Ch.17 Endocrine System

Cell to cell communication can be accomplished by....

1. Gap junctions 2. Neurotransmitters 3. Paracrines 4. Hormones

Which hormone stimulates growth and repair of tissues? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone

1. Growth hormone

What is one difference between the endocrine and nervous system? 1. The nervous system is more targeted and its response 2. The nervous system is slower to respond. 3. The nervous system has longer lasting affects. 4. The nervous system has more widespread effects.

1. The nervous system is more targeted in its response.

Which is true of growth hormone? 1. GH functions as a releasing hormone for the thymus 2. GH has widespread affects in many areas of the body 3. GH affects mitotic rates only in the epiphyseal regions of the bones 4. GH production begins at puberty

2. GH has widespread effects in many areas of the body

Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone

2. Luteinizing hormone

Organs that have receptors for a specific hormone are referred to as which of the following? 1. Selective organs 2. Target organs 3. Endocrine organs 4. Hormonal organs

2. TARGET ORGANS

The adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their histology in hormone output?

3 layers

Which are gonadotropins? 1. ADH and LH 2. Oxytocin and ADH 3. FSH & LH 4. FSH and oxytocin

3. FSH and LH

Which hormone stimulates sperm production? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone

3. Follicle stimulating hormone

As a group, the pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes are known as what? 1. Estrogens 2. Releasing hormones 3. gonadotropins 4. Oxytocins

3. GONADOTROPINS

Which hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH & LH, which are known as the gonadotropins? 1. Growth hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Follicle stimulating hormone 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone

4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Endocrine secretion interact with the target cells and lead to which of the following? 1. Changes in the endocrine gland through negative feedback 2. Changes in the interstitial fluids 3. Exocrine secretions 4. Intracellular changes

4. Intracellular changes

Hypothalamus releasing hormones stimulate which gland to release hormones? 1. Adrenal gland 2. Thyroid gland 3. Endocrine gland 4. Pituitary gland

4. Pituitary gland

What is a hypoglycemic hormone?

A hormone that lowers blood glucose

What is a hormone receptor?

A specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane.

What is a bound hormone?

Abound hormone is one attached to a transport protein.

Which structure is yellow in color due to its high lipid content and produces steroid hormones from cholesterol?

Adrenal cortex

What structure acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?

Adrenal medulla

Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume?

Aldosterone

Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

Alpha cells

What are eicosanoids derived from?

Arachidonic acid

Which hormone is produced by the heart?

Atrial natriuretic peptide

When blood nutrients increase, insulin is secreted from the __________ cells of the pancreas to help the transport of nutrients into cells.

Beta

To get from an endocrine gland to its target sell a hormone must travel through what?

Blood

The stress response is a mediated by what system?

Both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system

Which hormone is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete __________ In response to rising blood calcium.

Calcitonin

The kidneys produce which two hormones?

Calcitriol and Erythropoietin

Thyroid hormone accelerates the breakdown of what?

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete which neurotransmitter?

Catecholamines

Enter or doctrine cells of the small intestine produce which hormone in response to fat in the chyme arriving from the stomach?

Cholecystokinin

Steroid hormones are derived from ____________.

Cholesterol

Steroid hormones are derived from___________.

Cholesterol

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, and hormones are all mechanisms by which cells do what?

Communicate

_______________ Hypothyroidism is due to thyroid hyposecretion from birth.

Congenital

A neonatologist suspects that a newborns thyroid is under performing. What might the diagnosis be?

Congenital hypothyroidism

Which hormone is a potent glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to ACTH to help the body adapt to stress?

Cortisol

_____________ is potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the release of fatty acids into the blood.

Cortisol

Which hormones are classified as steroid hormones?

Cortisol and testosterone

What is the effect of long-term exposure to cortisol on the immune system?

Cortisol depresses the immune system

Which condition results from excessive cortisol secretion?

Cushing syndrome

Which conditions sometimes results in development of a " Buffalo hump" and "moon face"?

Cushing syndrome

Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ____________, Changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.

DNA

ADH (increases or decreases) urine volume.

