Stats Final

The degrees of freedom for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test are _____

a. k - 1

Without changing the value of error variance, the ______ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.

a. larger

Using an analysis of regression, the variability in Y that is associated with error is measured by the ______.

a. residual variation

A researcher selects a sample of 110 participants and computes the following phi correlation coefficient: = .31. What is the value of ?

b. 10.57

What is the key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

b. Observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.

In a study with 3 groups and 13 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the within-groups source of variation is 18. What is the value for the mean square within-groups in this study?

a. 0.5

A researcher conducts a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group. If = 18 and = 264, then what is the decision for Factor A at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

b. reject the null hypothesis

What is the minimum number of groups that can be observed using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA design?

c. 2

The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test for independence test are _____

c. (k1-1)(k2-1)

Which of the following is not a post hoc test for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

d. eta-squared

Linear regression describes the extent to which ______ predicts _____

d. all of these Answers:a. X; Yb. the predictor variable; the criterion variablec. the known variable; the to-be-predicted variabled. all of these

The means and standard error or standard deviations measured in a study can be summarized in ______.

d. all of these Answers:a. a figureb. a tablec. the main text of a reportd. all of these

A chi-square goodness-of-fit test shows that the frequencies observed equal those that were expected. Hence, the value of the test statistic is ______

d. equal to 0

Which of the following is not an assumption for computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

b. There is homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance.

The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to

d. eta-squared

An estimate of effect size with the two-way ANOVA is typically reported for ______.

a. both A and B

Which measure of proportion of variance tends to overestimate the size of an effect in a population?

a. eta-squared

Post hoc tests are computed ______.

a. following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons

Using an analysis of regression, the variability in Y that is predicted by X is measured by the ______.

a. regression variation

We compute the frequency expected in each category using known ______ stated in the null hypothesis.

a. proportions

A researcher reports the following regression equation for two variables, X and Y: = 5.10X - 1.50. If X = 2.30, then what is the value of ?

b. 10.23

A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares between groups is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is the same in both studies. Using eta-squared, in which study will the effect size be larger?

b. Study 2

A one-way within-subjects ANOVA is typically associated with ______ power than the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.

d. larger

A chi-square goodness-of-fit test leads to a decision to retain the null hypothesis. Which of the following correctly explains this decision?

a. Frequencies observed were statistically similar to the frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable.

The following graphs display the data points for two linear correlations. Based on the information provided in these graphs, ______ displays a negative correlation and ______ displays a stronger correlation.

b. Graph B; Graph A

To summarize a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, we report each of the following except, ______.

b. the critical values

Which of the following is the assumption that the best way to describe the pattern of data is using a straight line?

c. linearity

The phi correlation coefficient is a measure for the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ______ variables.

d. dichotomous

A researcher records depression scores for 12 patients in each of 4 seasons. If depression scores for the same participants are recorded in each season, then what type of statistical design is most appropriate for this study?

a. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA

The scores or data points for a regression analysis are typically reported in ______.

a. a scatterplot

A researcher recorded the shooting percentage of 28 professional basketball players in each of 4 quarters in a game. What are the degrees of freedom error for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?

a. 81

A researcher tests whether job security and life satisfaction are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test?

b. Job security and job satisfaction are independent.

A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares between groups is larger in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2. Using eta-squared, in which study will the effect size be larger?

b. Study 1

A researcher measures the following correlation: r = -.21. What is the value of the coefficient of determination?

c. .04

An unanticipated variable not accounted for in a research study that could be causing or associated with observed changes in one or more measured variables is called ______.

c. a confound variable

The numerator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables ______.

c. covary

A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 2 and = 3.98. What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?

c. reject the null hypothesis

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 4 and n = 22 in each group. What are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

d. (3, 84)

A correlation coefficient can ______ demonstrate cause

d. never

Which of the following is a source of variation that is measured using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA?

d. all of these Answers:a. between-groups variationb. within-groups variationc. between-persons variationd. all of these

The degrees of freedom for error is called ______.

d. all of these Answers:a. degrees of freedom errorb. degrees of freedom denominatorc. degrees of freedom within-groupsd. all of these

The observed frequencies can be summarized ______.

d. all of these Answers:a. in a tableb. in a figurec. in the main textd. all of these

The standard error of estimate is used as a measure of the ______ in predictions using the equation of a regression line.

a. accuracy

A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies. In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using omega-squared?

b. Study 1

A researcher conducts two studies. In Study 1, she recorded the amount consumed (in calories) among 8 participants observed at 3 meal times (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). In Study 2, she conducted the same study, except that n = 12 participants observed at each of 3 meal times. Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?

b. The degrees of freedom between-groups are the same in each study.

