Spring One Health II Final Study Guide

Approximately what percent of veterinarians are involved in promoting the health and welfare of animals that will eventually become food?

10 - 15%

Do the AVMA POHS guidelines cover animals hunted for food? What about animals raised for fur or fiber?

"These Guidelines do not address methods and techniques involved in the termination of animals hunted for food (subsistence or otherwise) or animals raised primarily for their fur or fiber"

What type of pathogen is Salmonella?

"motile, non-sporeforming, Gram- negative, rod-shaped bacterium"

When did CDC begin keeping records on the foodborne illness-related deaths in the US?

1970

When was first major food recall in the US?

1973

FSIS introduced HACCP in 1996 following what outbreak?

1993, raw ground beef, E. coli O157:H7, Jack In The Box restaurants

Which feature of Listeria makes it a particular challenge for the ready-to-eat food industry?

It can survive and replicate at much colder temperatures than most foodborne pathogens

What is the major difference between the Food Safety Modernization Act and the past food safety regulations?

It dealt more with prevention and involved regulation of the way foods were grown, harvested, and processed

Which of the following is NOT a current challenge for the milk industry in Michigan?

Shortage of milk supply

What type of pathogen is Clostridium perfringens?

anaerobic (but aerotolerant) Gram- positive, spore-forming rod that produces enterotoxin

What product was the first product to be recalled?

canned mushroom

The AVMA Panel on Human Euthanasia did not use which of the following criteria in their assessment of the appropriateness of slaughter methods?

cost effectiveness

What are some unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium parvum?

diarrhea can last a long time/ permanently

What are the main symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum in humans?

diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever

The AVMA POHS is committed to ensuring what?

ensuring, to the best of its ability, that no unnecessary pain or distress is inflicted on conscious animals used for food prior to or during slaughter

Are poultry and fish covered by the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act?

no

Is it legal to sell raw milk across state lines?

no

What type of pathogen is Compylobactor?

non-sporeforming, Gram-negative rod with a curved- to S-shaped morphology

What type of pathogen is Cryptosporidium parvum?

obligate, intracellular protozoan parasite

What population(s) are more susceptible to illness/severe illness for Salmonella?

people with turtles, reptiles, and/or chicks may be more susceptible. Elderly, immunocompromised, and young people may have serious complications when they contract this disease

What populations are more susceptible to illness/severe illness from Toxoplasma gondii?

pregnant women, immunocomprised

What population(s) are more susceptible to illness/severe illness from listeria monocytogenes?

pregnant women, immunocompromised, elderly

Humane slaughter methods and agents are designed to bring about _________________ in animals destined for use as food.

rapid loss of consciousness and, ultimately, a complete loss of brain function

What are some unique character of Toxoplasma gondii?

second leading cause of death from foodborne illness in the US

What type of pathogen is norovirus?

single stranded RNA viruse

What are the main symptoms of norovirus in humans?

vomiting, headache, mild fever, muscle aches, water diarrhea

What major components were included in the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906?

-Mandatory AM inspection of livestock -Mandatory PM inspection of every carcass -Explicit sanitary Standards for Slaughterhouses -Authority to enforce food safety regulatory requirements -Poultry not included

At what point does the FSIS authority to enforce humane handling begin?

-Once vehicle is on the premises -Includes unloading of truck

What are the 3 potential dispositions a Veterinary Medical Officer can make during Antemortem inspections?

-Pass for Regular Slaughter -Pass for Slaughter as a U.S. Suspect (tagged and checked by vet during postmortem, checking for systemic infection) -U.S. Condemned

What population(s) are more susceptible to illness/severe illness for Campylobactor?

-People younger than 5, and people from 15 -29 are more likely to get the infection -Infants 6 - 12 months have the highest rate of -Immunocompromised

What were the components of the 1957 Poultry Products Inspection Act?

-Accurate and truthful labeling -Any poultry products in interstate commerce -Inspection of imported product at point of entry -Mirrored Federal Meat Inspection Act requirements

Which conditions will more likely lead to a condemnation disposition? - localized or generalized? Chronic or acute?

-Condemned = generalized / acute -U. S. Passed = localized / chronic

What are the 3 exemptions to FSIS jurisdiction?

-Custom Slaughter -Farmer Exemption -Retail Exemption

What foods is Toxoplasma gondii commonly found in?

-Eating raw or undercooked, contaminated meant, unpasteurized milk -contaminated cat feces

What are the main symptoms in humans of Salmonella?

-Gastrointestinal illness: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and fever. Symptoms usually last a couple of days and taper off within a week. Long term, arthritis may occur. -Typhoidal illness: high fever, diarrhea or constipation, aches, headache, and lethargy, and sometimes a rash. 10% of people with no treatment may die.

According to the AVMA guidelines define unconsciousness as ____________.

