STRUCTURAL
diagonal sheathing
a sheathing of boards applied diagonally for lateral strength
running mold
a sheet metal template cut to the desired profile, backed w/ wood, and pushed along between temporary grounds to form a plaster molding along the angle between a wall and ceilin
stake
a stick of wood sharpened at one end and set into the ground to act as a boundary marker or to support or hold something
corner lath
a strip of expanded-metal lath bent to form a 90 deg. angle, used at an internal corner to prevent cracks in plastering
joint-tape
a strip of paper, paper-faced cotton, or plastic mesh used with joint compound to cover the joints between sheets of gypsum board
verify monuments are in the correct position
before setting up batter boards and stalking, what activity is to be done first
Flexural stress
bending caused by a combination of tension and compression
Sub-surface drainage
consists of an underground network of piping for conveying groundwater to a point of disposal, as a storm sewer system or a natural outfall at a lower elevation on the site. Excess groundwater can reduce the load-carrying capacity of a foundation soil and increase the hydrostatic pressure on a building foundation. Waterproofing is required for basement structure situated close to or below the water table of a site
fine-grained soil
consists of much smaller particles, such as silt and clay.
she bolts
consists of water rods that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod. after striping the water rods are removed for reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete.
Cross tee
A secondary member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually ceiling system, usually a sheet-metal tee carried by the main runners.
boning rod
A set of 3 Tee shaped rods used to maintain levels or gradients
expanded-metal lath
metal lath fabricated by sitting and expanding a sheet of steel alloy to form a stiff network w/ diamond-shaped openings
12mm
minimum reinforcing steel bars: bottom bars or main bars
10mm
minimum reinforcing steel bars: top bars or temperature bars
100mm
minimum thickness of one way slab
Column
An upright structural member acting primarily in compression.
Dead shore
An upright timber for supporting a dead load during the structural alteration of a building, esp. one of two supports for a needle
Heat-Strengthened Glass
Annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening of reheating and sudden cooling. Has about twice the strength of the same thickness.
Tempered Glass
Annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point and hen rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after fabrication. Breaks into harmless particles.
Curing
Maintaining the humidity and temperature of freshly placed concrete during some definite period following placing, casting, or finishing to assure satisfactory hydration of the cementitious materials and proper hardening of the concrete.
Ledger, Brace/Diagonal, Standard, Heads, Jacks, and Bases
Major components of metal shoring:
Superstructure, Substructure, Foundation
Major parts of a building
Hermetic
Made airtight by fusing or sealing.
siding
Material, such as boards or shingles, used for surfacing the outside walls of a frame building.
75mm
Max spacing of spirals
24 ksi
Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is ___
14.5 ksi
Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is ___
Allowable stress
Maximum safe stress
Elastic limit
Maximum stress that a material will withstand without permanent deformation.
Shearing strenth
Measure of the ability to resist displacement when an external force is applied, due largely to the combined effects of cohesion and internal friction
National Structural Code of the Philippines
NSCP
Floating
Smoothing newly applied mortar, plaster, or concrete with a trowel or float.
HINGED ROLLER FIXED/ RESTRAINED
TYPES OF SUPPORT
Bond plaster
a gypsum basecoat plaster containing a small amount of lime and chemical additives to improve the bond of succeeding coats to dense, nonporous surfaces
Neat plaster
a gypsum basecoat plaster having no admixture except hair or other fiber, used for on-the-job mixing with aggregates
coreboard
a gypsum board 1 inch (25.4mm) thick, used as a base in solid gypsum-board partition and for lining shafts
type-X gypsum board
a gypsum board having a core containing additives for increased fire resistance
prefinished gypsum board
a gypsum board having a decorative vinyl or printed paper surface
gypsum sheathing
a gypsum board having a fire-resistant core and faced w/ a water-repellent paper, used as exterior sheathing.
Sill plate
a heavy horizontal timber at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure
girt
a horizontal member spanning between exterior columns to support wall sheathing or cladding
flying shore
a horizontal strut fixed between and supporting two walls above ground level
walers
a horizontal timber or beam used to brace or support an upright member, as sheeting, formwork for concrete
before excavation
a hydrologic soil test should be made
Principal stress
The tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the interaction of bending and shear stresses at a cross section of a beam.
Beam ceiling
The underside of a floor showing the supporting beams and finished to form ceiling.
Live load
The weight of movable objects such as people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on a building.
live load
The weight of movable objects such as people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on a building.
Dead load
The weight of the building or building components.
dead load
The weight of the building or building components.
horse
The wooden support for the sheet-metal template of a running mold
scarf joint
a joint by which the ends of 2 pieces of timber are united to form a continuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc. before bolting, gluing, welding, etc.
quirk
a groove or acute angle dividing a bead or other molding from adjoining members or surfaces
tongue and groove joint
a joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the corresponding groove of another.
double acting gravity hinge
a kind of hinge that is used for a door between the main kitchen and the dining area
Powder-actuated stud driver
a kind of nailer that is powered by gunpowder and is used to drive long pins into wood, steel or concrete
Front-end loader
a large shoveling machine that can scoop or deposit a large amount of material
protection of adjoining structure
a law that provides that any person making an excavation is responsible for resulting damage to adjoining property
vehicle
a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being applied to a surface to control consistency, adhesion, gloss, and durability
clapboard
a long thin board with one edge thicker than the other; used as siding by lapping one board over the board below ; cover with clapboards
Acoustical plaster
a low-density plaster containing vermiculite or other porous material to enhance its ability to absorb sound
Compactor or Roller
a machine that compacts soil to prepare for road paving
Scraper
a machine that loads hauls and dumps soil over medium to long distances
Concrete mixer
a machine that mixes concrete ingredients by means of a rotating drum. Raw materials are introduced into the mixing drum through its open end discharged by tilting the mixing drum to allow the concrete to pour out
concrete mixer
a machine that mixes concrete ingredients by means of a rotating drum. raw materials are introduced into the mixing drum through its open end and discharged by tilting the mixing drum to allow the concrete to pour out.
Paver
a machine that places spreads and finishes concrete or asphalt paving material
Excavator
a machine used for digging or scooping earth from a place and depositing it in another
3-4-5 Multiples with the use of Steel Tape Measure
a manual method of squaring the corners of building lines in staking
REDUCTION OF AREA
a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test
ELONGATION
a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a test specimen after failure in tensile test
Cleat
a metal strip, plate or metal angle piece, either continuous or individual ("clip"), used to secure two or more components together.
method of joints
a method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of the various joints idealized as points in free body diagrams
method of section
a method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of any portion of the truss assembly.
Plastic hose filled with water
a method of leveling horizontally batter boards without transit
plastic hose filled with water
a method of leveling horizontally batter boards without transit.
Wood-fibered plaster
a mill-mixed gypsum basecoat plaster containing coarse cellulose fibers for greater bulk, strength, and fire resistance, used neat or mixed w/ sand to obtain a basecoat of superior hardness
Paint
a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle applied as a thin usu. opaque coating to a surface for protection and decoration
Lime plaster
a mixture of lime, sand and sometimes a fiber, used as a basecoat plaster
needle
a short beam passed through a wall as a temporary support while the foundation or part beneath is repaired, altered or strengthened
Trencher
a special kind which digs trenches or long, narrow ditches for pipelines or cables
Gauging plaster
a specialty ground gypsum plaster for mixing w/ lime putty. formulated to provide either a quick set or a slow set for finish coat of plaster
penetrating stain
a stain that penetrates a wood surface, leaving a very thin film on the surface
grade stake
a stake marking the amount of cut or fill required to bring the ground to a specified level.
soldier pile
a steel H-section driven vertically into the ground to support horizontal sheeting or lagging. Also called soldier beam
tieback
a steel rod attached to a deadman, a rigid foundation, or a rock or soil anchor to prevent lateral movement of a retaining wall or formwork
neutral axis
an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur.
raker
an inclined shore for supporting a wall. Also called raking shore.
backing board
an inexpensive gypsum board used as the base layer in multilayer assembly for increased rigidity, sound insulation, and fire resistance
STAIN GAUGE
an instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension, compression, bending or twisting. Also called EXTENSOMETER
Spirit level
an instrument or toll capable of vertical and horizontal line check
spirit level
an instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check
SHEARING FORCE
an internal force tangenial to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to shear, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a horizontal plane and vise versa
pigmented stain
an oil stain containing pigments capable of obscuring or concealing the grain and texture of a wood surface. aka: opaque stain example: oil stain
Claw hammer
an ordinary hammer used to drive or remove nails
subsurface drainage
an undergorund network of piping for conveying groundwater to a point of disposal, such as a storm sewer system. Excess groundwater reduces the load-carrying capacity of a foundation soil and increases the hydrostatic pressure on a building foundation
boil
an unwanted flow of water and solid matter into an excavation, due to excessive outside water pressure. Also called blow.
dead shore
an upright timber for supporting a dead load during the structural alteration of a building especially one of 2 supports for a needle
cripple
any framing member that is short than usual, such as a stud above a door opening or below a window sill
alkyd resin
any of a group of synthetic resins derived from a polyvalent alcohol in reaction with an organic acid, used chiefly in adhesives and paints
lath
any of a number of suitable surfaces for receiving plasterwork, such as gypsum lath, metal lath, wood lath, masonry, or brickwork
stakes
are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards.
crowded and busy kitchen
area to avoid flat paint
150mm
at every how many millimeters should a fill be compacted
dress
at least 1 side and both edges even for non-exposed surfaces
36mm
bars larger than ___mm dia should not be bundled
sealer
basecoat applied to reduce the absorption of subsequent coats of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the finish coat
scarfed splice
bending: when a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to compression while the lower half is under tension. a splice for bending should therefore combine the features of the tension and compression splice. the upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end, since there is no tendency to crush timber. to overcome the tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the bottom and bolted securely.
varnish
best finish for high quality narra door
tiled roof
best roofing for a house located at a coastal area
tiled roofing
best roofing material for a bakery
Rigid bodies
body that does not deform under the action of forces
Strength of materials
branch of engineering that deals with the analysis of the internal effects of forces on deformable solids
pavers types
brick, concrete, grid, interlocking, granite, cut stone, turf
cobble
can be lifted by whole hand
Test pits
for shallow work, an open pit is the most suitable method since it calls for an actual inspection of the undisturbed material over a considerable area
ECCENTRIC FORCE
force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of he cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section. Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.