A researcher observes a correlation of values from 2 to 10 points and draws conclusions about the full range of values in the population from 0 to 21 points. Which limitation for correctly interpreting a correlation coefficient did the researcher violate?

c. restriction of range

A researcher conducts a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group. If = 18 and = 264 for this study, then what is the decision for Factor B at a .05 level of significance?

c. retain the null hypothesis

A researcher measures the time it takes eight participants to complete three successive tasks. What are the degrees of freedom between-persons for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?

b. 7

A researcher randomly measures social adjustment among children from different family backgrounds (levels of Factor A: divorced, married, single) who engaged in one of five social activities (Factor B). For this study, 10 children were observed in each group. If = 10, = 12, = 48, and = 405, then which effect was significant at a .05 level using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

b. Factor B (social activities)

A researcher divides participants into groups that will engage in low, moderate, or intense levels of exercise. The total calories consumed by participants following the exercise are then recorded. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

b. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA test in which 11 participants were observed in each condition. If F = 5.20 for both main effect tests and the A × B interaction test, then the decision for each test ______.

b. will be significant for both main effects and the A × B interaction

A researcher records the frequency of participants selecting one of four new slogans for an advertising campaign. If it was expected that among 200 people polled there would be no preference for any one slogan, then what was the expected frequency for each slogan?

b. 50 people

For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA, which values must be known to compute effect size using omega-squared?

d. all of these Answers:a. mean squaresb. sum of squaresc. degrees of freedomd. all of these

ANOVA stands for ______.

a. analysis of variance

The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ranked or ordinal variables is ______

a. the Spearman correlation coefficient

Which source of variation, if significant, is typically analyzed first?

a. the interaction

A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 3 and = 4.32. What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?

b. retain the null hypothesis

1 out of 1 points Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. What does this assumption mean?

d. that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected

The degrees of freedom associated with regression variation are equal to

d. the number of predictor variables

The following result is reported for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 27) = 3.20, p < .05 ( = .14). Which value in the summary suggests that the design was within-subjects?

d. the partial estimate for eta-squared

A researcher computes a 3 × 5 chi-square test for independence. What are the degrees of freedom for this test?

b. 8

Which of the following is not needed to compute the y-intercept using the method of least squares?

MXY

Which of the following is not needed to compute the slope using the method of least squares?

SSy

A researcher conducts a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA. She finds a significant interaction, where = 120 and = 518. What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared?

a. .23

A professor compares the exam grades of students based on whether they have a learning disability (yes, no) and where they sit in the classroom (in the front, middle, or back row). Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

a. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

Which of the following is a reason why it can be necessary to include two factors in the same statistical design?

a. your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors

A researcher computes a 4 × 6 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 120 participants, with = 14.79. What is the effect size for this result?

a. .20

A ______ is the combination of one level from each factor.

b. cell

The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring the direction and strength of the linear relationship between one continuous and one dichotomous variable is ______.

b. the point-biserial correlation coefficient

Computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when

b. the same participants are observed across groups

A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant main effect of Factor A and an A × B interaction. Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first?

b. the significant interaction

A researcher measures the extent to which years of marriage predict perceptions of forgiveness. Which factor is the criterion variable in this example?

b. perceptions of forgiveness

The most common measure of effect size for the correlation coefficient is called ______.

b. the coefficient of determination

A researcher computes a 2 × 4 chi-square test for independence. What are the degrees of freedom for this test?

d. 3

A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 × 2 chi-square was = 3.92. The 2 × 3 chi-square was = 5.92. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?

d. the 2 × 2 chi-square

Partial estimates of effect size make the denominator ______ because the between-persons variability is removed.

