SPSS 2120 Exam 1 Review

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Mean annual temperature between +15 and +22 C, with <6 C difference between summer and winter

isohyperthermic

Mean annual temperature between +8 and +15, with <6 C difference between summer and winter

isomesic

Exfoliation is caused by changes in...

temperature

Ae

An A horizon with hemic materials present

As

An A horizon with spodic diagnostic features present

Soils affected by an ustic SMR would be found by...

South Dakota and Montana

Soils in this order are commonly sandy in texture, quite acidic, and typically form under coniferous soils in cold climates

Spodosols

Alluvial parent materials are those that have been transported by...

streams

5 major epipedons

-mollic- high base saturation -umbric- low base saturation -Ochric- low base saturation, thin light -Melanic- volcanic materials -Histic- peat bog

The broadest category of soil classification specifies there are...

12 soil orders, 11 of which are mineral soils

Ao

An A horizon with an accumulation of oxides

What would result in the farthest movement of particles in the soil?

A short rainy season (with the same amount of rainfall)

Aq

An A horizon with an accumulation of silica or quartz

Ag

An A horizon with gleying or mottling

Cryalf

Alfisol, cryic temperature regime, not found in CT

Af

An A horizon that is frozen

Aw

An A horizon with a distinctive color or structure

Aa

An A horizon with an accumulation of carbonates

Drumlin

An oval or elongated hill believed to have been formed by the streamlined movement of glacial ice sheets across rock debris, or till.

In which horizon has the process of Illuviation most likely occurred?

B horizon

if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *B*, and the pieces of each *are* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as

B/E

if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *B*, and the pieces of each *are not* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as

BE

Which temperature regime would provide the warmest and least variable soil temperature?

Isohyperthermic

In which great group would you find soils with wide crack during periods of dry weather?

Calciuerts

The mixed angular gravel, rock, and soil found at the foot of a slope is typical of what type of parent material?

Colluvial

The A horizons are more apt to be cultivated than...

E horizons

if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *E*, and the pieces of each *are* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as

E/B

if a soil horizon is a transition horizon between E and B, and the dominant horizon is mostly *E*, and the pieces of each *are not* distinct, then you would describe this horizon as

EB

The E horizon is due to ___________________ of material to that horizon

Eluviation

Aquent

Entisol, aquic SMR, found in CT

A _____________ can have a mollic epipedon

Gelisol

Histel

Gelisol, histic epipedon, not found in CT

What type of soil would have a constantly frozen horizon?

Histels

Rich in organic matter, like a peat bog

Histic epipedon

The only soil order that isn't a mineral soil is...

Histosols

___________________ involves the splitting of water into it H+ and OH- components while hydration attaches intact water molecules to a compound

Hydrolysis

_______________ parent materials have been subject to weathering for shorter periods than the residual parent materials nearby

Laucustrine

Residual parent materials typically have been subjected to weathering ___________________ than laucustrine or alluvial parent materials

Longer

____________________________ are typical parent materials in coastal plain areas

Maritime sediments

Plenty of OM and volcanic ash

Melanic epipedon

_______________ are catagorized by a deep A horizon soft when dry and rich in OM

Mollisols

The solum is comprised of these horizons (when they are prrsent)

O, A, E, B

Which epipedon has the lowest level of organic matter?

Ochric

Soil scientists from _________ first conceived the idea that soils were natural bodies

Russia

Psamment

Sandy, entisol, found in CT

Lacustrine

Sediments relating to or associated with lakes

_______________________ is most common in the B horizon

Sillicate clay

Which soil would contain a significant content of low activity clay?

Ultizols in the Congo river basin

Which of the following is *not* considered one of the 5 major factors influencing soil formation? - native parent materials - living organisms - climate - valence state - topography

Valence state

Moraine

a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity.

AN organic soil typically forms by way of...

a pond being filled with organic debris

The furthest edge of a glacier prior to its retreat will result in

a terminal moraine

Andisols are most commonly found near...

active volcanos

An ________ moisture regime contains a higher degree of soil moisture than an ustic one

aquic

Secondary minerals are recrystallized products of the...

chemically broken down and/or altered primary minerals

Secondary minerals are most prominent in the ____________ fraction of soils

clay

Glacial till is a term used to parent materials that...

contain a heterogeneous mixture of mineral debris dropped by receding glaciers

A north facing slope in the northern hemisphere will be...

cooler, stay moist longer, and have more diverse vegetation that the south facing slope

The element most often involved in oxidation reactions is...

iron

Granite is an example of...

igneous rock

Outwash

material carried away from a glacier by meltwater and deposited beyond the moraine.

Residual parent material is best described as...

materials formed by weathering of rocks and minerals in one place

Mean annual temperature between +8 and +15, with >6 C difference between summer and winter

mesic

Thick and rich organic rich mineral layer at the surface

mollic epipedon

Histosols have more __________ than Mollisols

organic matter

Sapric and fibric terms are used to describe...

peat parent materials

The ________________ includes soil air, soil OM, soil water, and soil particles

pedosphere

The transformation of gniess into mica, quartz, and feldspar is an example of..

physical weathering and disintegration

Which taxonomic soil category provides the greatest amount of specificity?

series

Vertisols are catagorized by their large content of...

silicate clays which shrink when dry and expand when moist

Chemical weathering is accelerated by water, oxygen, and organic/inorganic acids moving down through the...

regolith

Alluvial fans are usually categorized by ________________ soils

sandy and gravelly

Mechanical weathering process results in...

the disintegration of rocks due to the different expansion of minerals

Floodplains are constantly being kept as an entisol because of...

the heavy introduction of new material

A soil has a thick black A horizon, a distinct B horizon, reasonably stable structure, and formed under grassland vegetation. What would be an accurate name for this suborder of soil?

udoll

Organic materials are most common where...

water flow over the surface of the soil is restricted


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