MOMENT
force x distance moment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT
buoyant uplift forces
forces from underground water similar to forces that cause a boat to float
alligatoring
formation of cracks on the surface of paint layers or poor adhesion
construction below grade
foundation: such as footing courses, basement walls, etc. forming the lower section of a structure
special construction
foundation: such as piling or piers used to transmit the loads of the building to firm substrata.
natural material
foundation: the particular part of the earth's surface on which the construction rests
Braced frame
frame with diagonal bracing, resists lateral thrust and gravity load
where the soil is soft
from which part of the site will you get a sample for the soil test
splice
function is to connect 2 or more pieces of timber in such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size. of 3 types: compression, tension and bending
2 gal.
given a room dimension of 5m x 5m with a ceiling height of 2.40m, two windows of 1m x 1.20m and a door 2.0m x 1m, single coating. How many gallons of paint will you buy if 25sqm = 4 liters?
6.4-76.2mm
gravel size
gc
gravels: 6.4-76.2 mm clayey gravels well-graded gravel 4000 psf 192 kpa poor
gw
gravels: 6.4-76.2 mm clean gravels well-graded gravel 1000 psf 479 kpa excellent
gp
gravels: 6.4-76.2 mm poorly graded gravel well-graded gravel 1000 psf 479 kpa excellent
gm
gravels: 6.4-76.2 mm silty gravels well-graded gravel 5000 psf 239 kpa poor
made ground
ground that has been raised to a higher level by filling with hard rubble, such as stone or broken brick. Also called made-up ground
gypsum lath
gypsum board having air-entrained core faced with absorbent paper used as a base for plaster
loose rock
rock masses detached from the ledge of which they originally formed a part.
grade beam
that part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears directly on the column footing.
foundation walls
that part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure below grade.
lumber, steel
the 2 major materials used for shoring construction are _ and _.
MALLEABILITY
the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is released
hiding power
the ability of a paint film to conceal any marks, pattern, or color, on the surface to which it is applied. aka: covering power
COMPRESSION
the act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size or volume of an elastic body
TENSION
the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body
Cement temper
the addition of portland cement to lime plaster to improve its strength and durability
BOND STRESS
the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member
Bond stress
the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member
COVER
the amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion, measured from the surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section
MAGNITUDE
the amount of force, N
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.
TENSILE STRESS
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.
STRAIN- RATE EFFECT
the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
BENDING
the bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length. Bending is the structural mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that enables a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicular to its application
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material
Lateral buckling
the buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction
basement
the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade
basement
the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture
ALLOWABLE STRESS
the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the material's elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS
setback
the minimum required distance from every structure to the property lines of a lot, established by a zoning ordinance to provide for air, light, solar access, fire separation, and privacy
TORQUE
the moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion
foundation bed
the natural material on which the construction rests
Shear
the parallel force that shifts a structure in two opposite directions
substructure
the part of the building underground that is habitable
Imposed load
the part of the total load sustained by a structure or member thereof that is applied to it after erection — compare dead load.
Deflection
the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the material.
Superstructure
the portion of the building above the ground
superstructure
the portion of the building above the ground.
Stabilizing the soil
the process of compacting the soil on which the structure will rest
Excavating
the process of digging the earth to provide a place for the foundation of the building
TOUGHNESS
the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material. Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials
ELASTICITY
the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force
DUCTILITY
the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of impending failure
BRITLENESS
the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident deformation. Since brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they can give no warning of impending material
ELASTIC RANGE
the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
POISSON'S RATIO
the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress
TENSILE STRENGTH
the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material
CRITICAL SECTION
the section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of inflection, or appoint within the span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist stress
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
the shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress
Permeability
the state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.
YIELD STRENGTH
the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material, usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly defined yield point. Also called POOR STRESS
YIELD POINT
the stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load. The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section
Foundation
the structural portion of the building load into the soil
foundation
the structural portion of the building that transfer the buildings load into the soil
Statics
the study of how forces affect non-moving objects
Moment of Inertia
the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. it is a geometric property that indicates how the cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material
AXIAL STRESS
the tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section. Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL TRESS
STRESS RELAXATION
the time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load
TORSION
the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body
encroachment
the unauthorized extension of a building, or part thereof, on the property or domain of another.
water table
the underground surface beneath which the earth is saturated with water
groundwater
the water beneath the surface of the ground that supplies walls and springs, consisting largely of surface water that has seeped down
FATIGUE
the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to a repeated series of stresses
asphalt
there are two types of roofing shingles today, the organic and fiberglass shingles. what material is common for both kinds of shingle that also makes them waterproof
glaze coat
thin coat of transparent color applied to enhance the color of a painted surface
Trusses
this is another type of steel members used in steel construction. it is a structural member made up of small members or components welded or bolted together. the advantage of truss structures is that they are light weight and can be used where long spans are required, like roofs and bridges.
dado joint
this is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. a groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. if nails are used, they are needed only at the end place since groove will provide the necessary strength to hold the other piece in place.
rabbet joint
this joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from 1 piece to receive the other piece. it is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.
halved joint
this joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. the purpose of this type of joint is to maintain a level surface at the joint
tampering machine
this relatively small machine is very useful for residential soil compaction
Tower crane or Climbing crane
used in the construction of tall building because it has a built-in jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the building is constructed
Pneumatic hammer or Jackhammer
used to break up concrete or asphalt paving
Saber saw
used to cut curves or holes in floors and roofs for pipes and has a small knife-shaped blade that moves up and down
power drill
used to drill holes in wood, metal and concrete
Nail set
used to drive finishing nails below the surface of a wooden trim or molding
Blind riveter
used to fasten pieces of sheet metal together
Pry bar
used to force open boards used in forming concrete
Power screwdriver or Screwgun
used to install and remove screws
Digital rule
used to measure relatively long distances such as those in highway construction
Concrete pump
used to move concrete from concrete mixer to the concrete form
Brick trowel
used to place and trim mortar between bricks or concrete
Water pump
used to pump out of holes in the ground so that construction work can commence
Formwork
used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself
formwork
used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself.
Bull float
used to smoothen out the surface of wet concrete
Cold chisel
used to trim metals
Wood chisel
used to trim wood and clear away excess material from wood joints
Pipe wrench
used to turn round objects like pipes
Laser-powered welder
used to weld material by employing laser to hear the metal
Arc welding machine
used to weld materials by melting portions of the metal
Plywood forms
used where a smooth surface is required; should be waterproof, grade "A" and at least 1/2" thick
spreaders
usually of wood space and keep the wall or forms apart
OTHER LOADS
varying load, moment load
Mineral spirits
volatile distillation of petroleum used as a solvent and thinner for paints and varnishes
overburden
waste earth and rock overlying a useful mineral deposit, bedrock, on a deposit of sand, gravel, or rock needed for construction. Also called burden
t=l/28
if both ends continuous
Silt
A finely divided earthy material deposited from running water
arc welding machine
is used to weld materials by melting portions of the metal.
increase in volume of concrete
what will happen if excavation is not correctly followed
comfort, in line with proper ventilation
what will you sacrifice for using fixed and minimal opening window
quick dry enamel
what will you use to paint a steel gate of a perimeter fence
flat paint
when a surface is uneven and cannot be totally flattened, what is the best paint to used to hide the uneven surface
fill the excavation with gravel
when excavating, what will you do if you over excavated the soil
electrical engineer
when preparing electical plans for submission, the plans must be duly signed by an
Crane load
whenever anything is lifted or raised from a horizontal position to a vertical position, the
boysen brand
where do you use xyladecor? wood stain that at the same time waterproofs, prevents fungi, mold and insect attacks
in between the slab and topping
where should the waterproofing be installed
1m from construction line
where should you start excavation
felt paper
which among the given is the best insulating material
Soldier piles
which are steel H-sections driven vertically into the ground to support
soldier piles
which are steel h-sections driven into the ground to support
sheet piles
which are timber, steel, or pre-cast driven side by side to retain earth and prevent water from seeping into the exaction
sheet piles
which are timber, steel, or pre-cast planks driven side by side to retain earth and prevent water from seeping into the exaction
roofdeck waterproofing
which has a minimum of 5 years warranty
interior office furniture
which is the best application for polyurethane
self-tapping screw (teckscrew)
which of the following is used to connect GI roofing sheets to steel purlins
automotive lacquer
which paint should not be used in a fully enclosed, artificially ventilated area
longspan
which roofing has a 15-year warranty
curvilinear GI sheet
which roofing material will you use for a waiting shed in manila
corrugated
which will result to a lesser number of purlins
sliding
which window is the easiest to clen
interior and exterior, odorless
why does acrylic latex considered the most flexible paint
it will not bond
why is enamel not appropriate for metals
sealant
why is there a need to provide spacing in between sheets of polycarbonate roofing
it might ignite a fire
why should rags not be left beside can of paints at a job site especially during night time when it is most likely to be unattended
shiplap
wood sheating whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint.
Batter boards
wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are established
batter boards
wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are established.
max permissible stress under actual working conditions
working stress
from elastic deformation into plastic deformation
yield stress
vinegar
you noticed a red stain caused by fungi on a painted wall. which household chemical will you use to remove it
One-way slab
Type of slab when the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than 0.50
roof tiles
a bungalow house is constructed between two 2-storey houses, what is the best roofing material to be used
modulus of elasticity
(F/A)/(dL/L)
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
ACI
Rigid bodies
Bodies...non-deformable
Rock wool
By blowing steam or adore through molten slag or rock
PU foam
Closed cell used as thermal insulation
Maximum Dry Density
MDD
Purlins
Reostra
Rupture strength
Stress at failure of material
One-way slab
W/L is less than 0.5
SHEAR
for connections
TENSION
pulls away from joint
first stress
yield point
Sheet Glass
A flat solid-lime silica glass fabricated by drawing the molten glass by a furnace.
batten
(n.) a sawed strip of wood or flooring; (trans. verb) to fasten canvas over the hatches, especially in preparation for a storm; (v.) to grow fat
panel
A distinct portion, section, or division of a wall, wainscot, ceiling, or door, esp. of any surface sunk below or raised above the surrounding area, or enclosed by a frame
board and batten
- Type of siding composed of wide boards and narrow battens. The boards are nailed to the sheathing so that there is ½ inch space between them. The battens are nailed over the open spaces between the boards.