a. smaller

A lowercase k is used to denote ______ using a one-way ANOVA

a. both A and C

The degrees of freedom associated with residual variation are equal to

d. n - 2

Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA with Factor A (gender: male, female) and Factor B (type of employment: blue collar, white collar), a researcher found that scores for men and women significantly varied across the levels of the second factor (type of employment). In this study, the researcher found a significant ___

a. A × B interaction

Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect?

a. Tukey's HSD test

A sex therapist has adult female clients rate their level of interest in each of six relationship situations. To analyze differences in the ratings, what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

b. a one-way within-subjects ANOVA

Which of the following is used to determine the significance of predictions made by a best fitting linear equation?

b. analysis of regression

A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large. Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?

b. between-groups

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 3 and n = 10. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?

c. 3.55

Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?

c. Independent observations were made within groups, but not between groups.

The more that the variability in ______ is associated with regression variation, the more likely it is that X predicts Y.

c. Y

To compute the expected frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, we use which of the following formulas?

d. (row total × column total)/grand total

A researcher groups college students in a study based on their year in college (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) and the type of college they attend (junior, technical, university). He concludes that perceptions of academic cheating are more positive among freshman attending junior college. To reach this conclusion, which statistical test would need to be computed?

d. all of these Answers:a. a two-way between-subjects ANOVAb. a simple main effect testc. a post hoc testd. all of these

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 factorial ANOVA. In this example, how many interactions can be observed?

a. 1

The regression equation measures ______.

a. how far each data point deviates from the line that most closely fits the data

For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the more ______ participant responding between groups, the less powerful the test will be at detecting an effect.

a. inconsistent

Using a between-subjects ANOVA design, ______.

a. n · k participants are each observed one time

The term "between-subjects" refers to ______.

a. observing different participants one time in each group

Which of the following is a key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

a. The observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.

A researcher computes a 3 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for Factor A for this study?

b. 2

How many sources of error are present in a one-way within-subjects ANOVA

b. 2

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA using a sample of eight participants. If the degrees of freedom error is 14, then how many groups were included in this study?

b. 3

The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05, = .12. How many pairwise comparisons need to be made for this ANOVA result?

b. 3

a researcher assigned participants (n = 8 per group) to read vignettes describing a person engaging in either a helpful, hurtful, or neutral act. Different participants were assigned to each group and asked to rate how positively they viewed the person described in the vignette. What is the critical value for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?

b. 3.47

Both sources of variation in an analysis of regression measure the variability in ______.

b. Y only

Which of the following is recorded using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test and a chi-square test for independence?

b. both B and C

A researcher computes a 4 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds two significant main effects and a significant interaction. What is typically the next appropriate step?

b. compute simple main effect tests for the interaction

When the variability attributed to between-groups is equal to the variability attributed to error, then the value of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is ______.

b. equal to 1

A local ice cream shop wants to see if they should promote a new swizzleberry swirl or creamsicle flavored drink. In order to determine which one to promote, they took a sample of 80 patrons and asked them to choose which they preferred. The one that is significantly preferred over the other (at a .05 level of significance) will be promoted. It is expected that an equal number of patrons will choose each flavor. Based on the observed frequencies given below, what is the decision for this test?

b. promote the creamsicle flavored drink

For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA, which values must be known to compute effect size using eta-squared?

b. sum of squares

Which of the following would not be reported for a correlation?

c. the critical values for each test

A researcher computes a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for Factor B for this study?

d. 3

A researcher computes the following 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA, in which 11 participants were observed in each group. Which effect was significant at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

d. Factor B and the A × B interaction

Which of the following post hoc tests uses the t critical value in the calculation to determine the critical value for the test?

d. Fisher's LSD test

What is the problem with the following data for computing a correlation?

d. The correlation coefficient will equal 0 because it violates the assumption of normality.

