Ch.17 Endocrine System
Cell to cell communication can be accomplished by....
1. Gap junctions 2. Neurotransmitters 3. Paracrines 4. Hormones
Which hormone stimulates growth and repair of tissues? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
1. Growth hormone
What is one difference between the endocrine and nervous system? 1. The nervous system is more targeted and its response 2. The nervous system is slower to respond. 3. The nervous system has longer lasting affects. 4. The nervous system has more widespread effects.
1. The nervous system is more targeted in its response.
Which is true of growth hormone? 1. GH functions as a releasing hormone for the thymus 2. GH has widespread affects in many areas of the body 3. GH affects mitotic rates only in the epiphyseal regions of the bones 4. GH production begins at puberty
2. GH has widespread effects in many areas of the body
Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
2. Luteinizing hormone
Organs that have receptors for a specific hormone are referred to as which of the following? 1. Selective organs 2. Target organs 3. Endocrine organs 4. Hormonal organs
2. TARGET ORGANS
The adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their histology in hormone output?
3 layers
Which are gonadotropins? 1. ADH and LH 2. Oxytocin and ADH 3. FSH & LH 4. FSH and oxytocin
3. FSH and LH
Which hormone stimulates sperm production? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
3. Follicle stimulating hormone
As a group, the pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes are known as what? 1. Estrogens 2. Releasing hormones 3. gonadotropins 4. Oxytocins
3. GONADOTROPINS
Which hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH & LH, which are known as the gonadotropins? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Endocrine secretion interact with the target cells and lead to which of the following? 1. Changes in the endocrine gland through negative feedback 2. Changes in the interstitial fluids 3. Exocrine secretions 4. Intracellular changes
4. Intracellular changes
Hypothalamus releasing hormones stimulate which gland to release hormones? 1. Adrenal gland 2. Thyroid gland 3. Endocrine gland 4. Pituitary gland
4. Pituitary gland
What is a hypoglycemic hormone?
A hormone that lowers blood glucose
What is a hormone receptor?
A specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane.
What is a bound hormone?
Abound hormone is one attached to a transport protein.
Which structure is yellow in color due to its high lipid content and produces steroid hormones from cholesterol?
Adrenal cortex
What structure acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal medulla
Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume?
Aldosterone
Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells
What are eicosanoids derived from?
Arachidonic acid
Which hormone is produced by the heart?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
When blood nutrients increase, insulin is secreted from the __________ cells of the pancreas to help the transport of nutrients into cells.
Beta
To get from an endocrine gland to its target sell a hormone must travel through what?
Blood
The stress response is a mediated by what system?
Both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system
Which hormone is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete __________ In response to rising blood calcium.
Calcitonin
The kidneys produce which two hormones?
Calcitriol and Erythropoietin
Thyroid hormone accelerates the breakdown of what?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete which neurotransmitter?
Catecholamines
Enter or doctrine cells of the small intestine produce which hormone in response to fat in the chyme arriving from the stomach?
Cholecystokinin
Steroid hormones are derived from ____________.
Cholesterol
Steroid hormones are derived from___________.
Cholesterol
Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, and hormones are all mechanisms by which cells do what?
Communicate
_______________ Hypothyroidism is due to thyroid hyposecretion from birth.
Congenital
A neonatologist suspects that a newborns thyroid is under performing. What might the diagnosis be?
Congenital hypothyroidism
Which hormone is a potent glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to ACTH to help the body adapt to stress?
Cortisol
_____________ is potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
Cortisol
Which hormones are classified as steroid hormones?
Cortisol and testosterone
What is the effect of long-term exposure to cortisol on the immune system?
Cortisol depresses the immune system
Which condition results from excessive cortisol secretion?
Cushing syndrome
Which conditions sometimes results in development of a " Buffalo hump" and "moon face"?
Cushing syndrome
Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ____________, Changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.
DNA
ADH (increases or decreases) urine volume.
Decreases
What is the leading cause of worldwide adult blindness, gangrene, and limb amputation?
Diabetes mellitus
What is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world?