SPT
-Measures the density of granular soils and the consistency of some clays -records the number of blows required by a hammer to advance a standard soil sampler
shiplap
A flush, overlapping joint, such as a rabbet, between two boards joined edge to edge.
Building frame system
-complete space frame supporting gravity loads, lateral loads resisted by shear walls/braced frames either on exterior or interior
MDD
-dry density is the density of soil, or the like, after it has been heated at a temperature of 221˚ F (105˚ C) to a dry condition
Curtain wall
1. In a tall building of steel-frame construction, an exterior wall that is non-loadbearing, having no structural function; also see metal curtain wall. 2. In ancient fortifications, an enclosing wall or rampart connecting two bastions or towers.
Tie beam
1. On individual pile caps or spread footings which are eccentrically loaded, a beam (usually of reinforced concrete) used to distribute horizontal forces to other pile caps or footings; a strap, 2. 2. In roof framing, a horizontal timber connecting two opposite rafters at their lower ends to prevent them from spreading; also see collar beam.
Stirrups
1. Same as hanger. 2. A bent rod, usually U-shaped or W-shaped; used in reinforced brick or concrete construction. 3. A reinforcing device to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a beam. 4. A metal seat, attached to a wall beam or post or hung from a girder, to receive and support a beam or joist.
Creep
1. The continuing, time-dependent part of strain resulting from stress; the permanent and continuing dimensional deformation of a material under a sustained load, following the initial instantaneous elastic deformation. 2. Slow movement of rock debris or soil, usually imperceptible except in observations of long duration. 3. In structures, particularly of concrete, permanent deflection of structural framing or structural decking resulting from plastic flow under continued stress. 4. In roofing, permanent elongation or shrinkage of a roofing membrane resulting from thermal or moisture changes. 5. The flow of water along the interface between a structure and the surrounding soil or rock foundation.
Capillarity
1. The movement of a liquid in the interstices of soil or other porous material, as a result of surface tension. 2. The phenomenon responsible for dry soil sucking up moisture above the ground water level.
punching shear
1. The shear stress calculated by dividing the load on a column by the product of its perimeter and the thickness of the base or cap, or by the product of the perimeter taken at one-half the slab thickness away from the column and the thickness of the base or cap. 2. The failure of a base when a heavily loaded column punches a hole through it. 3. The punching of a hole through a base by a heavily loaded column as a result of failure of the base.
Seepage
1. The slow movement of water through a soil. 2. The quantity of water which has slowly moved through a porous material, such as soil.
Liquefaction
1. The sudden, large decrease of shearing resistance of a cohesionless soil caused by a collapse of the soil structure, produced by shock or small shear strains, associated with a sudden but temporary increase of pore water pressures. 2. The process of transforming a soil from a solid state to a liquid state, usually as a result of increased pore pressure and reduced shearing resistance. For example, an action in which a soil deposit (e.g., loose sand) loses its shear resistance temporarily and takes on the character of a liquid; such action, for example, may occur during an earthquake.
2"
Lumber forms (shoring): size of lumber stocks used for column, beams, and girder bottoms
pony wall
A dwarf wall supporting floor joist
Axial stress
A force with its resultant passing through the centroid of a particular section and being perpendicular to the plane of the section.A force in a direction parallel to the long axis of the structure.
basement wall
A foundation wall which encloses a usable area under a building
Inflection point
A point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to convex or vise versa as it deflects under a transverse load
tongue and groove
A joinery method where a board has a protruding tongue on one edge and a groove on the other, the tongue of one board fits into the groove of the next.
Course-grained soil, Fine-grained soil
2 broad classes of soil
Lumber and Steel
2 major materials used for shoring construction
scabs, fishplates
2 short wood pieces called _ or metal plates called _ are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined. these serve to keep splice straight and to prevent buckling
Bundled bars
2 to 4 bars put in contact to act as a unit
water stain, spirit stain
2 types of penetrating stain
min concrete cover of cast-in-place 3nd floor considering 36mm dia bars
20mm
Girder
A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
steel tape measure
3-4-5 multiples with use of _: a manual method of squaring the corners of building lines in staking.
screen
A movable or fixed device, esp. a framed construction, designed to divide, conceal, or protect
Sand
A naturally occurring grainy material made of finely divided rock and mineral particles; the most common ingredient is silica
sand
A naturally occurring grainy material made of finely divided rock and mineral particles; the most common ingredient is silica
Rock
A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter
rock
A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter
Negative shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically downward on the left part of the structure being considered.
Positive shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure being considered.
min concrete cover of cast-in-place 2nd floor considering 42mm dia bars
40mm
min concrete cover of cast-in-place beams not exposed to weather
40mm
blocking
A number of small wood places inserted to space, join, or reinforce members of a building frame, fill the spaces between them, or provide a nailing surface for finish materials
min concrete cover of cast-in-place beams exposed to weather considering 20mm dia bars
50mm
min concrete cover of cast-in-place beams exposed to weather considering 36mm dia bars
50mm
raised panel
A panel having a center portion thicker than the edges or projecting above the surrounding frame
min concrete cover for slab on fill
75mm
flush panel
A panel having a surface in the same plane as the surrounding frame
Sunk panel
A panel having a surface recessed below the surrounding frame or surface
sunk panel
A panel having a surface recessed below the surrounding frame or surface
spandrel
A panellike area in a multistorey frame building, between the sill of a window on one level and the head of a window immediately below.
movable partition
A partition capable of being moved to different location.
Drop ceiling
A secondary ceiling formed to provide space for piping or ductwork, or to alter the proportions of room.
Lockstrip Gasket
A performed gasket of synthetic rubber for securing a glass pane in a window frame or opening, held in compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the gasket.
Glazing Tape
A performed ribbon of synthetic rubber injected adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a watertight seal between glass and frame.
Compression Gasket
A performed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic compressed between a glass pane an a window frame to form a watertight seal and cushion for the glass.
Bottom bars
Longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam subject to positive moment
Cove
A Concave surface forming part of a ceiling at its edge so as to eliminate the usual interior angle between the wall and the ceiling.
ledger strip
A piece attached to the face of a beam at the bottom as a support for the ends of joists
canton
A pilaster or similar feature projecting from a corner of a building
Alabaster
A finely granular form of pure gypsum, often white and translucent, used for ornamental objects and work
White coat
A finish coat of lime putty and white gauging plaster, troweled to a smooth, dense finish
coping
A finishing or protective cap or course to an exterior wall, usually sloped or curved to shed water
1"
Lumber forms (shoring): size of lumber stocks used for floor panels and beam and girder sides
Gusset plate
A plate, usually triangular in shape, used to connect two or more members, or to add strength to a framework.
Bearing wall
A WALL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING AN IMPOSED LOAD.
1 or 2"
Lumber forms (shoring): sizes of lumber stock for cleats
Plafond
A flat or vaulted ceiling of decorative character.
Plate Glass
A flat soda-lime-silica formed by rolling molten glass into a place (rolled glass) that is subsequently ground and polished after cooling.
Float Glass
A flat soda-lime-silica glass that is extremely smooth and distortion free, manufactured by molten glass onto a surface of molten tin allowing it to cool slowly.
spandrel beam
A beam spanning between columns and supporting the outer edge of a floor or roof
lintel
A beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening.
Indeterminate to the 3rd degree
A beam with two fixed supports indeterminate to what degree?
rake
A board or molding placed along the sloping sides of a gable to cover the ends of the siding
Fiber boards
A building material, usually composed of wood fiber or cane or other vegetable fiber, compressed with a binder into sheet form; the physical characteristics depend on the fiber, binder, density, and surface finish
Cove Ceiling
A ceiling having a cove.
Camp ceiling
A ceiling having the form of a truncated pyramid.
Acoustical ceiling
A ceiling of acoustical tile or other sound absorbing materials.
Suspended ceiling
A ceiling suspended from an overhead floor or roof structure to provide space for pipes, ductwork, lighting fixtures, or other service equipment.
Lacunar
A ceiling, soffit, or vault adorned with a pattern of recessed panels.
stucco
A coarse plaster composed of portland or masonry cement, sand, and hydrated lime, mixed with water and applied in a plastic state to form a hard covering for exterior walls
Planted column
A column that is not aligned to a lower floor column.
Eccentric column
A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling (sudden twisting) before, or in combination with, lateral buckling. The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex.
Putty
A compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough-like consistency when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects.
splayed coping
A coping that slopes only in one direction
saddle coping
A coping that slopes to either side of a center ridge
corner brace
A diagonal brace let into studding to reinforce the corner of a frame structure
Free Body Diagram
A diagram used to isolate a body from its environment, showing all external forces acting upon it.
Insulating Glass
A glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by hermetically-sealed airspace.
Glass Mullion System
A glazing system in which sheets of tempered glass are suspended from special clamps. Stabilized by perpendicular stiffeners of tempered glass, and joined by a structural silicone sealant and sometimes by metal patch plates.
Flush Gasket
A glazing system in which the framing members are set entirely behind the glass panes or units to form a flush exterior surface, the glass adhering to the framing with a structural silicone sealant.
Butt Joint Glazing
A glazing system in which the glass panes or units are supported at the head and sill in a conventional manner, with their vertical edges being joined with a structural silicone sealant without mullions.
Kerf
A groove cut into the edges of an acoustical tile to receive a spline or T-shaped member of a supporting grid.
key
A grooving or roughness applied to a surface to improve its bond with another surface
Gypsum-pertile plaster
A gypsum basecoat plaster containing perlite as an aggregate to reduce its weight and increase its thermal and fire resistance
Gypsum-vermiculite plaster
A gypsum basecoat plaster containing vermiculite as an aggregate to reduce its weigh and increase its thermal and fire resistance
Climbing crane
A heavy-duty lifting machine that raises itself as the building rises
Structural Sealant
A high-strength silicone sealant capable of adhering glass to a supporting frame.
wall plate
A horizontal member built into or laid along the top of a wall to support and distribute the load from joists or rafter
Lintel
A horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel, stone, or wood.