Which of the following is an example of a parametric test?

d. all of these Answers:a. analysis of varianceb. one-sample t testc. Pearson correlationd. all of these

Select the description below that identifies the following correlation: r = .28, p < .01.

d. all of these Answers:a. the correlation is positiveb. the correlation is statistically significantc. the coefficient of determination is .08d. all of these

Many nonparametric tests are called ______ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population.

d. distribution-free tests

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 5 and N = 80. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

4

Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?

a. chi-square test

A researcher conducts a study using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. He computes = 120 and = 200. What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared?

b. .38

Which of the following hypotheses identifies a prediction that requires that two factors be observed in the same statistical design?

b. mood will improve most when people consume foods that are high in sugar and fat

Using a within-subjects ANOVA design, ______.

b. n participants are observed k times

The term "within-subjects" refers to ______

b. observing the same participants in each group

The point-biserial correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables, where ______.

b. one is continuous and one is dichotomous

A researcher conducts a within-subjects design and notes that scores increased at each level of the factor for all participants. Based on this description, does this test have high power to detect the effect?

d. Yes, because participant responding was consistent.

The method of least squares is used to determine the ______ straight line to a set of data points.

d. best-fitting

The source of variation that is associated with differences between groups in a study is called ______.

d. between-groups variability

Which of the following is a measure of proportion of variance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

d. both A and B

Following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA in which k > 2, what is the next appropriate step?

d. conduct post hoc tests

Using an A × B ANOVA, a researcher concludes that Factor A is significant, independent of Factor B. In this study, this researcher found a significant

d. main effect of Factor A

Which of the following is used to determine the linear equation that best fits a set of data points?

d. method of least squares

The denominator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables ______.

c. vary independently

A researcher observes the same participants in each of five different settings. Which source of variation is the variability attributed to observing the same participants across all five settings?

a. between-persons variability

The correlation coefficient measures the extent to which changes in one factor are ______ in a second factor.

a. related to changes

A researcher measures the extent to which the speed at which people eat (in minutes) predicts calorie intake (in kilocalories). Which factor is the predictor variable in this example?

a. the speed at which people eat

Computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when

b. different participants are assigned to each group or cell

The correlation coefficient ranges between ______ and ___

d. -1; +1

Which of the following statements is true regarding the sources of variation present in an analysis of regression?

c. The closer that data points fall to the regression line, the more the variance in Y will be attributed to regression variation.

A researcher computes a perfect negative correlation, in which each data point falls exactly on the regression line. In this example, the value of the standard error of estimate will be ______.

c. equal to 0

A researcher records the amount of time spent studying by male and female college students in a dormitory versus a library setting. Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

d. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

1 out of 1 points The source of variability associated with error variance in the one-way between-subjects ANOVA is called ______.

d. within-groups variability

Which of the following correctly identifies each source of variation in the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

a. two main effects, one interaction, and error

A researcher conducts a study in which k = 6 and n = 6 per group. What are the critical values for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?

a. 2.53

Not including the total variation, how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

a. 4

The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05, = .12. How many participants were observed in this study?

a. 40

A researcher computes two 2 × 2 between-subjects ANOVAs. In Study 1, he observes 8 participants in each cell; in Study 2, he observes 12 participants in each cell. Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction?

a. Both studies have the same degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction.

A statistical procedure used to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two factors is called ______.

a. a correlation

The correlation coefficient ranges from -1.0 to +1.0, with values closer to ±1.0 indicating ______.

a. a stronger relationship between two factors

A researcher measures anxiety levels among participants in the presence and absence of a fearful stimulus. If the same participants are observed in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

a. both A and C

The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called ______

a. both A and C

A researcher computes a 3 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds one significant main effect and a significant interaction. What is typically the next appropriate step?

a. compute simple main effect tests for the interaction

To summarize any type of regression analysis using APA format, we report each of the following except the ______.

a. critical values

To summarize any type of two-way ANOVA using APA format, we report each of the following except the ______.

a. critical values

Computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______.

a. different participants are observed one time in each of two or more groups for one factor

For a two-way ANOVA, the ______ should also be reported for each significant hypothesis test and for the simple main effect tests.

a. effect size

Which of the following is the assumption that there is an equal variance of data points dispersed along the regression line?

a. homoscedasticity

Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation?

a. r = -0.90

Without changing the value of error variance, the ______ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to retain the null hypothesis.