Diabetes mellitus
Target cells can become less sensitive to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors via which process?
Down regulation
Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in ________________. Hypersecretion of growth hormone before adolescence results in _______________.
Dwarfism, gigantism
The hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is_____________.
EPO - erythropoietin
Which glands secrete their products by way of a duct directly into an epithelial surface?
EXOCRINE
Which defines hormone specificity?
Each receptor binds to only one hormone
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Embedded in the thyroid gland
When they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands?
Endocrine
The________ System has widespread effects while the _______ Innervates one organ at a time.
Endocrine Nervous
Secretions from these glands alter the metabolism of their target cells.
Endocrine Glands
What glands are Douglas and release their secretion into bloodstream?
Endocrine Glands
Which catecholamine Is said to have a glucose sparing effect?
Epinephrine
Which catecholamines Are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine
When they secrete eggs and sperm, the gonads are considered what type of glands?
Exocrine
Which type of secretion has an extra cellular effect such as the digestion of food?
Exocrine
What glands secrete their production by way of a duct directly into an epithelial surface
Exocrine Glands
True or false: Hormones are released into the synaptic cleft.
FALSE
True or false: Bound hormones can readily leave a blood capillary and get to a target cell.
FALSE: only unbound (free) hormones can leave the blood capillary and get to a target cell.
The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system is __________ in its response.
FASTER
Which two hormones are synergists?
FSH and testosterone
True or false: all hormones interact with their target cells by first binding to a membrane-bound receptor.
False Lipid soluble steroid hormones diffuse through the membrane and interact directly with the intracellular components
True or false: Hormones always function independently of other hormones.
False The interactive effects of hormones include antagonistic, synergistic, Permissive interactions
Cells called spongiocytes are found within the Zona ___________ of the adrenal cortex.
Fasciculata
The hormone called ________ - stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles
Follicle stimulating hormone
The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called ________, which are filled with a protein rich colloid.
Follicles
What is the physiological basis for gigantism and dwarfism?
Gigantism results from hypersecretion of GH, while dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH.
Mineralocorticoids are produced in the Zona ________ of the adrenal cortex.
Glomerulosa
The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decrease blood glucose is____________.
Glucagon
Which pancreatic hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogeneolysis, and the release of glucose into Circulation in response to decrease blood glucose?
Glucagon
Which would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic?
Glycosuria and Ketonuria
What is an increase in the size of the thyroid gland that results from excessive TSH called?
Goiter
The __________ Are the only sites of steroid hormone synthesis.
Gonads and adrenal cortex
Unlike the other pituitary hormones, which hormone has widespread effects on the body?
Growth Hormone (GH)
What does a calorigenic effect increase?
Heat production
Which of the following is a paracrine messenger
Histamine
Well both the endocrine and nervous system are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. What is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system?
Hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
Rising blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin. This is what type of stimulus for hormone secretion?
Humoral stimuli
The condition of elevated blood glucose is called __________________.
Hyperglycemia
What term means an adequate hormone release?
Hyposecretion
What area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside the body?
Hypothalamus
Where is the thymus located?
In the mediastinum
Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries?
Inhibit, Progesterone, estradiol
Deering and immediately following a carbohydrate rich meal, the beta cells of the pancreas secretes the hormone ____________.
Insulin
Which substances are secreted by the pancreatic islet cells?
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
Which hormones are produced by the liver
Insulin-like growth factor Hepcidin Erythropoietin
A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin is a pancreatic ___________.
Islet
The two lobes of the thyroid are joined by this narrow piece of tissue called _________.
Isthmus
What effect does ANP have on blood pressure?
It decreases it
Where is the protei angiotensinogen, The precursor protein of the active hormone angiotensin II, Produced?
Liver
Which two organs take up and degrade hormones?
Liver and kidneys
What pituitary hormone stimulates ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete it's hormone. Then, the second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. This is an example of what type of inhibition?
Negative
After consuming a carbohydrate rich meal, insulin is released by the pancreas to lower serum glucose levels. When the serum glucose levels have returned to normal the secretion of insulin is inhibited. This is an example of which feedback mechanism?