Girt
A horizontal structural member in the framing, 3 of an early timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting as the main horizontal support for the floor above; often located about halfway between the groundsill, 2 and the horizontal timber at the top of the wall (the top plate) The term girt often is
top plate
A horizontal structural member located on top of the studs used to hold the wall together.
template
A horizontal timber or stone set in a wall to receive and distribute the pressure of a girder or beam
soleplate
A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition
frame house
A house constructed with a skeletal framework of timber, usually sheated with siding or shingles
Seismic load
A load on a structure caused by movement of the Earth relative to the structure during an earthquake.
Transverse load
A load, 1 applied perpendicularly to the plane of the longitudinal axis of a structure, such as a wind load.
Linear diffuser
A long, narrow diffuser designed to disperse air through slots between the panels of an integrated ceiling system.
parapet
A low wall for protection at the edge of a balcony, terrace, roof, bridge, etc.
firestop
A material or member built into a building frame to block a concealed hallow space through which a fire might spread from one part of the building to another
Admixture
A material other than water, aggregates, lime, or cement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing; used as a water repellent, as a coloring agent, as a retarder or accelerator (to modify its setting rate), etc.
Shear stress
A measure of how easily a material can be twisted.
Flexural rigidity
A measure of stiffness of a structural member; the product of modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia divided by the length of the member.
Exposed grid
A metal grid of inverted tees supporting tile acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling.
Concealed grid
A metal grid supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling, hidden within kerfs cut into the edges of the tiles.
soil
A mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.
trussed rafter
A prefabricated, lightweight wood truss used to support roof loads and other small structures.
Main runner
A principal member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a sheet-metal channel or tee suspended by hanger wires from the overhead structure.
Geodetic engineer
A professional person who determines the shape, contour and measurement of land.
Porosity
A ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, of the volume of voids in a material to the total volume of the material, including the voids. The voids permit gases or liquids to pass through the material.
Floating Foundation
A reinforced concrete slab used to support and distribute the concentrated load from columns in a soil having low bearing capacity; also called a raft foundation or mat foundation.
sill sealer
A resilient, fobrous material placed between a sill and a foundation wall to reduce air infiltration
Tie rods
A rod in tension, used to bind parts of a structure together
pilaster
A shallow rectangular feature projecting from a wall, having a capital and a base and architecturally treated as a column
Needle
A short beam passed through a wall as a temporary support while the foundation or part beneath is repaired, altered or strengthened
return wall
A short wall perpendicular to the end of a longer wall
L sill
A sill for a building frame, composed of a plate resting on a foundation wall and a joist or header at the outer edge of the plate
box sill
A sill for a building frame, composed of a plate resting on a foundation wall and a joist or header at the outer edge of the plate, as well as a soleplate for studs resting either directly on the joists or on the rough flooring
Resultant force
A single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object added together.
Glazier's Point
A small, pointed piece of sheet metal for holding a glass pane in a wood sash until the face putty has hardened; also called GLAZING BRAD, SPRIG.
Gypsum
A soft mineral, hydrated calcium sulfate, used as a retarder in Portland cement and in the making of gypsum plater
Glass Brick
A solid, impact-resistant glass block unit, something having an insert or coated to reduce solar heat transmission.
maxwell diagram
A static analysis method of drawing force polygons connected to each other, where each line represents both opposing forces in each member.
Beam
A structural member, usually horizontal, that carries a load that is applied transverse to its length.
boarding
A structure of boards used for sheathing or subflooring
dash-troweled finish
A stucco finish produced by troweling the high spots of a dashed stucco surface before it sets
Louvered ceiling
A suspended ceiling of multicellular louvers for shielding the light sources mounted above it.
Luminous ceiling
A suspended ceiling of translucent panels for diffusing the light from luminaires mounted above it.
Integrated ceiling
A suspended ceiling system incorporating acoustical,lighting and air-handling components into a unified whole.
Linear metal ceiling
A suspended ceiling system of narrow metal strips usually incorporating modular lighting and air handling components.
fink truss
A symmetrical truss, esp. used in supporting large sloping roofs; in the form of three isosceles triangles- one in the center with its base along the horizontal tie, and each of the outer two having its base along the sloping sides of an upper chord.
Phenolic Foam
A thermosetting foam plastic used to provide thermal insulation
Mat footing
A thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building
Bedding
A thin layer of putty or glazing compound laid in the rabbet of a window sash to give a pane of glass an even backing.
Spline
A thin metal strip inserted into the edges of two acoustical tiles to make a butt joint between them.
ribbon
A thin, horizontal board let into studding to carry the ends of joists. Also called ledger, ribband, ribbon strip
Dowels
A tied reinforced concrete column bears on a spread footing. The bearing area of the footing is much greater than the cross-sectional area of the column. The column and footing are constructed of materials having the same specified strength.
Glass Block
A translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured, or patterned faces, made by fusing two halves together with a partial vacuum inside and used for glazing openings.
pitched truss
A truss having inclined top chords.
flat truss
A truss having parallel top and bottom chords. Flat trusses are generally not as efficient as pitched or browstring trusses; also called PARALLEL CHORD TRUSS.
Flat slab
A type of concrete floor which has no beam
scissors truss
A type of truss used to support a pitched roof; the ties cross each other and are connected to the opposite rafters at an intermediate point along their length.
pier
A vertical supporting structure, such as a section of wall between two openings or one supporting the end of an arch or lintel
bearing wall
A wall capable of supporting an imposed load, as from a floor or roof of a building
exterior wall
A wall forming part of the envelope of a building having one face exposed to the weather or to earth
blind wall
A wall having no windows, doorways, or other openings
dwarf wall
A wall less than a full story in height.
stud wall
A wall or partition framed with studs and faced with sheathing, sliding, wallboard, or plasterwork.
nonbearing wall
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight
Retaining wall
A wall that holds back on earth embankment. A wall which resists the lateral pressure of retained earth or other material.
building paper
A waterproofed paper used to prevent the passage of air and water into a structure.
Plumb bob
A weight attached to a string, used for vertical line check
Lime
A white or grayish-white caustic substance, calcium oxide, usually obtained by heating limestone or marble at a high temperature; used chiefly in plasters, mortars, and cements. In the past, in many areas along the seacoast where limestone was scarce, seashells were heated to obtain lime.
Glazing Bead
A wood molding or metal section secured against the edge of a glass pane to hold it in place; also called GLAZING TOP.
platform frame
A wooden building frame having studs only one story high, regardless of the stories built, each story resting on the top plates of the story below or on the sill plates of the foundation wall.
balloon frame
A wooden building frame having studs that rise the full height of the frame from the sill plate to the roof plate, with joists nailed to the studs and supported by sills or by ribbon let into the studs
wainscot
A wooden lining for interior walls, usually paneled.
American Concrete Institute
ACI
AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION
AISC
American Institute for Steel Construction
AISC
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
ASEP
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
ASTM
American Society for Testing of Materials
ASTM
0.003
According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches ____ It begins to crack
pre-stressing force
Act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member. Transfer Length—Length over which prestressing force is transferred to concrete by bond in pretensioned mem bers.
Working stress
Actual stress due to load applied. Determined by the effect of the max size and most favorable position of any strength-reducing characteristics permitted in the grade
Working stress
Actual stress in materials
Filled Ground
All artificial fills and some natural fills are liable to a more or less uniform but continuous settlement or shrinkage due to the gradual consolidation of the material of which the fill is composed
Inert Materials
Also called aggregate
Metal pan
An acoustical tile consisting of a steel or aluminum pan having a perforated face and containing a separate layer of sound absorbing material.
Glazing Compound
An adhesive compound used as putty, formulated so as not to become brittle with age.
Heel Bead
An adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected between a glass pane and a glazing bead,curing to form an airtight seal.
Cap Sealant
An adhesive liquid to synthetic rubber injected into the joint between a glass pane and a window frame, curing to form a watertight seal; also called CAP BEAD.
Plasticizer
An admixture for making a concrete or mortar mix workable with little water.
discharging arch
An arch built above another structure member to relieve its load
Truss
An assembly of structural members joined to form a rigid framework, usually connected to form triangles..
corner post
An assembly of two or three studs spiked together at the intersection of two framed walls to provide a nailing surface for finish materials
curtain wall
An exterior building wall that is supported entirely by the frame of the building, rather than being self-supporting or load bearing.
bearing partition
An interior wall carrying a structural load
partition
An interior wall dividing a room or part of a building into separate areas
nonbearing partition
An interior wall supporting no load other than its own weight
Crown Glass
An old form of window blowing and whirling a hollow sphere of glass into a flat circular disk with a center lump left by the worker rod.
Spandrel Glass
An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction , produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.
spandrel glass
An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.
storm sewer
a sewer for conveying rainfall drained from roofs and paved surfaces. Also called storm drain
Modulus of rigidity
Another term for shear modulus, an elastic constant for the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. The shear modulus is one of the Lame constants. It can be expressed mathematically as follows:
stud
Any of a repetitive series of slender, upright members of wood or light-gauge metal forming the structural frame of a wall or partition
plate
Any various horizontal timbers laid flat across the heads of studding or upon floors to support joists, rafter, or studs at or near their ends
anchor bolt
Any various rods or bolts embedded in masonry or concrete to hold, secure, or support a structural member
interior wall
Any wall within a building , entirely surrounded by exterior walls
b
As the depth of a beam increases, its ability to resist bending _____ a. decreses b. increases c. no effect
Essential facilities
Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy
pebble dash
an exterior wall finish produced by throwing and pressing small pebbles into unset stucco
corner stakes
are usually removed during excavation
One side and both edges
Lumber forms (shoring) should be dressed at least ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ even for non-exposed surfaces
Peat
Compressed and partially carbonized vegetable matter
Reinforced concrete
Concrete into which steel reinforcing bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction.
Flexural stress
Bending forces
Dolly Varden siding
Bevel siding rabbeted along the lower edge to receive the upper edge of the board below it.
