Sport Communication Final Study Guide (Chapters 7-13)
Of the most popular professional sport leagues in the United States, which one was engulfed in more steroid scandals this century as covered extensively by sport media, such as the Biogenesis and BALCO scandals?
Major League Baseball
Television was the first major electronic medium in the United States.
False
The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of the press.
False
The majority (51% or higher) of fantasy sport participants in the United States are white married males with at least one college degree.
False
The most popular social media in the world (per number of users) is Twitter.
False
Web 2.0 had limited features, while the current Web 1.0 features the accessible networks and platforms that now dominate the Internet.
False
Which of the "Big 4" American sport leagues was the last to have an African-American athlete compete in a game?
NHL
Which of the following leagues currently generates the largest sports broadcasting contracts in the United States and has been featured in most of the highest-rated shows in all of U.S. television history?
National Football League
The first U.S. newspaper sports department and first newspaper sports section both initially appeared at newspapers in the late 19th century in what city?
New York
Sport entities should not release information to media through press releases unless it is newsworthy and has general interest to the public.
True
By the late _____, sporting events were a vital part of network TV in the United States and were also important for sport leagues' financial stability.
1950s
The first newspaper sport story published in the United States in 1733 focused on which sport?
Boxing
Describe the differences between browsing and searching while using the Internet.
Browsing- characterized by more simplistic queries, in which several documents are returned and people browse to find the needed info. Searching- more detailed and strategic process often facilitated by professionals
In this era of the Internet and social media, the public usually forms its perception of a crisis situation within how many hours after news breaks?
24
Typically, what should be the time limit for a sport press conference?
30 Mins
Title XI was the landmark legislation passed into law
In 1972 that prohibited discrimination against women and girls in institutions that receive federal funds.
Which organization produces the annual "State of the News Media" research study?
Pew Research
The phrase "Sky Hook" was trademarked by what NBA Hall of Famer?
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Who was the transgender pioneer in tennis who competed as a woman after the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.
Renée Richards
Explain what is meant by the term gender marking and provide an example.
Represents the verbal and visual presentation of male athletes and men's sports as being the norm, while rendering female athletes and women's competitions as secondary. Ex. Women's World Cup vs. World Cup (men)
Which athlete received the most endorsement money in 2018?
Roger Federer
The two major types of mobile technology that sport media consumers use to access the Internet are?
Smartphones and tablets
Explain what is meant by the symbiotic relationship between sport and mass media.
Sport media rely on sport to help fill programming schedules and newspaper columns, to sell advertising to increase profits through higher ratings, to improve circulation figures, and to increase web traffic
What is a segment of consumers with similar characteristics who have purchasing power and are willing to purchase the product?
Target Market
According to the Global Sports Media Consumption Report in 2014, 70 percent of the U.S. population claimed to follow sports, with _______ the number one medium used to do so.
Television
Per research (Blank & Grosejl, 2014) the number one reason people engage with the Internet is which of the following?
To check email
Sport communication research began in the 1830s but did not emerge as an established discipline within academia until the 1920s, nearly a full century later.
b. False
Describe three differences between traditional and new media.
1. Each measures success differently 2. New media companies place more emphasis 3. Traditional media and new media view mobile friendliness differently
According to a Pew Research Center survey published in 2014, what percentage of American adults used the Internet in the previous year?
87%
List three reasons companies engage in sport sponsorship.
1. Helps build and support their brand identity 2. .Excellent way to increase revenue 3. Enhance their consumers' experiences and enhance their own brand image
In which decade did advertisers in the United States began to seriously use sport despite an ongoing economic depression throughout the decade?
1930s
Golden Age of Radio
1930s-1940s
Over how many advertisements in the United States include the image of a celebrity?
15%
Which of the Olympic Games will always be remembered for the tragic and heartbreaking massacre of Israeli athletes by terrorists?
1972 Munich Games
ABC initially broadcast the Olympics to American television audiences...
but NBC now regularly has the rights to show the Olympics in the United States.
Which of the following television networks was the first to regularly broadcast the Olympics and primetime sporting events such as Monday Night Football?
