Sport Psychology

3 Main Components to our personality

(Hardest to change) 1. Role-related behavior-external/dynamic 2. Typical responses- social environment 3. Psychological core- internal/constant

Why Arousal Influences Performance?

*Increased muscle tension, fatigue, and coordination difficulties* Changes in attention, concentration, and visual search: -Narrowing of Attention -Attending to inappropriate cues Changes in attention, concentration, and visual search: Performance worries and situation-irrelevant thoughts

Facilitating Flow States

-Motivation to perform -Autotelic personality -Achieving optimal arousal level before performing -Maintaining appropriate focus & attention -Preparation -Optimal physical preparation & readiness -Optimal environmental & situational conditions -Confidence & mental attitude -Mental skills training

Principles of Reinforcement Cont

-People react differently to the same reinforcement -Although some coaches still use threats of punishment as their main motivational tool, *a positive approach is recommended* -Choose effective reinforcers: social, material, & activity reinforcers as well as special outings -In the early stages of learning, continuous & immediate reinforcement is desirable; in the later stages of learning, intermittent reinforcement is more effective

Increasing Intrinsic Motivation (5)

-Provide for successful experiences -Give rewards contingent on performance -Use verbal and nonverbal praise -Vary content and sequence of practice drills -Involve participants in decisions Set realistic performance goals

Theories of achievement motivation

1. Attribution theory 2. Achievement goal theory

Stages of developing achievement motivation and competitiveness (3)

1. Autonomous competence stage 2. Social comparison stage 3. Integrated (self and social comparison) stage

5 Guidelines for Building Motivation:

1. Both situations and traits motivate people 2. People have multiple motives for involvement. Understand why people participate in physical activity. 3. Change the environment to enhance motivation (3 things) 4. leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly 5. use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives

Achievement Motivation Influences (4)

1. Choice of activities 2. Effort to pursue goals 3. Intensity of effort 4. Persistence in the face of failure

How Arousal and Anxiety Affect Performance (7)

1. Drive theory 2. Inverted-U hypothesis 3. Individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) 4. Multidimensional anxiety theory 5. Catastrophe model 6. Reversal theory 7. Anxiety direction and intensity (not a theory)

Approaches to Influencing Behavior

1. Most coaches and instructors combine positive and negative approaches 2. The predominant approach with physical activity and sport participants should be positive 3. The negative approach often instills fear in participants

5 Essential components of deliberate practice

1. Must be motivated to attend to the task 2. Account for current skill level 3. Should be carefully monitored* 4. Should repeatedly perform the same or similar tasks 5. Focus should be on 1-2 areas of improvement

Response Consequences (5)

1. Positive reinforcement 2. Negative reinforcement 3. Punishment: aversive 4. Punishment: response cost 5. Extinction

5 approaches to understand personality

1. Psychodynamic 2. Trait 3. Situational 4. Interactional 5. Phenomenological

Implications for Professional Practice (6)

1. Recognize the interaction of personal and situational factors influencing achievement behavior. (stage of achievement behavior, goal orientation, attributions, situations approached/avoided) 2. Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay outcome goals. Create a mastery motivational climate. 3. Monitor and alter attributional feedback 4. Monitor and correct inappropriate attributions 5. Determine when competitive goals are appropriate 6. Enhance feelings of competence and control

4 purposes of Deliberate practice

1. done to achieve a future goal 2. not inherently enjoyable 3. carried out very seriously 4. focused on the outcome of the behavior

Keys about motivation (7)

1. people participate for more than one reason 2. people may have competing motives for involvement 3. People have both shared and unique motives 4. Motives change over time 5. motives differ across cultures 6. sex differences in motivation 7. cultural emphasis affects motivation

The positive alternative

1. strengthens desired behaviors through: -positive reinforcement -instructional feedback given within a supportive atmosphere 2. Mistakes are not seen as totally negative occurrences 3. Fosters more positive learning environment and relationships among coaches and athletes

Arousal

A blend of physical and psychological activation (general state of activation) Varies in intensity along a continuum

Anxiety

A negative emotional state characterized by: -Feelings of worry -Nervousness -Apprehension -Activation of body (has a mental (cognitive anxiety) and a physical component (somatic anxiety).

ABC functional assessment:

A) Antecedents immediately prior to behavior B) behavior occurred C) consequences immediately following relationship between A + B Contingency between B + C (behavior is strongly influenced by the consequences it produces)

Stress

An imbalance between physical and psychological demands His or her response capability Conditions in which failure has important consequences

Significance of All Arousal-Performance Views

Arousal is multifaceted. It consists of the following: -Physical activation of arousal -Interpretation of arousal It is doubtful that the optimal level of arousal is always at the midpoint of the arousal scale. Arousal and state anxiety do not always have negative effects on performance. They can be facilitative or debilitative depending on the interpretation. Self-confidence and enhanced perceptions of control are critical to perceiving anxiety as facilitative.