Batt insulation
Blanket insulation Flexible, fibrous thermal insulation, sound insulating construction Light wood frame construction between studs, joists, and rafters
Equilibrium
Both the resultant force and resultant couple are zero
Engineering mechanics
Branch of engineering...external effects of forces on rigid bodies
Strength of materials
Branch of engineering...internal effects of forces to deformable solids
Styrofoam
Brand of foamed plastic made from PS
crippling load
British term for buckling load.
1.5de, 50mm
Bundled bars: spacing between bundled bars is ___de but not more than ___mm
Slab
Considered a compression member (n) a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, metal,or wood. / 평판
Fine-grained soil
Consist of much smaller particles, such as silt and clay
tight joints
in floor and wall panels obtained by using tongue and groove stock
Foundation
Construction below grade, such as footing courses, basement walls, etc., forming the lower section of a building
Bearing stress
Contact pressure
Friction
Contact resistant
Seasoned
Lumber forms (shoring) should be partially ______ and to some extent slightly wet in order to prevent swelling and distortion of the forms
Footing course
Lower porting of walls, piers or columns which are spread to provide a safe base
Plaster of Paris
Calcium sulfate; a white powdery substance which forms a quick- setting paste when mixed with water.
pargetting
Fine ornamental plasterwork, esp. exterior plasterwork bearing designs in low relief
Catenary cable
Cable...carries load...uniformly distributed along the entire length
Parabolic cable
Cable...carries loads...uniformly distributed along horizontal
Metal foil
Common facing
Mud
Finely divided earthy material generally containing vegetable matter
2x4"
Lumber forms (shoring): dimensions of lumber for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
coped joint
is used when fitting 1 piece of moulding at right angles to the second piece.
Loam
Earthy material containing a proportion of vegetable matter
Boulders
Detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded and worn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance from the ledges pf which they originally formed a part
Gravel
Detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders
Post Tensioning
Done on site. Wires are put in loosely, concrete poured in, then wires are tensioned after 28 days
Leveling
Done with a line level or carpenter's level, or with a transit; height of the batter boards may be level with or a little higher that the top of the finished foundation
Moving load
Dynamic load
Fiberglass
Extremely fine filaments of glass Woven into fabric Thermal and acoustical insulator
Cellular glass insulation
Fire resistant and impervious to moisture Lower thermal resistance than foamed plastic insulation
Foamed plastic insulation
Flammable and must be protected by thermal barrier
Wire Glass
Flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent from shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat; considered a safety glazing material.
Tensile force
Force applied in opposite directions to stretch an object PULLED APART
Statics
Forces on rigid bodies that are at rest
Tinted Glass
Glass having a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of a radiant heat and visible light that strike it. Iron oxide gives the glass a pale blue-green tint; cobalt oxide and nickel imparts a grayish tint; selenium infuses a bronze tint; also called HEAT ABSORBING GLASS.
Reflective Glass
Glass having a thin translucent metallic coating bonded to the exterior or interior surface to reflect a portion of the light and radiant heat that strikes it.
Patterned Glass
Glass having an irregular surface pattern formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light; also called FIGURE GLASS.
Obscure glass
Glass having one or both sides acid-etched or sandblasted to obscure vision.
Annealed Glass
Glass that is cooled slowly to relive internal stresses.
Low Emissivity Glass
Glass that transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, produced by depositing a low-emissive coating either on the glass itself or over a transparent plastic film suspended in the sealed airspace of insulating glass; also called LOW-E GLASS.
gravel
Grains larger than 2mm in diameter
calcined gypsum
Gypsum heated to drive off most of its chemically combined water
Brittleness
Hard and likely to break or crack
Anhydrous
Having all water crystallization removed
Batter boards
Horizontal boards; establishes height of the footing trenches and foundations; establishes height of finish floor levels
1/2" thick
How thick is a plywood form at least?
Combined footing
IS USED WHEN TWO OR MORE COLUMNS ARE SPACED CLOSELY TO EACH OTHER THAT THEIR FOOTING WILL ALMOST OR COMPLETELY MERGE. ITS EITHER RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL.
60, 60ksi, 414Mpa, 0.0021, 2.1mm
If a grade ___ steel (fy= ___=___ ) reaches a strain ___ it begins to yield of (___)
Two-way slab
If the ratio of the lengths of long and short side is less than two then moment in both direction should be considered in design
wrinkling
If you apply a finish coat or top coat over a primer coat that has not completely dried, the likely result is_____________
Wire ties
Lumber forms (shoring): should be used only on light and unimportant work where discoloring will not objectionable
Temperature reinforcement
In reinforced concrete, reinforcement that is designed to resist tensile stresses resulting from changes in temperature.
Allowable stress
In the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications
Fiberboard
Insulating board made of wood fibers compressed and cemented Inexpensive wall finish DK
Soft storey
Is a storey whose lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey above
Weak storey
Is a storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey
Free body diagram
Isolation of force that acts at specific parts
Bearing wall system
It is a structural system without complete vertical local carrying space frame
Shear wall
It is designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
Two-way slab
It needs moment resisting reinforcement in both directions.
One-way slab
It needs moment resisting reinforcement only in its short-direction because the moment along long axis is so small that it can be neglected
one way slab, L/B
L/B < 2
two way slab, L/B
L/B >= 2
Security Glass
Laminated glass having exceptional tensile and impact strength, consisting of multiple plies of glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin.
Acoustic Glass
Laminated or insulating glass used for sound and control.
Water Table
Level beneath which the soil is saturated with groundwater
Wire ties or bolts and rods
Lumber forms (shoring) used to hold wall forms together; rods are preferred and should be arranged that upon removal or the forms
crude oil and petroline
Lumber forms (shoring) used to prevent concrete form adhering to the wood and preserve the forms against damage by alternate wetting and drying; on forms against surfaces which will be sufficient since oiling prevents adhesion of the plaster
Moving load
Load that change position; wheel loads or axial loads
Moving load
Load that change position; wheel loads/axle loads
Precast concrete
Method of building construction where the concrete building member is poured and set according to specification in a controlled environment and is then shipped to the construction site for use.
12mm
Min diameter of stirr/hoops/ties of Bundled bars
40mm
Minimum clear cover ___mm if not in contact with the ground of Tied Columns
50mm
Minimum clear cover: contact with the ground of Tied Columns
75mm
Minimum clear cover: mm if permanently in contact with the ground of Tied Columns
20mm
Minimum concrete cover: a. ___mm if neither exposed to weather nor in contact permanently to the ground
50mm
Minimum concrete cover: b. ___mm if exposed to weather
75mm
Minimum concrete cover: c. ___mm if permanently in contact with the ground
12mm
Minimum diameter of steel bars: ___mm both bottom and top bars (Two-way slab)
200mm
Minimum dimension of Tied Columns
25mm
Minimum spacing of spirals: not less than ___mm
1/20
Minimum thickness of one-way slab when it is simply supported
10mm
Minimum ties for main of Tied Columns
29,000 ksi
Modulus of elasticity (E) is ___
Sand
Non-coherent rock particles smaller than 1/4" in maximum dimension
Axial stress
Normal stress...stress developed sue to axial load
effective depth
Of a beam or slab section, the depth measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tensile reinforcement
Moment of inertia
Of a body around an axis, the sum of the products obtained by multiplying each element of mass by the square of its distance from the axis
saw kerf
On batter boards, after all corners have been established and string lines have been established, what is used to mark the outside edge where the strings touched?
batter board
One of a number of boards set horizontally with vertical stakes to support the strings outlining the foundation plan of a proposed building
Coffer
One of a number of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels in a ceiling, soffit, or vault, also called, caisson, lacunar.
Setting Block
One of the small blocks of lead or synthetic rubber placed under the lower edge of a glass pane to support it within a frame.
Edge Block
One of the small blocks of synthetic rubber placed between the sides edges of a glass pane and a frame to center it, maintain a uniform width of sealant, and limit lateral movement caused by building vibration. Also called CENTERING SHIM, SPACER.
unit-and-mullion system
One or two storey high mullions are installed before preassembled units are lowered to place behind the mullions.
Rigid board insulation
Performed, non structural insulating board
Proportional limit
Point at which the deformation is no longer directly proportional to the applied force. Hooke's Law no longer applies.
One way slab
Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction only
wind load
Pressure from the wind that can cause lateral loads as well as uplift on the roof or downward pressure.
Parapet wall
Projection of the exterior wall or façade of a building wall is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
Surface water
Rainfall which runs over the surface of the ground
Modulus elasticity
Ratio of axial stress to strain; slope of stress-strain diagram
Modulus rigidity
Ratio of shear stress to shear strain
Factor of safety
Ratio of the ultimate strength
Reaction
Reactive force
Resultant force
Representative of the cumulative effects
Thermal stress
Result of restrained deformation
Molded PS
Rigid PS Open cell structure used as thermal insulation
Extruded PS
Rigid PS having closed cell structures thermal insulation
Boulders
Rock fragments that are bigger than 2 feet in diameter
Loose rock
Rock masses detached from the ledge of which they originally formed a part
Standard Penetration Test
SPT
Decayed rocks or Rotten rocks
Sand, clays and other materials resulting from the disintegration of rock masses, lacking the coherent qualities but occupying the space formerly occupied by the original rock
Double-Strength Glass
Sheet glass having a thickness of 1/8in. (3.2mm)
Single -Strength Glass
Sheet glass having a thickness of 3/32in. (24mm)
termite shield
Sheet metal installed atop a foundation wall or around pipes to prevent the passage of termites
Lumber forms
Should only be partially seasoned
Drop siding
Siding composed of boards narrowed along the upper edges to fit into rabbets of grooves in the lower edges, laid horizontally with their backs flat against the sheathing or studs of the wall.
colonial siding
Siding composed of plain, square-edge boards laid horizontally so that the upper overlaps the one below.
bevel siding
Siding composed of tapered boards, such as clapboards, laid horizontally with the thick lower edge of each board overlapping the thinner upper edge of the board below it; also called LAP SIDING
vertical siding
Siding consisting of matched boards applied vertically
Isolated footing
Single; It is an individual spread footing supporting freestanding columns and piers.