Decreases

What is the leading cause of worldwide adult blindness, gangrene, and limb amputation?

Diabetes mellitus

What is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world?

Diabetes mellitus

Target cells can become less sensitive to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors via which process?

Down regulation

Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in ________________. Hypersecretion of growth hormone before adolescence results in _______________.

Dwarfism, gigantism

The hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is_____________.

EPO - erythropoietin

Which glands secrete their products by way of a duct directly into an epithelial surface?

EXOCRINE

Which defines hormone specificity?

Each receptor binds to only one hormone

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Embedded in the thyroid gland

When they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands?

Endocrine

The________ System has widespread effects while the _______ Innervates one organ at a time.

Endocrine Nervous

Secretions from these glands alter the metabolism of their target cells.

Endocrine Glands

What glands are Douglas and release their secretion into bloodstream?

Endocrine Glands

Which catecholamine Is said to have a glucose sparing effect?

Epinephrine

Which catecholamines Are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine

When they secrete eggs and sperm, the gonads are considered what type of glands?

Exocrine

Which type of secretion has an extra cellular effect such as the digestion of food?

Exocrine

What glands secrete their production by way of a duct directly into an epithelial surface

Exocrine Glands

True or false: Hormones are released into the synaptic cleft.

FALSE

True or false: Bound hormones can readily leave a blood capillary and get to a target cell.

FALSE: only unbound (free) hormones can leave the blood capillary and get to a target cell.

The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system is __________ in its response.

FASTER

Which two hormones are synergists?

FSH and testosterone

True or false: all hormones interact with their target cells by first binding to a membrane-bound receptor.

False Lipid soluble steroid hormones diffuse through the membrane and interact directly with the intracellular components

True or false: Hormones always function independently of other hormones.

False The interactive effects of hormones include antagonistic, synergistic, Permissive interactions

Cells called spongiocytes are found within the Zona ___________ of the adrenal cortex.

Fasciculata

The hormone called ________ - stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles

Follicle stimulating hormone

The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called ________, which are filled with a protein rich colloid.

Follicles

What is the physiological basis for gigantism and dwarfism?

Gigantism results from hypersecretion of GH, while dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH.

Mineralocorticoids are produced in the Zona ________ of the adrenal cortex.

Glomerulosa

The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decrease blood glucose is____________.

Glucagon

Which pancreatic hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogeneolysis, and the release of glucose into Circulation in response to decrease blood glucose?

Glucagon

Which would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic?

Glycosuria and Ketonuria

What is an increase in the size of the thyroid gland that results from excessive TSH called?

Goiter

The __________ Are the only sites of steroid hormone synthesis.

Gonads and adrenal cortex

Unlike the other pituitary hormones, which hormone has widespread effects on the body?

Growth Hormone (GH)

What does a calorigenic effect increase?

Heat production

Which of the following is a paracrine messenger

Histamine

Well both the endocrine and nervous system are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. What is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system?

Hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

Rising blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin. This is what type of stimulus for hormone secretion?

Humoral stimuli

The condition of elevated blood glucose is called __________________.

Hyperglycemia

What term means an adequate hormone release?

Hyposecretion

What area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside the body?

Hypothalamus

Where is the thymus located?

In the mediastinum

Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

Inhibit, Progesterone, estradiol

Deering and immediately following a carbohydrate rich meal, the beta cells of the pancreas secretes the hormone ____________.

Insulin

Which substances are secreted by the pancreatic islet cells?

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Which hormones are produced by the liver

Insulin-like growth factor Hepcidin Erythropoietin

A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin is a pancreatic ___________.

Islet

The two lobes of the thyroid are joined by this narrow piece of tissue called _________.

Isthmus

What effect does ANP have on blood pressure?

It decreases it

Where is the protei angiotensinogen, The precursor protein of the active hormone angiotensin II, Produced?

Liver

Which two organs take up and degrade hormones?

Liver and kidneys

What pituitary hormone stimulates ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete it's hormone. Then, the second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. This is an example of what type of inhibition?

Negative

After consuming a carbohydrate rich meal, insulin is released by the pancreas to lower serum glucose levels. When the serum glucose levels have returned to normal the secretion of insulin is inhibited. This is an example of which feedback mechanism?