Situational Approach

Behavior is determined largely by the situational environment. This is a more important determinant of behavior than particular personality traits. Not used by most SP. helps to emphasize the importance of the situation

Multidimensional Anxiety Theory

Cognitive anxiety: Negatively related to performance. Somatic anxiety: Is related to performance in an inverted-U pattern. There is little support for its predictions

Who is the father of American Sport Psychology?

Coleman Griffith 1921-2938, Period 2

Controllability of Flow States

Conscious or subconscious effort. Although we cannot control flow, we can increase the probability of it occurring by optimizing preparation & arousal levels Consequences of experiencing flow may not always be positive. Might develop dependence on an activity associated with a flow experience (obsession with recapturing the moment) However, in most cases, flow turns out to be a positive and performance -enhancing feeling state.

Phenomenological Approach

Determined by accounting for situation and personal characteristics. A persons understanding and interpretation of ones self and environment are critical. Considerable influence and adopted by many contemporary SP. helped to contribution of a persons interpretation of ones self and environment.

Interactional Approach

Determined by the person AND the situational factors as well as by their interaction. Majority of SPCs favor this approach. Helps to emphasize the consideration of both trait and situation variables and their interaction

Educational Sport Psychology

Extensive training in SEP, exercise science, PE, and kinesiology and psychology of human movement. Not trained to "treat" Titles, like military" master resiliency trainer

Clinical Sport Psychology

Extensive training in psychology *Can treat and detect emotional disorders* Special training and certification

View of Task Orientation

Focusing on personal performance: More control, More motivation, Persist longer Moderately difficult or realistic tasks and opponents. It is easier to feel good about themselves and to demonstrate high perceived competence.

Psychoanalysis approach

Freud ID: unconscious instinctual drives Unconscious, constantly changing factors that often conflict with one another. It has little influence and not adopted by most contemporary SP. Its helped to increase awareness that unconscious determinants of behavior exist

Measuring Personality

General vs. Situation-Specific (sport specific) measures Situation-specific trait tests predict behavior more accurately than do general trait measures. More effective to compare personality tests to a persons own previous test results than to group norms.

Reversal Theory

How arousal affects performance depends on an individual's interpretation of his or her arousal level Arousal can be interpreted as: -Pleasant (excitement) -> Facilitates Performance -Unpleasant (anxiety) -> Hinders Performance Quick shifts in interpretations ("reversals")

Principles of Reinforcement

If doing something results in a good consequence (reward), people tend to repeat the behavior to achieve additional positive reinforcement If doing something results in an unpleasant consequence (punishment), people tend not to repeat the behavior to avoid more negative consequences

what becomes the real restriction to growth & development?

Motivation

Developing a Realistic View of Motivation

Motivation is a key variable in both learning and performance contexts. Physical and psychological factors beyond motivation influence behavior and must be considered. Some motivational factors are more easily influenced than others.

Deliberate Practice

Natural ability vs. work ethic An activity with full concentration with a specific goal in mind.

Aversive Control

Negative side effects of aversive punishment: -Fear of failure (associated with choking) -Unpleasant environment (e.g., resentment, hostility) -Cohesion built on hatred of coach -Inappropriate modeling Response cost punishment has fewer detrimental effects and, therefore, it's better than aversive

Trait Approach

Our stable personality traitsIts predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situation Little influence on our work. Has helped to emphasize the importance of traits and the measurement of such dispositions; predict behavior across a number of situations.

Views of Motivation (3)

Participant or trait-centered view situation-centered view Interactional view

Factors Influencing Intrinsic Motivation

Passion is a strong inclination and desire toward an activity one likes, finds important, and invests time and energy in -Harmonious passion (HP) -Obsessive passion (OP) -Self-determination theory (SDT)

Inverted U Hypothesis

Performance is highest at medium physiological arousal

Positive Reinforcement

Present a stimuli that ↑ future likelihood of the behavior that preceded it

Punishment (aversive)

Present aversive stimuli that ↓ future likelihood of the behavior that preceded it

Extinction

Removal of a positive stimulus that has in the past followed the behavior

Punishment (response cost)

Remove a positive stimulus -- ↓ future likelihood of the behavior that preceded it

Negative Reinforcement

Remove an aversive stimuli that ↑ future likelihood of the behavior that preceded it

Do extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation?