Bundled bars
Sometimes employed consisting of two to four bars tied in direct contact with each other to serve or act as one unit reinforcement place at the corner of lateral ties
S ≤ 3t or s ≤ 450mm or s ≥ 100mm
Spacing of steel bars: Main bars
St ≤ 5t or St ≤ 450mm
Spacing of steel bars: Temperature bars:
Foundation
Special construction such as piling or piers used to transmit the loads of the building to firm substrata
PNS 18
Specs for Concrete Aggregates
PNS 07
Specs for Portland cement
PNS 49
Specs for steel bars for concrete reinforcement
6-16mm dia
Spiral Column: minimum RSB
Beam
Supports transverse loads
Bracing
Structural elements installed to provide restraint or support to other members, so that the complete assembly forms a stable structure; may consist of knee braces, cables, rods, struts, ties, shores, diaphragms, rigid frames, etc., singly or on combination
slabs, beams, columns, footing
Structural members
Shoring
Temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs
Grade beam
That part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears directly on the column footing
Foundation walls
That part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of structure below grade
flexural strength
That property of a solid which is an indication of its ability to withstand bending.
Inflection point
The point on the length of a structural member subjected to flexure at which the direction of curvature changes and at which the bending moment is zero
Elasticity
The ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed
Magnitude
The amount of force, N Measure of the energy released during an earthquake
Bite
The amount of overlap between the edge of a glass pane and a window frame, stop, or lock-strip gasket.
corner board
The boards (trim) covering the outside corners of a frame building.
Strip/Grid footing
The continuous spread footing of a foundation wall.
Density
The critical factoring determining the bearing capacity of granular soils
Effective length
The distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed-end or continuous beam, equivalent in nature to the actual length of a simply supported beam.
Edge Clearance
The distance between the edge of a glass pane and a window frame measured in the plane of the glass.
Face Clearance
The distance between the nearest face of its frame or stop, measured normal to the plane of the glass.
center-to-center
The distance from the centerline of one member to the centerline of another member.
Pavement
The durable surfacing of a road, sidewalk, or other outdoor area
Impact load
The effect of a moving load upon a stationary structure. Dynamic and sudden load placed on a rope, typically during a fall.
sheathing
The exterior covering on a frame house type construction is referred to as:
Scratch coat
The first coat in a three-coat plaster is used to provide a bond for the additional coats, this is called:
Jacking force
The force exerted temporarily by the device which introduces tension in tendons in prestressed concrete.
gypsum board
The generic name for large wall and ceiling boards made with gypsum (calcium sulfate) and faced with paper on both sides. Drywall, wallboard, sheetrock, and plasterboard are all common terms, many adopted from trade names. Standard thicknesses from 1/4' to 3/4' thicknesses, but most commonly 1/2' and 5/8', most commonly in 4' by 8' or 4' by 12' sheets
Shading Coefficient
The ratio of solar heat transmission through a particular glass to the solar heat transmission through double-strength clear glass.
Double Glazing
The installation of two parallel panes of glass with a sealed airspace between to reduce the transmission of the heat and sound.
foundation
The lower part of a building, which transfers structural loads from the building to the soil.
dado
The lower portion of wall, when treated differently from the surface above it.
Basement
The lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade
sill
The lowest horizontal member of a frame structure, resting on and anchored to a foundation wall. Also called mudsill, sill plate
Footing
The lowest, widest part of the foundation that distributes the load over a broad area of the soil.
Section modulus
The moment of inertia of the area of the cross section of a structural member divided by the distance from the center of gravity to the farthest point of the section; a measure of the flexural strength of the beam.
Wide flange
The most commonly used shape for beams and columns
Foundation bed
The natural material on which the construction rests
Foundation
The natural material, the particular part of the earth's surface on which the construction rests
Ceiling
The overhead interior surface or lining of a room often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above.
Glazing
The panes or sheets of glass or other transparent material made to be set in frames, as in windows, door, or mirrors.
Shear center
The point in the cross-sectional plane of a structural member through which a transverse load must pass in order to prevent torsion or twisting of the member about a longitudinal axis.
daubing
The process of giving a wall a rough finish by throwing plaster against it
Staking-out
The process of relocating the point of boundaries and property line of the site where the building to be constructed
Face Putty
The putty of glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a glass pane.
United Inches
The sum of one length and one width of a rectangular glass pane, measured in inches.
Modulus of elasticity
The ratio of the increment of some specified form of stress to the increment of some specified form of strain, such as Young's modulus, the bulk modulus, or the shear modulus. Also known as coefficient of elasticity, elasticity modulus, elastic modulus.
Emissivity
The relative ability of a surface to emit radiant heat, measured against a black body at the same temperate.
Face Glazing
The setting glass pane in a rabbeted frame, holding it in place with glazier's points, and sealing it with a beveled bead of putty or glazing compound.
Dry Glazing
The setting of glass in a window frame with a compression gasket instead of glazing tape for the glass.
Wet Glazing
The setting of glass in a window frame with glazing tape or a liquid sealant.
Crippling
The sharp bending or buckling when a column is loaded heavily is called _____.
Torsional stress
The shear stress on a transverse cross section which results from the action of a twist.
Glass Size
The size of a glass pane required an opening, allowing for adequate edge clearances; also called GLAZING SIZE.
Plenum
The space between a suspended ceiling and the floor structure above , esp. One that serves as a receiving chamber for conditioned air to be distributed to inhabited spaces or for return air to be conveyed back to central plant for processing.
Tensile stress
The stress per square unit area of the original cross section of a material which resists its elongation.
Shearing stress
The stress produced by two tectonic plates sliding past each other horizontally
Glass wool
Thermal insulation and air filters Glass fibers resembling wool
monolithic, middle third
Tied Columns: Pouring of concrete shall be ____; if pouring cannot be done in one setting, one can stop at the _____ _____ of the column
1.5db, 40mm
Tied Columns: spacing between main bars: ___ but not less than _____
Acoustical tile
Tile made in various sizes and textures from a soft, sound absorbing material, such as cork, mineral fiber or glass fiber.
Foundation drainage tile or pipe
Tile or piping for the collection of sub surface water, dispersion of septic tank effluent, and the like
let in
To insert into the surface of a stud, wall, or the like as a permanent addition
Keene's cement
Trademark for a brand of white anhydrous gypsum plaster that produces an exceptionally strong, dense, crack-resistant finish
Torque or torsion
Twisting force
Laminated Glass
Two or more piles of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin that retains he fragments if the glass is broken; also called SAFETY GLASS.
wood formworks
reusable forms may have a square or rectangular cross section
Two-way slab
Uniformed thickness may be reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with supporting beams and columns on all four sides of square or nearly square bays
Strain
Unit deformation
Stress
Unit strength
Kraft paper
Used as vapor retarder facing for batt insulation Processed from wood pulp and sizes with resin
Spreaders
Usually of wood, space and keep the wall or space and keep the wall or forms apart
Yield stress
Value of stress at yield point
Stakes
Wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards
louvers with 150mm width blades
what type of window admits 95% of air
Mineral wool
Various lightweight, inorganic, fibrous materials used for thermal insulation Glass wool and rock wool
Surface water
Water carried by an aggregate except that held by absorption within the aggregate particles themselves
Groundwater
Water, near the surface of the ground, which passes through the subsoil
2400
Weight of concrete = ___ kg/ m3
7850
Weight of steel = ___ kg/ m3
1000
Weight of water = ___ kg/ m3
Grade A
What grade of water proofing does plywood form should be?
One-way slab
When the ratio of the length of long direction to short direction of a slab is greater than two
b
Where can we stop pouring ready mixed concrete on slab if pouring cannot be done in one setting? a. At the center b. at the middle third of the slab c. at the shearing points
wall framing
Where to used Studs
ceiling framing
Where to used furring
floor framing
Where to used joists
slip form
Where to used silo
UNIFORM LOADS
a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or more uniformly spaced concentrated loads.
volume of cylinder
[pi (diameter)2 x length]/4
crude oil, petroline
_ and _ used to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and preserve the forms against damage by alternate wetting and drying; on forms against surfaces which are to be plastered, wetting with water will be sufficient since oiling prevent adhesion of the plaster.
loading tests
_ of the materials forming the foundation bed are made to assist in determining its safe bearing capacity
crossbracing, rakers, heel blocks
_ or _ are diagonals which support the wales and soldier piles bearing on _ or footings.
compactor, roller
_ or _ is a machine that compacts soil to prepare for road paving.
tower crane, climbing crane
_ or _ is used in the construction of tall building because it has a built-up jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the building is constructed
wire ties, bolts, rods
_, _, and _ are used to hold wall forms together
Two way slab
__ work best for bays that are square or nearly square , are reinforced equally in both directions and share the bending forces equally between the two directions
Loading tests
___ ___ of the materials forming the foundation bed are made to assist in determining its safe bearing capacity
Thorough Investigation
____ _____ is required before one can determine the allowable unit load on the foundation bed.
STANDARD HOOK
a 90º, 135º, 180º bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards
Hardwall
a basecoat of neat gypsum plaster
Gypsum plaster
a basecoat plaster made of calcined gypsum mixed w/ sand, water and various additives to control its setting and working qualities
flush bead
a bead having its outer surface at the same level as the adjoining surfaces
cock bead
a bead that projects above or beyond the adjoining surfaces
HOOK
a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length
peat
a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel.
building storm drain
a building drain for conveying rainwater, groundwater, or similar discharge to a building storm sewer or a combined sewer. Also called house storm drain
epoxy enamel
a cabinet in a kitchen was fabricated using marine plywood. what paint should you use inside the cabinet
SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain. Also called MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION
combined sewer
a sewer conveying both sewage and rainfall drained from roofs and paved surfaces
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress aSd the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke's law and represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram. Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS
YOUNG'S MODULUS
a coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain.
engaged column
a column built to be truly or seemingly bonded to the wall before which it stands
BALANCED SECTION
a concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
OVERREINFORCED SECTION
a concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur instantaneously without warning
UNDERREINFORCED SECTION
a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This is desirable condition since failure of the section would be preceded by large deformations giving prior warning of impending collapse
manhole
a covered hole through which a person may enter a sewer or drain
Truck crane
a crane mounted on a truck frame so that it can be driven in the site
Crawler cranes
a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can move over rough terrain
unit system
a curtain wall system consisting of preassembled, framed wall units that may be preglazed or glazed after installation
panel system
a curtain wall system consisting of preformed metal, cut stone, precast concrete, or panelized brick wall units, which may be preglazed or glazed after installation
stick system
a curtain wall system in which tubular metal mullions and rails are assembled piece by piece on-site to frame vision glass and spandrel
column-over-and-spandrel system
a curtain wall system in which vision-glass assemblies and spandrel units are supported by spandrel beams between exterior columns clad with cover sections
boulder
a detached and rounded or worn rock, especially a large one.
building storm sewer
a drain connecting a building storm drain to a storm sewer, combined sewer, or other point of disposal. Also called house storm sewer.
area drain
a drain for collecting surface water or rainwater from a basement floor or paved area
dry well
a drainage pit lined with gravel or rubble to receive surface water and allow it to percolate away to absorbent earth underground. Also called absorbing wall
float finish
a fine textured stucco finish produced by smoothing w/ a carpet or rubber-faced float
silt
a finely divided earthy material deposited from running water.