Negative feedback inhibition

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine. This is what type of stimulus for hormone secretion?

Nervous

Which system only innervates one organ and a limited number of cells within that organ?

Nervous System

What is released into the synaptic cleft?

Neurotransmitters

The initial response to stress is an alarm reaction mediated mainly by which two hormones?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Peptides and catecholamines Are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. They therefore bind to receptors where?

On the cell surface

What endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland?

Pancreas

Because histamine diffuses to and interacts only with nearby tissues it is classified as a ____________ signal .

Paracrine

What are chemical messengers that diffuse through tissue fluid and act only nearby cells?

Paracrines

Which cells of the thyroid gland produces calcitonin?

Parafollicular

The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ________ glands.

Parathyroid glands

What are the three types of interactive effects hormones can have?

Permissive Antagonistic Synergistic

The gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum, is the ___________ gland.

Pineal Gland

Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24 hour circadian rhythms

Pineal Gland

Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella Turkic a of the sphenoid bone?

Pituitary gland

The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and ___________.

Posterior to the stomach

In the ovary, the corpus luteum produces which hormone?

Progesterone

During pregnancy, the hypothalamus causes_______ secretion so women will be prepared to lactate after giving birth.

Prolactin

Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific ________ that the hormones bind to.

Receptors

One hormone molecule can stimulate the Synthesis of hundreds of enzyme molecules. What is this known as?

Signal amplification

Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain _________.

Sodium

Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulant called insulin like growth factors which are also called what?

Somatomedins

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome can lead rapidly to death?

Stage of exhaustion

_____________ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four ringed back bone.

Steroid

What is a situation that upsets hemostasis and threatens one's physical and emotional well-being?

Stress

Two or more hormones that act together to produce an effect That is greater than the sum of their separate effects are said to be what?

Synergists effects

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is___________.

TSH

What hormone directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and sex drive throughout adult life?

Testosterone

Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract?

Testosterone

The role of insulin like growth factors or Somatomedins is to prolong what hormone?

The action of growth hormone

Among their many functions, norepinephrine and epinephrine also play an important role in which of the following?

The alarm reaction of the stress response

What is one difference between the endocrine and the nervous system?

The nervous system is more targeted in its response.

What gland is located immediately below the Lennox and shaped like a butterfly?

The thyroid gland

What is the fate of most hormones?

They are degraded by the liver and kidneys

Why is it difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood?

They are hydrophobic

What do the ovaries, testes, and the adrenal cortex have in common?

They are secrete steroid hormones

How do you move steroids differ from one another?

They differ in the functional groups attached to their back bone structure.

Arachidonic acid is converted by cyclooxgenase to which 3 eicosanoids?

Thromboxanes Prostacyclin Prostaglandins

When peptides and catecholamines find to the target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology?

Through second messenger system

Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the growth and function of the _____________.

Thyroid gland

What do you thyroid follicular cells secrete?

Thyroxine

What are the functions of catecholamines?

To increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity

What is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone?

To increase blood glucose level

Which condition is characterized by a loss of 80% to 90% of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells

Type one diabetes mellitus

Which condition is characterized by loss of 80% to 90% of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells?

Type one diabetes mellitus

Which type of diabetes accounts for 5% to 10% of all cases of diabetes?

Type one diabetes mellitus

Which condition do the majority of individuals diagnosed with diabetes have?

Type two diabetes mellitus

Which condition is characterized by insulin resistance?

Type two diabetes mellitus

Target cells can become more sensitive to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors via which process?

Up regulation

The two layers of the adrenal gland that secrete glucocorticoids and androgens are the zona _______ and the zona fasciculata.

Zona Reticularis

What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex?

Zona reticularis

Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior ________ glands.

anterior PITUITARY gland

Immunity is depressed by long term exposure to the stress hormone ______________.

cortisol

What is a goiter?

enlargement of the thyroid gland

The condition of elevated blood glucose is called ______.

hyperglycemia

What is an excessive hormone release called?

hypersecretion