Stress Chapter 5

aspirin

Baby aspirin works as both an anti-inflammatory and anticlotting agent (it blocks an enzyme that helps platelets aggregate

Prevention Strategie

Cancer prevention strategies focus primarily on screening for cancer, practicing sun safety, eating healthy foods, losing weight, exercising, and avoiding tobacco smoke and environmental carcinogens

IBD is

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relatively rare chronic multisystemic autoimmune disease whereby the body's antibodies target its own organs and tissues

models and eveidnce 1

The first model posits that stress leads to more muscle tension that in turn affects the joints. Koehler found no evidence for this model.

atherosclerosis.

The atherosclerosis process is believed to be the body's way of responding to injury of the interior walls of the affected arteries

model 2

The second model states that stress-related hormonal changes lead to inflammation of the joints. Though this model is possible, Koehler argued that increase in stress usually results in increased cortisol, which should reduce, rather than increase, inflammation.

electromyograph (EMG).

The skeletal muscles are often measured in psychophysiological research with an electromyograph (EMG).

functional syndromes

The word functional often carries an unwarranted negative connotation, suggesting that somehow the symptoms are imagined or not real. Some estimates suggest that primary care physicians can medically explain only 16% of the symptoms that patients report (Kroenke & Mangelsdorff, 1989). Because there is no known organic cause of functional health conditions, stress is often suspected as a causal or contributing agen

high bp cold cause

This condition is related to increased risk of MI, congestive heart failure, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease because it can result in structural changes in the blood vessels and the heart.

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS):

a functional disorder characterized by episodes of pain or tenderness along with bowel disruptions in the form of diarrhea and/or constipation.

temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS): a

a syndrome characterized by myofascial pain, particularly in the temporomandibular joint and the muscles involved in chewing.

cognitivebehavioral stress management

creased immune function

gastrointestinal (GI) system

in humans is designed to ingest and digest food

bruxism

involuntary habit of excessive teeth clenching or grinding that can lead to abrasive wear on the teeth, headaches, and/or temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome.

Asthma is

is a chronic condition that has acute phases in which the respiratory system becomes inflamed and bronchial airways constrict. The acute phases may be triggered by one of many allergens, changes in air temperature or moisture, exertion, or other factors.

Crohn's disease (CD)

is an autoimmune disease; the immune system attacks the GI system, leading to GI symptoms. There also may be swollen joints, skin rash, and eye inflammation.

Atopic dermatitis

is characterized by a hypersensitivity of the skin to particular foods or environmental allergens that results in the skin becoming inflamed, feeling itchy, and perhaps scaling or flaking.

srelation to stress

some but limited

men with CHD and to a certain extent women with CHD,

stress management appeared to reduce their lipid levels.

Cardiovascular Disease

strong evidence

skeletal muscles,

the muscles of the body attached to bone, also are known as the striated muscles because of their shape and color,

Tension-Type Headache

the most common type of headache, characterized by head pain that often has corollary pain in the neck, back, or other related muscle areas.

third model

third model suggests a direct causal linkage between stress and the immune system. For example, he notes that direct sympathetic nervous system stimulation of immune system organs such as the spleen and thymus

ischemia

which can in turn lead to angina or myocardial tissue death. A

sudden cardiac death (SCD),

which is cardiac arrest that occurs very shortly after symptom onset that results in death

EMG biofeedback combined with relaxation

works

low SES

correlated to CHD

SCD

correlated with acute grief and stress

low decision latitude

correlated with cardiovasucular disease

Rheumatoid Arthritis

chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of and sometimes damage to the joints and surrounding tissues.

unstable plaque rupturing

could ead to cardiac event and a blood clot(thrombosis) forms to stanuch the bleeding which block some mo

acute coronary syndrome (

) refers to a group of conditions due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies

Coping Strategies

-avoidance -antihistamess

prevenntion strategies

-do not smoke -eat fruits an vegetaboes\ -exercise -lower cholestrol -control obesity -prevent diabetes -mange stress -8 preent high blood pressure -alcohol limit

Skeletal Muscle Conditions

. Tension-type headaches (TTH), bruxism, and temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) are all conditions associated with tension of the skeletal muscles.

The Effects of Stress on Blood Pressure

Acute stress can cause spikes in blood pressure, and chronic stress can prevent elevated blood pressure from recovering to its normal homeostatic levels; chronic stress may also drive inflammatory responses

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

IBD always has visible inflammation of the intestinal lining that is seen through x-ray or colonoscopy

also

In addition, blood pressure spikes may cause tiny tears in the inner arterial walls that need to be patched by cholesterol-laden plaques.

coping strategies for lupus

Medications often are used to control lupus symptoms. These may include NSAIDs to reduce pain and inflammation or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and regulate immune system activity.

Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers are erosions in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum (upper small intestine).

Coping Strategies for peptic ulcers

Peptic ulcers can be cured in a relatively short time, often in 2 to 4 weeks Ulcers caused by the H. pylori bacteria are usually treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. The antibiotics are usually combined with a stomach acid-reducing medication to aid healing. Behavioral changes such as quitting smoking and reducing or eliminating alcohol or caffeine consumption may help the healing process. Ulcers caused by using NSAIDs can be treated by discontinuing their use. Surgery may be required in some severe cases

Coping Strategies for cancer

Psychological interventions for people diagnosed with cancer usually focus on decreasing anxiety and any depression they may experience

Sudden Cardiac Death

SCD is due to a cardiac event that leads to an abrupt loss of consciousness shortly after the onset of the event. SCD is more likely to occur in individuals with preexisting coronary and vascular diseases, such as those with CAD, angina pectoris, and

cholestrol and stress

Stress is commonly believed to be associated with high levels of circulating cholesterol.