Pigment
a finely ground insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle
Gauged plaster
a finish coat in plastering, consisting of lime putty to w/c gauging plaster is added to control the setting time and counteract shrinkage
Hard finish
a finish coat of lime putty and keene's cement or gauging plaster, troweled to a smooth, dense finish
intonaco
a finish coat of plaster made with white marble dust to receive a fresco
TRANSVERSE FORCE
a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing bending and shear
STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM
a graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the corresponding unit strains for a specific material
bolection
a moulding which is raised, projecting proud of the face frame. It is located at the intersection of the different surface levels between the frame and inset panel on a door or wood panel. It will sometimes have a rebate (or rabbet) at the back, the depth of the difference in levels, so that it can lay over the front of both the face frame and the inset panel and can in some instances thus give more space to nail the moulding to the frame, leaving the inset panel free to expand or contract in varying climates, as timber is prone to do.
strip lath
a narrow strip of expanded metal lath for reinforcing joints in gypsum lath or junctures between different types of plaster bases
backing
a narrow wood strip fixed to the corner of a framed partition to provide a nailing surface for finish materials
safing
a noncombustible material placed in an opening to prevent the passage of fire, as between a curtain wall and a spandrel beam
brush with steel brush
a number of steel bars had been left in the rain and had rusted. what would you do with them
efflorescence
a paint defect that is identifiable by crusty white salt
latex paint
a paint having a latex binder that coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion. aka: rubber based paint, water base paint
joint compound
a pasty compound for embedding joint tape, filling indentations and finishing the joints in a gypsum-board surface
water stain
a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in a water vehicle
metal lath
a plaster base fabricated of expanded metal or a wire fabric, painted or galvanized for corrosion resistance
molding plaster
a plaster used in ornamental work, consisting of finely ground gypsum and hydrated lime
clay
a plastic material resulting from the decomposition and hydration of feldspathic rocks, being hydrated silicate of alumina, generally mixed with powdered feldspar, quartz and other materials.
Clay
a plastic material resulting from the decomposition and hydration of feldspathic rocks, being hydrated silicate of alumina, generally, mixed with powdered feldspar, quartz and other materials
shoring
a process of transferring a portion of the load of the wall to temporary flooring and done when the excavation does not go much below the adjoining footings and when the material is fairly solid
Needling and underpinning
a process where needles or girders are used in cases where part of all of the weight of the wall has to be carried, as when the old footing is removed and the wall underpinned or carried down to a new footing at a greater depth
actinic ray
a ray of light such as UV that produces photochemical effects as the yellowing, chalking, and disintegration of paint coatings
Veneer plaster
a ready mixed gypsum plaster applied as a very thin, one or two coat finish over a veneer bas
catch basin
a receptacle for the runoff of surface water, having a basin that retains heavy sediment before it can pass into an underground drainpipe
Tendons
a reinforcing strand in prestressed concrete. In prestressed concrete, a steel element such as a wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand used to impart prestress to the concrete when the element is placed under tension.
Thermal stress
a residual stress introduced within a body resulting from a change in temperature.
Brown coat
a roughly finished, leveling coat of plaster, either the second coat in 3coat plaster or the base coat in 2 coat plaster applied over gypsum lath or masonry
paneling
a series of panels, esp. decorative panel wood panels, joined in a continuous surface
Deck
a structure of planks or plates, approximately horizontal, extending across a ship or boat at any of various levels, especially one of those at the highest level and open to the weather
combed finish
a stucco finish produced by dragging a serrated tool across the stucco surface before it sets
stipple-troweled finish
a stucco finish produced by troweling the high spots of a stippled stucco surface before it sets
albarium
a stucco used in ancient times, made from powdered marble and lime mortar and often polished
shoring
a system of shores for bracing or supporting a wall or other structure
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
a temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less than the elastic limit of the material
scaffold
a temporary platform to support workers and materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above the ground any elevated platform
AXIAL FORCE
a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion or shear also called AXIAL LOAD
sand-float finish
a textured finish coat of plaster containing sand, leveled and smoothed w/ a float
Environmental load
a theoretical position based on overload of information from the environment. Addition loads from weather, earthquakes, etc. Hurricanes, snow, strong winds, ice, etc. placing additional stress on a bridge
Skim coat
a thin leveling or finish coat of plaster
waterproofing
a treatment of concrete or mortar to retard the passage or absorption of water or water vapor, either by applying a suitable coating to exposed surfaces or by using a suitable admixture
asphalt shingles
a type of roofing that uses marine plywood undersheathing
mullion
a vertical structural element which divides adjacent window units or panels
thinner
a volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
gable wall
a wall bearing or crowned by a gable
party wall
a wall used jointly by two parties under easement agreement, erected upon a line separating 2 parcels of land each of which is a separate real estate.
perched water table
a water table of limited area, held above the normal water table by an impervious layer
plumb bob
a weight attached to a string, used for vertical line check. it is used to position batterboard's string lines precisely over the nails in the corner stakes, if 2 diagonal corners of the string are equal, then the building lines are square.
Spatter dash
a wet, rich mix of portland cement and sand thrown onto a smooth brick or concrete surface and allowed to harden to provide a key for a first coat of plaster
COPLANAR
all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall
filled ground
all artificial fills and some natural fills are liable to a more or less uniform but continuous settlement or shrinkage due to the gradual consolidation of the material of which the fill is composed.
PARALLEL
all having the same direction
CONCURRENT
all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.
tapered edge
allow sheets to be joined with a flush, invisible seam by means of subsequent joint finishing
Shoring
also used to support scaffolding works
COMPRESSIVE FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body
SHEAR FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body
TENSILE FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body
crawl space
an area in a building having a clearance less than human height, but accessible by crawling, esp such a space below the first floor that is enclosed by the foundation walls.
backup wall
an assembly of materials used behind a curtain wall to provide the required degree of fire resistance
Grader
an earthworking machine that grades or levels the ground
surround
an encircling area or border
Soils engineer
an engineer specializing in the analysis of soils and soil load-bearing capacity, and in determining adequate footing and foundation requirements for a structure.
Transit
an equipment used by surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land elevation
Conveyor
an equipment which moves materials other than fluids
Backhoe
an excavator used for general digging which is usually mounted in either a crawler or truck frame
Polyurethane varnish
an exceptionally hard, abrasion-resistant, and chemical resistant varnish made from a plastic resin of the same name
rib lath
an expanded metal lath having v-shaped ribs to provide grater stiffness and permit wider spacing of the supporting framing members
roughcast
an exterior wall finish composed of a stucco mixed w/ fine pebbles and dashed against a wall
casement
what type of window admits 98% of air
lacquer
any of various clear or colored synthetic coatings consisting of introcellulose or other cellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high gloss film
ANCHORAGE
any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing tension or compression in a reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond failure or splitting
anchor
any of various metal devices used in curtain wall construction to secure a frame or panel to the building structure, usually allowing for adjustment in three dimensions
drying oil
any of various oily, organic liquids, as linseed oil that oxidizes & hardens to form a tough elastic film when exposed in a thin layer of air
wallboard
any of various sheet materials used in covering a wall or ceiling as a substitute for plaster or paneling
Enamel
any paint or varnish drying to a very smooth hard, usu. glossy finish. glassy substance, usually opaque, applied by fusion to the surface of metal, pottery, etc., as protective coating
Basecoat
any plaster coat applied before the finish coat
Hard-pan
any strong coherent mixture of clay or other cementing material with sand, gravel and boulders
hard-pan
any strong coherent mixture of clay or other cementing material with sand, gravel and boulders.
pavers
are available in a variety of shapes and can produce interesting patterns. even a classic rectangular brick can produce a number of patterns. can create a large, durable surface, with options for color, shape, and pattern pizzazz. small and independent- withstand abuse by flexing, rather than cracking, under pressure. used for driveways, sidewalks, patios, garden paths, even porch floors. as long as the underlying gravel and sand base can be properly prepared, can be used almost anywhere.
Yokes
are clamping devices for keeping column forms and tops of wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete
yokes
are clamping devices for keeping column forms and tops of wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed.
Crossbracing or rakers
are diagonals which support the wales and soldier piles bearing on heel blocks
Culvert
are drains or channels passing under a road or walkway
Strings
are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter boards and used to indicate the outline of the building wall and foundation
string
are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter boards and used to indicate the outline of the building wall and foundation.
Cranes
are machines that lift large and heavy materials.
cranes
are machines that lift large and heavy materials.
leveling and grading
are processes that change land elevation and slope by filling in low spots and shaving off high spots
rigid pavements
are reinforced concrete slabs paving units mortared over a concrete slab, distribute loads internally and transfer them to sub grade over broad area. requires reinforcement and an extension the base material along their edges.
Scaffolds
are temporary platforms designed to support workers and materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above the ground. Any elevated platform is called a ______
Folding rule and Tape measure
are the most common tools for measuring boards, pipe, wire, etc.
