have the same effect as a written change order.

B Constructive

____ applies to positive risks when the project team cannot or chooses not to take any actions toward a risk.

B Risk acceptance

tools track the execution of business process flows and expose how the state of supporting IT

BSM

generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization

Benchmarking

. In the information technology planning stage, the analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology

Business Area Analysis

____ are predefined actions that the project team will take if an identified risk event occurs.

C Contingency plans |

____ analysis simulates a model's outcome many times to provide a statistical distribution of the calculated results.

C Monte Carlo

. Many companies have realized that information technology is integral to their business and have created a vice president or equivalent-level position for the head of information technology, often called the

CIO

helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes

CMMI

is the earned value minus the actual cost

CV

is a method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project and the resulting annual cash flow

Cash flow analysis

involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them

Collecting requirements

means the project's processes and products meet written specifications

Conformance to requirements

involves controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project, which is a challenge on many information technology projects

Controlling scope

involves controlling and managing changes to the project schedule

Controlling the schedule

should result in improvements in project performance

Corrective actions

is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost

Crashing

is a planning process falling under the Project Scope Management knowledge area

Create WBS

is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date

Critical chain

is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration

Critical path analysis

wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects

Crosby

____ are/is a qualitative risk analysis tool, and in addition to identifying risks, it maintains an awareness of risks throughout the life of a project.

D Top Ten Risk Item Tracking |

__ addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management

IT govemance

80% of the problems are found in 20% of the work is a concept of:

D. Pareto

results in supporting detail to document important product information as well as assumptions and constraints related to specific activities

Defining activities

involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved

Defining scope

. is a planning process falling under the Project Integration Management knowledge area

Develop project management plan

. involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project

Developing the project charter

involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document

Developing the project management plan

involves building individual and group skills to enhance project performance

Developing the project team

are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence

Directive

dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care since they may limit later scheduling options.

Discretionary

is best known for developing Theory X and Theory Y

Douglas McGregor

involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities.

Estimating activity

the project involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.

Executing

support contributes the most to successful information technology projects

Executiv

dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities

Externa

#is a cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the customer.

External failure cost

is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities

Free slack

provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format

Gantt charts

. tools, sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software, provide robust capabilities to handle very large projects

High-end

, a quality system standard developed by the ISO, is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization

ISO 9000

are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project

Indirect costs

include defining and authorizing a project or project phase

Initiating processes

__ tools are often recommended for small projects and single users.

Low-end

____ contracts involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service.

Lump sum

involves tracking team member performance, motivating team members, providing timely feedback, resolving issues and conflicts, and coordinating changes to help enhance project performance.

Managing the project team

dependencies are inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project.

Mandatory

"If the information technology project is to produce a new product or service, will it be useful to the organization or marketable to others?" applies to which risk category?

Market risk

is matching certain behaviors of the other person

Mirrorin

____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

Net present value

analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time

Net present value

refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.

Open-systems focus

is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization

Organizational culture

use(s) probabilistic time estimates—duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates of activity durations—instead of one specific or discrete duration estimate

PERT

is crucial in information technology projects because once a project team implements a new system, it takes a considerable amount of effort to change the system

Planning

include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs

Planning processes

includes identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy those standards

Planning quality

correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements

Process adjustments

is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members

RUP

refers to the amount of individual resources an existing schedule requires during specific time periods

Resource loading

is action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations

Rework

involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders

Scope verification

involves evaluating the reasons for dependencies and the different types of dependencies

Sequencing activities

involves identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities

Sequencing activities

are often more effective particularly for sensitive information

Short face-to-face meetings

is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success.

Six Sigma

____ are those costs that an organization can easily measure in dollars.

Tangible costs

emphasizes things such as job rotation, broadening of skills, generalization versus specialization, and the need for continuous training of workers

Theory Z

is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them

Use case modeling

is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system

User acceptance

. People with a high need for seek to excel and tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations to improve their chances for achieving something worthwhile

achievemen

. Project managers often use the approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team

bottom-up

__ ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete

configuration management

___ processes include coordinating people and other resources to carry out the project plans and produc the products, services, or results of the project or phase

excuting

. Examples of include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements

executing processes

The ____ model provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.

incremental build life cycle

William Ibbs and Young H. Kwak's study revealed that the ____ industry had the lowest level of project management maturity in the area of risk management.

information systems

. The focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.

structural frame

___ is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems

the systems development life cycle