a. smaller

The correlation coefficient is used to measure the ______ and ______ of the linear relationship between two factors.

a. strength; direction

The following is a summary of a significant interaction for a two-way ANOVA: F(2, 30) = 2.04, p < .05 ( = .15). Assuming the test statistic value is correct, then which of the following must be incorrect in this report?

a. the p value

A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test: (1) = 5.386, p < .05 (V = .22). How many groups were observed?

a. 2

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 chi-square test for independence. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?

a. 5.99

In a study with 4 groups and 10 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the between-groups source of variation is 60. What is the value for the mean square between-groups in this study?

b. 20

Which of the following designs are associated with greater power to detect an effect, particularly when there is consistent participant responding between groups?

b. within-subjects design

There are ______ cells or groups in a 3 × 4 ANOVA design.

b. 12

What is a key distinction between parametric tests and nonparametric tests in terms of scales of measurement?

b. Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data, whereas nonparametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data.

As a general rule, the larger the degrees of freedom for a chi-square test, ______.

b. the larger the critical value will be

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA for a study in which participants are observed across five groups. If the degrees of freedom error is 56, then how many participants were observed in this study?

c. 15

A researcher measures attractiveness ratings of a male confederate among 30 women who were told the confederate was either single, dating, or married (n = 10 per group). What are the degrees of freedom for error for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

c. 27

Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the greatest power to detect an effect?

c. Fisher's LSD test

A researcher measures the following correlation between cost of produce and number of units sold. Which description best explains the relationship between these two factors?

c. Less expensive produce is associated with an increased number of units sold.

A professor compared differences in class grades between students in their freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years of college. If different participants were in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

c. a one-way between-subjects ANOVA

A simple main effect test is appropriate for analyzing which significant result?

c. a significant interaction

The statistical procedure used to analyze the simple main effects of an interaction is called ______.

c. a simple main effect test

To appropriately interpret the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, it is necessary to compare differences ______.

c. at each level of the categorical variable

1 out of 1 points Which source of variation is computed using a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, but not a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

c. between-persons variation

Which of the following is an assumption for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, but not for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

c. homogeneity of covariance

A chi-square goodness-of-fit test shows that the frequencies observed fit well with those that were expected. Hence, the decision was to ______.

c. retain the null hypothesis

A researcher measures the extent to which time spent watching educational preschool television programming predicts success in school. Which factor is the criterion variable in this example?

c. success in school

For an analysis of variance, the term "one-way" refers to ______.

c. the number of factors in the design

For an analysis of variance, the term "two-way" refers to ______.

c. the number of factors in the design

The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring for the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two dichotomous variables is ______.

c. the phi correlation coefficient

A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant A × B interaction and two main effects. Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first?

c. the significant interaction

What is the computation for the standard error of estimate?

c. the square root of the mean square residual

A researcher measures differences in recall between participants watching a regular or a 3-D movie clip with a romance, drama, or action theme. Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

c. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

Which of the following statements is the appropriate way to read the degrees of freedom for an ANOVA with 10 participants in each of four groups?

c. 3 and 36 degrees of freedom

Which of the following measures of effect size can be reported with a 3 × 4 chi-square test for independence?

c. Cramer's V

A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 × 2 chi-square was = 3.82. The 2 × 3 chi-square was = 5.02. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?

c. None; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis. Answers:a. the 2 × 2 chi-squareb. the 2 × 3 chi-square

A researcher asks participants to taste each of three meals and to choose the one they like best. The same foods are in each meal, expect for the calorie total of the meal (which is low, moderate, or high calorie). Based on the observed frequencies given below, what is an appropriate conclusion for this test at a .05 level of significance?

c. Participants liked the high calorie meal more than was expected.

