SPSS 2120 Exam 1 Review
Mean annual temperature between +15 and +22 C, with <6 C difference between summer and winter
isohyperthermic
Mean annual temperature between +8 and +15, with <6 C difference between summer and winter
isomesic
Exfoliation is caused by changes in...
temperature
Ae
An A horizon with hemic materials present
As
An A horizon with spodic diagnostic features present
Soils affected by an ustic SMR would be found by...
South Dakota and Montana
Soils in this order are commonly sandy in texture, quite acidic, and typically form under coniferous soils in cold climates
Spodosols
Alluvial parent materials are those that have been transported by...
streams
5 major epipedons
-mollic- high base saturation -umbric- low base saturation -Ochric- low base saturation, thin light -Melanic- volcanic materials -Histic- peat bog
The broadest category of soil classification specifies there are...
12 soil orders, 11 of which are mineral soils
Ao
An A horizon with an accumulation of oxides
What would result in the farthest movement of particles in the soil?
A short rainy season (with the same amount of rainfall)
Aq
An A horizon with an accumulation of silica or quartz
Ag
An A horizon with gleying or mottling
Cryalf
Alfisol, cryic temperature regime, not found in CT
Af
An A horizon that is frozen
Aw
An A horizon with a distinctive color or structure
Aa
An A horizon with an accumulation of carbonates
Drumlin
An oval or elongated hill believed to have been formed by the streamlined movement of glacial ice sheets across rock debris, or till.
In which horizon has the process of Illuviation most likely occurred?
B horizon
if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *B*, and the pieces of each *are* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as
B/E
if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *B*, and the pieces of each *are not* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as
BE
Which temperature regime would provide the warmest and least variable soil temperature?
Isohyperthermic
In which great group would you find soils with wide crack during periods of dry weather?
Calciuerts
The mixed angular gravel, rock, and soil found at the foot of a slope is typical of what type of parent material?
Colluvial
The A horizons are more apt to be cultivated than...
E horizons
if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *E*, and the pieces of each *are* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as
E/B
if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *E*, and the pieces of each *are not* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as
EB
The E horizon is due to ___________________ of material to that horizon
Eluviation
Aquent
Entisol, aquic SMR, found in CT
A _____________ can have a mollic epipedon
Gelisol
Histel
Gelisol, histic epipedon, not found in CT
What type of soil would have a constantly frozen horizon?
Histels
Rich in organic matter, like a peat bog
Histic epipedon
The only soil order that isn't a mineral soil is...
Histosols
___________________ involves the splitting of water into it H+ and OH- components while hydration attaches intact water molecules to a compound
Hydrolysis
_______________ parent materials have been subject to weathering for shorter periods than the residual parent materials nearby
Laucustrine
Residual parent materials typically have been subjected to weathering ___________________ than laucustrine or alluvial parent materials
Longer
____________________________ are typical parent materials in coastal plain areas
Maritime sediments
Plenty of OM and volcanic ash
Melanic epipedon
_______________ are catagorized by a deep A horizon soft when dry and rich in OM
Mollisols
The solum is comprised of these horizons (when they are prrsent)
O, A, E, B
Which epipedon has the lowest level of organic matter?
Ochric
Soil scientists from _________ first conceived the idea that soils were natural bodies
Russia
Psamment
Sandy, entisol, found in CT
Lacustrine
Sediments relating to or associated with lakes
_______________________ is most common in the B horizon
Sillicate clay
Which soil would contain a significant content of low activity clay?
Ultizols in the Congo river basin
Which of the following is *not* considered one of the 5 major factors influencing soil formation? - native parent materials - living organisms - climate - valence state - topography
Valence state
Moraine
a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity.
AN organic soil typically forms by way of...
a pond being filled with organic debris
The furthest edge of a glacier prior to its retreat will result in
a terminal moraine
Andisols are most commonly found near...
active volcanos
An ________ moisture regime contains a higher degree of soil moisture than an ustic one
aquic
Secondary minerals are recrystallized products of the...
chemically broken down and/or altered primary minerals
Secondary minerals are most prominent in the ____________ fraction of soils
clay
Glacial till is a term used to parent materials that...
contain a heterogeneous mixture of mineral debris dropped by receding glaciers
A north facing slope in the northern hemisphere will be...
cooler, stay moist longer, and have more diverse vegetation that the south facing slope
The element most often involved in oxidation reactions is...
iron
Granite is an example of...
igneous rock
Outwash
material carried away from a glacier by meltwater and deposited beyond the moraine.
Residual parent material is best described as...
materials formed by weathering of rocks and minerals in one place
Mean annual temperature between +8 and +15, with >6 C difference between summer and winter
mesic
Thick and rich organic rich mineral layer at the surface
mollic epipedon
Histosols have more __________ than Mollisols
organic matter
Sapric and fibric terms are used to describe...
peat parent materials
The ________________ includes soil air, soil OM, soil water, and soil particles
pedosphere
The transformation of gniess into mica, quartz, and feldspar is an example of..
physical weathering and disintegration
Which taxonomic soil category provides the greatest amount of specificity?
series
Vertisols are catagorized by their large content of...
silicate clays which shrink when dry and expand when moist
Chemical weathering is accelerated by water, oxygen, and organic/inorganic acids moving down through the...
regolith
Alluvial fans are usually categorized by ________________ soils
sandy and gravelly
Mechanical weathering process results in...
the disintegration of rocks due to the different expansion of minerals
Floodplains are constantly being kept as an entisol because of...
the heavy introduction of new material
A soil has a thick black A horizon, a distinct B horizon, reasonably stable structure, and formed under grassland vegetation. What would be an accurate name for this suborder of soil?
udoll
Organic materials are most common where...
water flow over the surface of the soil is restricted