ABC
Which professional organization advocates for women in sport media?
AWSM
What term refers to a sponsoring entity's promotion of sponsorship?
Activation strategies
USA Track & Field's program RunJumpThrow is an example of
Advertising
What involve(s) an element of planning, relying heavily on the use of search engines?
Analytic searches
Where did the stereotype of dumb jocks begin?
Ancient Greece
Among major wire services, which one covers the most sporting events in the United States?
Associated Press
Who measures circulation for daily newspapers and publications?
Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)
Why would a college athlete at a public university actually have a greater right against punishment for exercising her freedom of speech than a player in the NFL?
Because the NFL is not a state actor.
Prior to being fired by ESPN in 2015, what new-age sport media professional founded Grantland and helped build up the ESPN 30 for 30 sports documentaries?
Bill Simmons
The five components of the Model of Online Sport Communication addressing the needs of sport consumers are?
Content, Commerce, Design, Performance, Usability,
What type of research describes a phenomenon (what occurs) rather than why it occurs?
Descriptive Research
Which of the following is potentially protected by copyright protection?
Dramatic Works
ESPN sought to increase its female audience when it launched what in 2011?
ESPNW
To effectively persuade individuals, organizations must provide _________ that coincide(s) with individuals' existing beliefs, emotions, and expectations.
Evidence
Define and provide an example of the media convergence expected of sport media professionals in the 21st century.
Evident in sport reporters' expanding routines and responsibilities; words, pictures, videos, audio recordings, and other interactions now exist across both legacy and digital platforms Ex. ESPN the magazine
What type of research expounds on why something occurs and measures causal relationships?
Explanatory research
What typically tends to be written in bulleted format by sport public relations professionals?
Fact Sheets
Explain the Fair Use Doctrine and provide at least two examples of when copyrighted materials can be used for free.
Fair use doctrine- any copying of copyrighted material clone for a limited and transformative purpose. Ex. Scholarship, Criticism, Research, News report, Teaching
Due to stagnant economic growth in the U.S. economy and declining popularity of sport, the number of companies using sport sponsorship to enhance their brands has dramatically decreased.
False
In New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that public figures can recover financial damages against the media for any inaccuracies reported about them.
False
Latin Americans are often portrayed by the sport media as the model minority, whereas Asian-American athletes are more likely to be framed as hot-tempered by sport media.
False
Name the cereal company that used sport figures as spokespersons to build its brand behind the slogan "Breakfast of Champions."
General Mills (Wheaties)
This refers to the ever-changing nature of the sport product, which means the sport consumer's perception of the product can change over time.
Heterogeneity
Which social media platform is most popular among sport journalists for posting photos?
Describe the differences between inter-connectivity and interactivity in new media usage.
Inter-connectivity- sport consumers can obtain information easily accessed Interactivity- provides opportunities to access a product without having to experience it
In recent decisions on fantasy sports, courts have ruled that the First Amendment trumped the right of publicity
It determined that players' names and statistics are not owned by individual players or leagues.
Explain the difference between slander and libel as those terms relate to the press.
Libel is an untrue defamatory published written statement. Slander- is an untrue oral statement.
A group of former college athletes sued what two organizations for profiting from use of their names, images, and likenesses in video games settled the suit for US$60 million in 2013?
NCAA and EA Sports
2. Which company has long been and remains the "official measurement service of the television industry"?
Nielsen Media Research (NMR)
What two campaigns ranked in Advertising Age's top 10 slogans of the century.
Nike's "Just Do It" and Wheaties' "Breakfast of Champions"
What require(s) interviews but goes further in the process because the researcher immerses herself or himself in the behavior and actions of a specific group of individuals?
Participant observation
What is the most frequently used type of public relations model in sport?
Press Agentry-Publicity
According to sport media scholar Lawrence Wenner (1998), what do both college sports information departments (public relations) and the sport mass media help shape?
Public Opinions
Marketing deals primarily with consumers and exchanges, while public relations builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their _______?