CBT

a;sp je;[s

Stress and Cardiovascular Disease

adverse childhood experiences (e.g., family dysfunction, neglect, abuse) increased the risk of developing adult ischemic heart disease by 1.3- to 1.7-fold in a dose-dependent

ulcerative colitis (UC).

also is a serious IBD that is characterized by GI symptoms and ulcers of the colon.

deintion

also known as coronary artery disease; a progressive degenerative inflammatory disease involving atherosclerosis of the heart's arteries.

myocardial infarction (MI):

also known as a heart attack; when the heart has insufficient blood supply usually due to occlusion of a coronary artery which results in cardiac tissue death.

allergic rhinitis (AR),

also known as hay fever; involves allergic reactions to certain pollens, dust particles, or airborne chemicals.

cancer:

an umbrella category of around 200 diseases involving endogenous abnormal cells developing, proliferating, and then invading the body's healthy tissues.

symptoms of mi

angina pectoris, or chest pain; an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in the form of an MI; or sudden cardiac death (SCD),

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

are chronic diseases that have episodic overlapping symptoms that vary in severity such as stomach pain, diarrhea (often bloody), weight loss, and tiredness.

Prevention and Behavioral Treatment Strategies

avoiding tobacco smoke, especially during pregnancy and early childhood, and eliminating it from the workplace; reducing indoor air pollution; minimizing exposure of at-risk young children to inhalant allergies like dust mites, cockroaches, and furry animals; preventing or eliminating exposure to highly irritating or sensitizing agents in occupational settings; minimizing exposure to damp housing conditions; and breastfeeding infants exclusively until the age of 4 to 6 months (breast milk may contain some protective factors).

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria:

bacterial microorganisms that are usually benign but can sometimes inflame the mucosal layer of the stomach or duodenum, leading to the development of an ulcer.

psychological characteristics and chronic stressors in the environment

contribute to the development of raised blood pressure and risk of hypertension."

childhood experiences

can lead to autommmiugene later on, like RA

major acute sressers

can precipitate SCD

hopeful more recent study found that psychological interventions based on mindfulness-based stress reduction approaches

can reduce stress, cortisol levels, systolic blood pressure, and Th1 proinflammatory cytokines in outpatients with breast and prostate cancer immediately after the intervention and at a 1-year follow

chain events

chain of events begins with childhood exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, which lead to the development of unpleasant affective states, depression and anger/hostility, as a result of the long-term effect of physiological response to stress. Attempts to cope with these stresses may also lead to the adoption of risk behaviors such as smoking, overeating, and physical activity"

Systemic Autoimmune Disorders

disorders characterized by the immune system broadly attacking the body's own cells and tissues.

how?

excessive epinehrpine release 1) excessive epinephrine release, which leads to either ventricular fibrillations or coronary artery spasm; and (2) sympathetic/parasympathetic overload leading to sinus bradycardia, which, in turn, can develop into either vertricular tachycardia, arrhythmias, and fibrillations or hypotensive shock, with resultant insufficient circulation to the heart and brain" (p. 40).

lupus and stress

flimsy evidence

depression also indepdendetnt risk factor

for cardiovasculura disease

higher levels of circulating catecholamines

for hypertensives, suggesting overall higher sympathetic nervous system reactivity to stressors

migraine headaches:

head pain believed to be neurovascular in origin that is typically felt more on one side of the head and may be accompanied by feelings of nausea and auras such as unusual lights and odors

atopic disorders:

health disorders characterized by biological hypersensitivity and inflammation such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and conjunctivitis.

Treatment for IBS is complicated

identify the specific triggers like certain foods, caffeine, stress, and so on and then avoid or minimize them. General lifestyle changes to improve health may be recommended such as getting regular exercise or quitting smoking edications that manage the symptoms may be taken as needed. Unfortunately, most of the studies conducted to date assessing treatments for IBS have poor methodological quality. However, there is some scattered evidence of the clinical effectiveness of a variety of different interventions (

Essential hypertension (HTN),

known most simply as high blood pressure, is a chronic condition with no known organic cause that is characterized by systolic blood pressure (SBP), the top number when blood pressure is reported, of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the bottom number when blood pressure is reported, of 90 mm Hg or higher

writing about stressfull lives

may also help

Anger and hostility

may play a role in acute MIs or lethal arrhythmias. As Futterman (2002) explains, anger increases catecholamine levels, blood pressure, heart rate, the likelihood of vasospasms, as well as platelet aggregation, thus making it more likely that there will be a disruption of vulnerable areas of plaque resulting in occlusive ischemia followed by an MI or SCD.

stress and cancer

mixed evidence

more narrow

moking avoidance, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and moderate activity (along with lipid lowering) should be the cornerstone of prevention of coronary heart disease in all populations worldwide."

evidence

not much

using psychological interventions (e.g., psychotherapy) to improve longevity in cancer survivors.

not much evidence

extreme excitement

not that great

angina pectoris,

or chest pain;

relalationship between RA and stress

pretty strong

Tension-Type Headache rlated to

proximal stressers

Arteriosclerosis

refers to this "hardening" of the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.

stress exposure, psychological distress, and low social support

related significantly to the future onset of atopic disorders and their clinical course.