-In animals, loss of consciousness is functionally defined by LORR, also called LOP. This definition is quite useful because it is an easily observable, integrated whole-animal response AND/OR -Unconsciousness, defined as loss of individual awareness, occurs when the brain's ability to integrate information is blocked or disrupted.

What are unique characteristics of listeria monocytogenes?

-Leading cause of death from foodborne illness -Tolerates salty environments and cold temperatures

What are the current challenges facing the milk industry in MI? Be able to recognize several.

-Processing not kept -process out of state so cost more -facilitities at capacity -dump excess milk -not enough down time or maintenance time

What were the first 2 national food safety laws, both passed in 1906?

-Pure Food and Drug Act -Federal Meat inspection Act

Under the Human Slaughter Act, what two methods of slaughter are specified as humane?

-Stun before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut -Ritual Slaughter (e.g. Kosher, Halal)

What are the 4 post mortem disposition options?

-U.S. Inspected and Passed -U.S. Inspected and Condemned -Passed for Cooking -Passed for Refrigeration or Heating

What are the 8 criteria that the AVMA POHS used in their assessment of the appropriateness of slaughter methods?

1) ability to induce loss of consciousness followed by death with a minimum of pain or distress 2) time required to induce loss of consciousness and the behavior of the animal during that time, especially for religious slaughter 3) reliability and irreversibility of the methods resulting in death of the animal 4) safety of personnel 5) compatibility with intended animal use and purpose (ie, meat consumption) 6) potential psychological or emotional impacts on personnel 7) ability to maintain equipment in proper working order 8) legal and religious requirements.

What are the main symptoms in humans for Clostridium perfringens?

1) mild cramps and watery diarrhea starts within 8 to 16 hours 2) "pig-bel"- more severe and often fatal, included pain, gassy bloating, diarrhea (possibly bloody)

What are the main symptoms in humans of Listeria monocytogenes?

1) nausea, vomiting, aches, fever, and diarrhea 2) meningitis and other potentially fatal problems

Humane slaughter methods produce unconsciousness through what four basic mechanisms?

1) physical disruption of brain activity (eg, blunt cranial trauma, penetrating captive bolt, gunshot) 2) hypoxia (eg, controlled low atmospheric pressure for poultry, N2, Ar, exsanguination) 3) direct depression of neurons necessary for life function (eg, CO2) 4) epilepitiform brain activity (eg, electric stunning).

What are the 6 functions of Meat/Poultry inspection

1)Detection/destruction of diseased meat 2)Assure sanitary handling/preparation 3)Prevention of adulteration 4)Prevention of false labeling 5)Insuring humane handling 6)Application of the inspection legend

The Food Safety Modernization ACT (FSMA) was signed into law in what year?

2011

How often are Grade A dairy plants inspected (under the PMO)? What products are handled in the Grade A Plants?

3 months, Fluid market, Sour cream, yogurt

CDC estimates that 1 in ___ people will contract a foodborne illness each year?

6

How often are Grade B dairy plants inspected (under the PMO)? What products are handled in the Grade B Plants?

6 months, cheese, ice cream, butter

What percentage of tanker loads of milk are tested prior to being received at the processing facility?

All are tested

In Michigan, what farms fall under the Manufacturing Dairy Farm Law?

Amish farmers shipping in cans

Are poultry inspected individually at the antemortem stage?

Antemortem inspection by lot • Day of Slaughter - on or off truck • Must occur prior to hanging • Look for overall conditions and abnormalities • Segregate "suspects" for separate slaughter

What are the unique characteristics of the pathogen mentioned in the snapshot for Clostridium perfringens?

Bacteria can make spores that survive cooking

What are the main symptoms in humans Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Bloody diarrhea, blood-clotting problems, kidney failure, and death

What pathogen was involved with the first major food recall?

Botulism

What population(s) are more susceptible to illness/severe illness for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Children and people with weak immune systems

What populations are more susceptible to illness/severe illness?

Crowded living situation, dormitories, nursing homes, day-care centers, prisons, and cruise ships.

Which of the following foodborne pathogens are parasites?

Crysptosporisium parvum and Toxoplasma gondi

Post mortem, each (non-poultry) animal is divided into these 3 parts for inspection.

Divided into head, viscera, and carcass

How can milk be ultra-pasteurized (280 degrees) without boiling/scorching the milk?

Done in a vacuum, steam injection, quickly cool

What are the main pathogens of concern for the dairy industry?

E coli, Brucella, M bovis, Listeria, campylobacter, salmonella

What about Manufacturing Dairy Farms (Grade B)?

Every 12 months, water every 3 years

Under the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO), how often are Grade A dairy farms inspected?

Every 6 months, water every 3 years, cooling system check 6 months

Salmonella is known to produce pre-froemd toxins

False

The Pure Food and Drug Act lead to the formation of what federal agency?