Publics
List and describe the three primary styles of media relations.
Reactive-involves responding to inquiries and providing info from media or other interested parties. Proactive- SID's and MRD's contact sport media outlets directly in order to pitch story ideas and distribute info. Interactive- Involves developing a mutually beneficial relationship between sport entity and a media outlet
Two of the primary influences on sport public relations are the ______ and ____ of the player-press relationship.
Scope and Nature
Few athletes were used as endorsers in the 1960s, but that changed dramatically in the 1980s when which industry began using athletes to endorse their products?
Shoe Industry
Explain what is meant by the phrase hegemonic masculinity and describe how it affects women in the sport media profession.
The general acceptance of masculinity as the primary characteristic that places women in positions below men. It affects women in the sport media by the jobs they are allowed to have, how much they get paid, and whether or not they get a job over a male
Define "content analysis."
The most traditional analysis, is the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication, can be quantitative assessment of the amount of content devoted to a subject or qualitative assessment of language and meaning within the narratives.
When preparing coaches and athletes to interact with media, what is the recommended first step of the sport public relations professional?
To brainstorm with the interviewees about what questions might be asked by reporters.
After earlier legal defeats, athletes initially were granted a right of publicity in a 1953 decision involving which famous baseball card manufacturer?
Topps
What is an example of an event classified as "niche" sport sponsorship?
Tough Mudder
Most sport news is now reported through which social medium?
Typically, sport press releases should be short and concise, not exceeding how many pages?
Two
Which model of public relations is most often considered the most appropriate model in establishing positive relations with constituents?
Two-way Symmetrical
According to the Alliance for Audited Media, the three most circulated daily newspapers in the United States in 2014 were?
USA Today, New York Times, and Wall Street Journal
In Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that actual malice occurred when the Saturday Evening Post published a false accusation, saying that football coach/AD Wallace Butts was trying to "fix" a game to have the team he coached lose to Alabama. Which of the following teams did he coach?
University of Georgia
A superstar in the NBA who has his extramarital affair exposed accurately by TMZ Sports...
WOULD NOT win an invasion of privacy suit because his dating life is not protected against the press prying.
Which professional team has received the most attention and criticism for what many consider a nickname offensive to Native Americans, criticism that is supported by the U.S. Patent Office which cancelled six of its federal trademarks in 2014?
Washington Football Team
List and describe the 5 Ws that should be in every news story and press release.
Who- performed the actions in the story/experience the results? What- were the actions and what happened as result? Where- did the actions take place? When- did the actions occur? Why-did the actions occur?
Tthree most popular U.S. sport websites as of March 2016 were...
Yahoo! Sports, ESPN, and Bleacher Report
First impressions are often the most difficult perceptions to change...
and the manner in which an organization initially responds to a crisis often exerts a dramatic effect on the public's perception of the crisis.
More than 70 percent of sport fans bring a mobile device to the stadium when...
attending a live sporting event.
CPM measures the cost and value of newspaper and magazine advertisements.
b. False
Research questions are derived from rational observation in the inductive process.
b. False
Actual individual names, like Tiger Woods and Urban Meyer...
can be trademarked.
When developing sponsorships, a sport organization should
focus on the sponsoring company's objectives.
Sport and sport media have historically created discourse that...
framed black athletes as "natural" athletes, who possessed superior athleticism, while also downplaying their intelligence and decision-making abilities.
As of 2014, more than half of the world's population...
had never been online.
Football, hockey, and lacrosse were among the sports labeled as
hyper masculine due to their rough nature.
Ludtke v. Kuhn (1978)
is a landmark victory for the right of female reporters to interview male athletes in locker rooms where male reporters are allowed. Occurred after MLB denied access to a female reporter from Sports Illustrated
ComScore is a leading Internet technology company that...
measures individuals' use of digital space and provides audience, advertising, and enterprise analytics.
Marketing communication is an all-encompassing term covering
such elements as graphic design and public relations.
Male athletes are more likely to be characterized for their athleticism,
while female athletes are more likely to be depicted in terms related to their attractiveness.