Negative feedback inhibition
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine. This is what type of stimulus for hormone secretion?
Nervous
Which system only innervates one organ and a limited number of cells within that organ?
Nervous System
What is released into the synaptic cleft?
Neurotransmitters
The initial response to stress is an alarm reaction mediated mainly by which two hormones?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Peptides and catecholamines Are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. They therefore bind to receptors where?
On the cell surface
What endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland?
Pancreas
Because histamine diffuses to and interacts only with nearby tissues it is classified as a ____________ signal .
Paracrine
What are chemical messengers that diffuse through tissue fluid and act only nearby cells?
Paracrines
Which cells of the thyroid gland produces calcitonin?
Parafollicular
The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ________ glands.
Parathyroid glands
What are the three types of interactive effects hormones can have?
Permissive Antagonistic Synergistic
The gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum, is the ___________ gland.
Pineal Gland
Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24 hour circadian rhythms
Pineal Gland
Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella Turkic a of the sphenoid bone?
Pituitary gland
The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and ___________.
Posterior to the stomach
In the ovary, the corpus luteum produces which hormone?
Progesterone
During pregnancy, the hypothalamus causes_______ secretion so women will be prepared to lactate after giving birth.
Prolactin
Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific ________ that the hormones bind to.
Receptors
One hormone molecule can stimulate the Synthesis of hundreds of enzyme molecules. What is this known as?
Signal amplification
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain _________.
Sodium
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulant called insulin like growth factors which are also called what?
Somatomedins
Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome can lead rapidly to death?
Stage of exhaustion
_____________ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four ringed back bone.
Steroid
What is a situation that upsets hemostasis and threatens one's physical and emotional well-being?
Stress
Two or more hormones that act together to produce an effect That is greater than the sum of their separate effects are said to be what?
Synergists effects
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is___________.
TSH
What hormone directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and sex drive throughout adult life?
Testosterone
Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract?
Testosterone
The role of insulin like growth factors or Somatomedins is to prolong what hormone?
The action of growth hormone
Among their many functions, norepinephrine and epinephrine also play an important role in which of the following?
The alarm reaction of the stress response
What is one difference between the endocrine and the nervous system?
The nervous system is more targeted in its response.
What gland is located immediately below the Lennox and shaped like a butterfly?
The thyroid gland
What is the fate of most hormones?
They are degraded by the liver and kidneys
Why is it difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood?
They are hydrophobic
What do the ovaries, testes, and the adrenal cortex have in common?
They are secrete steroid hormones
How do you move steroids differ from one another?
They differ in the functional groups attached to their back bone structure.
Arachidonic acid is converted by cyclooxgenase to which 3 eicosanoids?
Thromboxanes Prostacyclin Prostaglandins
When peptides and catecholamines find to the target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology?
Through second messenger system
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the growth and function of the _____________.
Thyroid gland
What do you thyroid follicular cells secrete?
Thyroxine
What are the functions of catecholamines?
To increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity
What is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone?
To increase blood glucose level
Which condition is characterized by a loss of 80% to 90% of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells
Type one diabetes mellitus
Which condition is characterized by loss of 80% to 90% of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells?
Type one diabetes mellitus
Which type of diabetes accounts for 5% to 10% of all cases of diabetes?
Type one diabetes mellitus
Which condition do the majority of individuals diagnosed with diabetes have?
Type two diabetes mellitus
Which condition is characterized by insulin resistance?
Type two diabetes mellitus
Target cells can become more sensitive to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors via which process?
Up regulation
The two layers of the adrenal gland that secrete glucocorticoids and androgens are the zona _______ and the zona fasciculata.
Zona Reticularis
What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior ________ glands.
anterior PITUITARY gland
Immunity is depressed by long term exposure to the stress hormone ______________.
cortisol
What is a goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
The condition of elevated blood glucose is called ______.
hyperglycemia
What is an excessive hormone release called?
hypersecretion