Food and Drug Administration

What foods are commonly found to be the source of infection for Salmonella?

GI: many foods may be contaminated (meats, eggs, fruits, vegetables, even dry foods, like spices and tree nuts) TI: sewage contaminated drinking water or crops irrigated with sewage-contaminated water.

What are the main symptoms in humans for Campylobactor?

Generally last 2- 10 days. Diarrhea (sometimes bloody), vomiting, and cramping

When a dairy inspector check medications on during a farm inspection, what are they reviewing?

Go through cabinets, label from prescribing vet, stored properly on shelf and in proper area not above tanks or wash vats for lactating and non lactating, specific for dairy cattle and no prohibited drugs

What type of pathogen is Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria

What type of pathogen is Listeria monocytogenes?

Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative bacterium, motile by means of flagella

What foods commonly found to be the source of infection for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Ground meats, unpasteurized "raw" milk, unpasteurized fruit juice, lettuce, spinach, sprouts, and frozen cookie dough.

What are Unique characteristics of the pathogen mentioned in the snapshot for Salmonella?

Hard to wash off food, even with soapy water, so proper hand washing, cooking, and keeping raw and cooked foods away from each other is important

The AVMA Guidelines for the Humane Slaughter of Animals: 2016 Edition pertain to what group of animals?

Humane slaughter of animals intended for use as food

For what do the acrynoms LORR and LOP stand?

LORR: Loss of righting reflex LOP: Loss of position of posture

What are unique characteristics of Norovirus?

Leading cause of illness from contaminated food or water

To which organism are pregnant women more susceptible than average and infection with this organism can cause miscarriage of the fetus?

Listeria moncytogenes

Regarding pasteurization, describe the relationship between time and temperature?

Lower temperature requires longer time

What are the unique characteristics of the pathogen mentioned in the snapshot for Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?

Most E. coli bacteria are harmless

The first major food outbreak lead to the formation of what surveillance system?

National Botulism Surveillance System

The AVMA Panel on Humane Slaughter is committed to ensuring what?

No unnecessary pain or distress is inflicted on conscious animals used for food prior to or during slaughter

What type of pathogen is Toxoplasma gondii?

Obligate intracellular parasite

The process of termination, as defined here, encompasses the period from what point in time to what point in time?

Off-loaded at a slaughter facility until it is verified to be unconscious and, ultimately, dead and ready for entry into the food chain

What foods is Clostridium perfringens commonly found to be the source of infection?

Raw and cooked foods

What foods is Listeria monocytogenes commonly found?

Raw and under-pasteurized milk, smoked fish and other seafood, meats (deli meat), cheeses, and raw vegetables

What foods are commonly found to be the source of infection for Campylobactor?

Raw poultry, unpasteurized "raw" milk and cheeses, other meats, seafood and vegetables as well. Unchlorinated water.

Which organism is well known to be transmitted to children from pets such as reptiles and chicks?

Salmonella

Why do we hear about more food safety issues today compared to the past?

Science of detection has advanced, more awareness, cultural shifts have led to possibly be more susceptible.

In 1997 the Clinton Administration invested $43 million into a food safety initiative that lead to new regulations for which product categories?

Seafood, meat, poultry, and shell eggs

What are unique characteristics of the pathogen mentioned in the snapshot?

Third leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the US.

Which illness is the more severe form of Salmonellosis?

Typhoidal illness

The Federal Meat Inspection Act lead to the formation of what federal agency?

United States Department of Agriculture

Do veterinarians or food inspectors make post mortem disposition decisions for suspect carcasses?

Veterinarians make all dispositions of suspect carcasses set aside by food inspectors

Can you legally buy raw milk in Michigan? If so, how?

Yes, herd shares (Policy 1.40 - Fresh Unprocessed Whole Milk Program) -Arrangement directly with dairy farmer to purchase raw milk via contract -Processing of raw dairy is prohibited, with the exception of raw milk cheese -A license is required to process raw milk cheese

What population(s) are more susceptible to illness/severe illness of Clostridium perfringens?

Young, old, and immunocompromised

What foods is Cryptosporidium parvum commonly found to be the source of infeciton?

fresh fruits, vegetables

What foods is Norovirus commonly found to be the source of infection?

fruits, vegetables, meats, salads, and oysters

Which species (or categories) of animals are covered by the AVMA POHS guidelines?

hoofstock (cattle, bison, horses and mules, sheep, goats, swine, deer, elk), poultry (chickens, turkey, pheasants, ratites, geese, ducks), fish, alligators, and rabbits

What populations are more susceptible to illness/severe illness from Cryptosporidium parvum?

immunocompromised

What are the main symptoms in humans of Toxoplasma gondii?

toxoplasmosis (serious and/or deadly)