Research shows that being paid for working on an intrinsically interesting activity can decrease a person's intrinsic motivation for the activity

Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Controlling aspects

Rewards perceived to control a person -Decrease intrinsic motivation Rewards that contribute to an internal locus of causality -Increase intrinsic motivation.

Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Informational aspects

Rewards that provide information and positive feedback about competence -Increase intrinsic motivation Rewards that suggest the person is not competent -Decrease intrinsic motivation

Sport/Exercise Psychology

Scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts, and the practical application of that knowledge.

Sources of Stress and Anxiety

Situational sources -Event importance -Uncertainty Personal sources -Trait anxiety -Self-esteem -Social physique anxiety

Intrinsic Motivation

Strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest to master the task at hand -They enjoy competition -Like the action and excitement -Focus on having fun -Want to learn skills to the best of their ability motivation driven by an interest within the individual

Who influences in a sport setting?

Teammates, opponents, officials, coaches

Personality

The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique (sum of all characteristics make this)

Operant Conditioning

The manner in which our behaviors are influenced by their consequences

Typical Responses

The way one typically adjusts or responds to the environment ex. being happy-go-lucky, shy

Problems With Outcome Orientation

They judge success by how they compare with others. You can't control how others perform. Outcome oriented and low perceived competence -> a low or maladaptive achievement behavioral pattern. Likely to reduce their efforts, cease trying, or make excuses

What is influenced in a sport setting?

Thoughts Emotions Motivational factors Behaviors

Anxiety Direction and Intensity

To understand the anxiety-performance relationship, we must consider: 1. Intensity (how much anxiety one feels) 2. Direction (interpretation: Facilitating? Or Debilitating to performance? It depends on how much control the person perceives Developing cognitive skills and strategies helps people view anxiety as facilitative

Personality Profiles

Wrestlers: lowest tension, depression, fatigue, and confusion. Highest Vigor and anger. Runners: highest tension and confusion, medium depression, anger, vigor, and fatigue Rowers: lowest Vigor and anger.

FLOW- A Special Case of Intrinsic Motivation

a holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation in which people believe they are totally involved or on automatic pilot Essential elements of the flow state include: -Balance of challenge and skills -Complete absorption in the activity -Merging of action and awareness -Total concentration on the task at hand -Loss of self-consciousness -A sense of control -No goals or rewards external to the activity -Transformation of time -Effortless movement

Harmonious passion (HP)

a strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one's identity

Achievement Goal Theory

achievement goals: 1.outcome-oriented goals 2. task oriented goals perceived ability: high perceived ability or competence, or low achievement behavior: performance, effort, persistence, task choice, realistic tasks/opponents or unrealistic

Obsessive passion (OP)

an uncontrollable desire to participate in an activity that does not become part of ones identity

Extrinsic motivation

comes from the outside of an individual

Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)

different for each individual and its not always peaked at midpoint (image)

Catastrophe Model

ex. choking look up in book

1. Outcome goal orientation

focus is on comparing performance with a defeating others

More successful personality profile

high tension, depression, virgo low confusion, fatigue average: anger

Role related behvior

how one acts in a particular situation ex. behavior as a student, parent, friend

Attribution theory

how people explain their success and failures ex. stability, locus of casuality, locus of control

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

how rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases. allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation

2. Task (mastery) goal orientation

improving relative to ones own past performances

Drive Theory Predictions

increase arousal or state anxiety= increase performance The presence of others: -Enhances performance on simple or well-learned skills -Inhibits performance on complex or unlearned skills

Motivation

is the direction and intensity of ones effort. Direction and intensity of effort are closely related

Social goal orientation

judging competence in terms of affiliation with the group and recognition of being liked by others

Measuring Personality

measures both traits and states

Views of motivation

personal factors: personality, needs, interests, goals situational factors" leader-coach style, facility attractiveness, team win-loss record both make the participant-by-situation interaction to motivate the participant

Achievement Motivation

persons general orientation to achieve success to master a given task, face of setbacks, out perform others, take pride in their accomplishments

Intensity of effort:

refers to how much effort an individual puts forth in a particular situation

Psychology of coaching

set of strategies designed to increase a coach's ability to influence the behavior of others more effectively activity

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

the 3 psychological factors affecting motivation are the need for autonomy, relatedness, and competence.

Psychological Core

the most basic and deepest attitudes, values, interests, motives, and self-worth of a person ex. persons religious values

State

the situations effect on behavior -a "right now" feeling -can change from moment to moment

Reinforcement

the use of rewards or punishments, which increases or decreases the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future

Trait

typical style of behavior -Stable -Personality

Direction of effort:

whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to situations