To appropriately interpret the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, it is necessary to compare differences ______ of the categorical variable.

c. at each level

A researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five by ______.

c. both A and B

Which of the following is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses about the discrepancy between the observed and expected frequencies in two or more nominal categories?

c. chi-square test

When computing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, the frequency expected in a given cell should never be less than ______.

c. five

One way a researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five is to increase the sample size such that ______.

c. it is five times larger than the number of cells

A researcher computes a 4 × 4 chi-square test for independence and estimates the following effect size: V = .36. This effect size is ______.

c. large

The interpretation of a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence is similar to what other type of statistical test?

c. phi correlation coefficient

A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-, middle-, or upper middle-class family. If she observes 15 participants in each group, then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

d. (2, 42)

A researcher measures the following correlation between number of years of education and life satisfaction: r = +.08. What is the value of the coefficient of determination?

d. .01

A researcher computes a 3 × 4 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 50 participants, with = 8.43. What is the effect size for this result?

d. .29

There are ______ factors in a 2 × 3 ANOVA design

d. 2

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA in which 6 participants are observed in each cell. What are the degrees of freedom error for this study?

d. 30

A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 4 and n = 20. What are the degrees of freedom error for this test?

d. 57

A researcher computes a 3 × 5 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction for this study?

d. 8

A researcher tests whether levels of education and income levels are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a chi-square test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test?

d. Education and income level are related.

To summarize correlations, we report ______.

d. all of these

The assumption that there is an equal variance or scatter of data points dispersed along the regression line is referred to as ______.

d. homoscedasticity

The denominator of the test statistic for the main effects and interaction in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA ______.

d. is equal to mean square error

The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ______ variables.

d. ordinal

"Within-subjects" is also called ______.

d. repeated measures

An estimate of the standard deviation or distance that data points fall from the regression line is measured by the ______.

d. standard error of estimate

A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square test for independence: (1) = 5.386, p < .05 (V = .22). What is the maximum number of levels that an independent variable could have had?

d. 2

A researcher selects a sample of 80 people and records the frequency of participants choosing a low-, moderate-, or high-calorie dessert in a buffet. What are the degrees of freedom for this chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

d. 2

A researcher computes a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?

d. 3.84

A researcher observed the mating behavior of 10 porpoises in 5 different social conditions. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?

d. 4

A researcher compares the frequency of participants who sleep primarily on their stomach, back, or side during the night. What is the critical value for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test at a .05 level of significance?

d. 5.99

A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 5. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?

d. 9.49

A researcher measures the following correlation between cups of coffee consumed daily and daily work schedule. Which description best explains the relationship between these two factors?

d. The more a person works, the more coffee he or she tends to drink

To summarize the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following is reported?

d. all of these

Which of the following is an appropriate measure of effect size for a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence?

d. all of these

1 out of 1 points Outliers can change the ______ of a correlation.

d. all of these Answers: a. direction b. strength c. sign (+, -) d. all of these

Which of the following is a limitation for interpreting a correlation?

d. all of these Answers:a. Correlations do not demonstrate cause-and-effect.b. Outliers can change the direction and/or strength of the correlation.c. Conclusions should not be drawn beyond the range of scores measured.d. all of these

How does omega-squared for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA correct for the fact that eta-squared tends to be a biased estimate of effect size?

d. all of these Answers:a. It corrects for the size of error by including in the formula.b. It includes the degrees of freedom between groups () in the formula.c. It accounts for the number of groups that were observed.d. all of these

Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?

d. all of these Answers:a. The population being sampled from is normally distributed.b. Participants were selected to participate using a random procedure.c. One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.d. all of these

The coefficient of determination is ______.

d. all of these Answers:a. a measure of effect sizeb. mathematically equivalent to eta-squaredc. equal to the correlation coefficient squaredd. all of these

The normality assumption states that the population of X and Y scores form a bivariate ("two variable") normal distribution, such that ______.

d. all of these Answers:a. the population of X and Y scores is normally distributedb. for each X score, the distribution of Y scores is normally distributedc. for each Y score, the distribution of X scores is normally distributedd. all of these

The complexity of the two-way ANOVA differs from that of the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs in that ______.

d. all of these Answers:a. two factors can be observed using the two-way ANOVA, but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAsb. an interaction can be observed using the two-way ANOVA, but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAsc. three hypothesis are made with one statistical test using the two-way ANOVA, but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAsd. all of these

One way a researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five is to increase the levels of the categorical variable such that the number of levels ______.

d. is greater than four

If the expected frequencies equal to observed frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, what do we conclude?

d. the test statistic value is equal to 0