Hand tools
are the tools that use power delivered by man only
Power Tools
are those that employ power supplied by forces other than that coming from humans
Power miter saw
circular saw mounted over a small table used to cut various angles in wood
<0.002
clay size
mh
clays <.002 mm ll>50$ elastic inorganic silt 2000 psf 96 kpa poor
oh
clays <.002 mm ll>50$ organic clay and silt very poor impervious
ol
clays <.002 mm ll>50$ organic silt-clay very poor impervious
pt
clays <.002 mm ll>50$ peat unsuitable poor
ch
clays <.002 mm ll>50$ plastic inorganic clay 2000 psf 96 kpa impervious
scrim
coarse cotton, fiberglass, or metal mesh, used for bridging and reinforcing a joint or as a base for plastering or painting
turpentine
colorless, volatile oil obtained by distilling oleoresin from various conifers and used as a thinner and solvent for paints and varnishes.
peeling
common paint problem caused either by moisture or poor adhesion
4.5mm polybond
common water proofing for roof deck
peat
compressed and partially carbonized vegetable matter.
scabbed or fished splice
compression: 2 pieces of timber are squared at their ends and fitted together.
halved splice
compression: is better for direct compression, and when combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension.
Moment connection
connects at the flanges of the I-beam by welding. A support for a beam that resists shear and bending
Course-grained soil
consist of relatively large particles, visible to the naked eyes
course-grained soil
consist of relatively large particles, visible to the naked eyes
She bolt
consist of walers rod that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod. After stripping, the waler rods are removed for reuse while the inner rod remains in the concrete.
flexible pavements
consists of unit pavers concrete, brick, or stone laid on a sand setting bed, a somewhat resilient and distribute loads to the subgrade in a radiating manner. requires wood, steel, stone, masonry, or concrete edging to restrain horizontal movement.
wales
continuous horizontal beams which tie the sheet piles in place
gauge 26=0.0188"=0.478mm
conversion of roofing gauge to inch to mm
magnitude to which structural element is displaced when to an applied load
deflection
weight
density x volume
boulders
detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded and worn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance from the ledges of which they originally formed a part
gravel
detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders
MOMENT ARM
distance from center of moment to force shortest or perpendicular distance from the center of moment to line of action of force.
Spar varnish
durable weather resistant varnish made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil. aka: marine varnish
mould
earthy material containing a large proportion of humus or vegetable matter.
loam
earthy material containing a proportion of vegetable matter
very high young's modulus
elastic
AKA limit of proportionality
elastic limit
permanently deforms
elastic limit
joints
in forms for columns, beams, and girders made tight by dressing the lumber true to edge, forming square or butt joints
butt or square joint
end joint is made by placing full thickness of wood directly against the second piece. should be squared and the sides against smooth so that the piece will be perpendicular to each other joint called toe nailed.
CONCENTRATED LOADS
example is a beam supporting a column
paper-backed lath
expanded metal or wire lath having a backing of perforated or building paper, used as a base for plaster or stucco
self-furring lath
expanded-metal, welded-wire, or woven-wire lath that is dimpled to space itself from the supporting surface, creating a space for the keying of plaster or stucco
measure of deformation
extensometer
Nailers or Nail guns
fasten materials together by shooting nails into the building material
to withstand fatigue failure, endurance, material being pound and can endure it
fatigue strength
mud
finely divided earthy material generally containing vegetable matter and deposit from still or slowly moving water
square edge
fits on ledge of t-shaped runner (grid piece)
Construction laser
flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a baseline for additional measurements and is used as a level or as an alignment tool
Materials engineer
focus in developing new and better materials; concerned with processing of materials
Floating Foundation
footing installed deep enough to overcome the weight of the supper structure
test borings
for excavations that are carried no deeper than the proposed level, the underlying material may be investigated by _____.
Test borings
for excavations that are carried no deeper than the proposed level, the underlying material may be investigated by test boring
test pits
for shallow work, an open pit is the most suitable method since it calls for an actual inspection of the undistributed material over a considerable area
foil-backed gypsum board
gypsum board having an aluminum foil backing that serves as a vapor retarder and as a reflective thermal insulator when the foil faces a 3/4 inch (19mm) minimum air space
insulating gypsum lath
gypsum lath having an aluminum foil backing that serves as a vapor retarder and reflective thermal insulator
perforated gypsum lath
gypsum lath punched w/ small holes to provide a mechanical key for plaster
copal
hard, lustrous resin obtained from various tropical trees, used chiefly in making varnishes
Standard screwdriver
has a flat tip and is designed to fit a standard slotted screw
Phillips screwdriver
has an X-shaped tip and is used to turn Philips-head screw only
Ripsaw
has chisel-like teeth designed for ripping or cutting with the grain of wood
Snap ties
have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping off the forms
snap ties
have notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping off the forms
colorfast
having color that will not fade or run with washing , age, or exposure to light, esp. sun
Lagging
heavy timber planks joined together horizontally to retain the face of an excavation
Purlins
horizontal roof framing element
dilute at 1:16
how is concrete neutralizer mixed
t=l/10
if cantilevered
sheetpile
if excavation is beyond 3 meters with an adjacent structure, what should you use
t=l/24
if one end is continuous
t=l/20
if slab is simply supported
at the rear
if the jobsite is sloping, where should you start excavation
suddenly applied load
impact strength
Crawl space
in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height
crawl space
in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height
Pier
in architecture, is an upright support for a structure or superstructure such as an arch or bridge. Sections of structural walls between openings (bays) can function as piers.
Rigid frame
in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by mostly rigid connections which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its members can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
along the whole perimeter wall and whole floor of the balcony
in waterproofing a balcony, up to where is the extent of the waterproofing installation
scarf joint
in welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. in electrical systems, a joint in electrical cable in which the ends are beveled before soldering.
heating, movement
individual pavers absorb _ and _
crawler crane
is a crane mounted on metal treads so that it can move over rough terrain.
Sledgehammer
is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the ground and to break up concrete and stone
miter joint
is a joint between 2 pieces which come together at a corner. it is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement. it is made by cutting the 2 ends at angles complementary to each other, usually 45 degrees, and then butting them together. the joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.
front-end loader
is a large shoveling machine that can scoop or deposit a large amount of material.
protection of adjoining structure
is a law that provides that any person making an excavation is responsible for resulting damage to adjoining property
Framing square
is a layout tool that is used to measure 90˚ angles at the corners of framework and joint, They can also be employed to determine cutting angles on dimension lumber
Level
is a long, straight tool that contains one or more vials of liquid and used to determine if the horizontal or vertical is exact
scraper
is a machine that loads, hauls and dumps soil over medium to long distances
paver
is a machine that places, spreads and finishes concrete or asphalt paving material.
excavator
is a machine used for digging or scooping earth from a place and depositing it in another
shoring
is a process of transferring a portion of the load of the done when the excavation does not go much below the material is fairly solid.
needling and underpinning
is a process where needles or girders are used in cases where part or all of the weight of the wall has to be carried, as when the old footing is removed and the wall underpinned or carried down to a new footing at a greater depth.
Catch basins
receptacles for the runoff of surface water. They have a basin or sump that retains heavy sediment before it can pass into an underground drainpipe
Reaction
is a reactive force developed by a body on which a force or system acts
trencher
is a special kind which digs trenches or long, narrow ditches for pipelines or cables
Backsaw
is a special type of handsaw that has a very thin blade and makes very straight cuts such as those on trims and mouldings
Equipment
is a term that refers to large complex tools and machines that is designed to do a particular job
construction equipment
is a term that refers to large, complex tools and machines that is designed to do a particular job.
phenolic resin
is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-resistant, high strength synthetic resin made from phenol and formaldehyde; has good resistance to aging; used extensively in the manufacture of adhesives, exterior and marine plywood, laminated products and molded articles.
Phenolic resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin
is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-resistant, high strength synthetic resin made from phenol and formaldehyde; has good resistance to aging; used extensively in the manufacture of adhesives, exterior and marine plywood, laminated products, and molded articles
bulldozer
is a tractor with a pushing blade which moves earth and clears land of bushes and trees.
Toorque
is a twisting force that rotates or tends to rotate a body
grader
is an earthworking machine that grades or levels the ground
Boundary element
is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.
transit
is an equipment used by surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles to obtain land elevation.
conveyor
is an equipment which moves materials other than fluids
Stress
is define as the unit strength of a material
Heavy equipment
is equipment which is very large and very powerful
heavy equipment
is equipment which is very large and very powerful.
construction laser
is flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light to make a baseline for additional measurements and is used as a level or as an alignment tool.
truck crane
is mounted on a truck frame so that it can be driven in the site.
laser-powered welder
is used to weld material by employing a laser to heat the metal
Prestressed concrete
is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting fro loads. Wires are put into tension within a form and then concrete is poured in, released after 28 days. This practice induces camber which gives greater strength
Surveyor's level
is that which is used to determine an unidentified elevation from a known core
Spiral ratchet screwdriver
is that which relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force
surveyor's level
is that which to determine an unidentified elevation from a known one.
Engineering mechanics
is the branch of engineering that deals with the analysis of the external effects of forces on rigid bodies
dry density
is the density of the soil, or the like, after it has been heated at a temperature of 221 deg F or 105 deg C to a dry condition
stabilizing the soil
is the process of compacting the soil on which the structure will rest.
excavating
is the process of digging the earth to provide a provide a place for the foundation of the building.
Factory of safety
is the ratio of the ultimate strength to the allowable strength
Adhesion stress
is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another). The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the function of various kinds of stickers and sticky tape fall into the categories of chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, and diffusive adhesion. In addition to the cumulative magnitudes of these intermolecular forces, there are certain emergent mechanical effects that will also be discussed at the end of the article.
Strain
is the unit deformation of a material subjected to an applied load
Fatigue
is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. It is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading. The nominal maximum stress values that cause such damage may be much less than the strength of the material typically quoted as the ultimate tensile stress limit, or the yield stress limit.
l
is the width of the OWS (symbol)
Table saw
is used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites and consists of a blade mounted on an electric motor beneath a table-like surface
backhoe
is used for general digging which is usually mounted on either a crawler or truck frame.
Crosscut saw
is used to cut across the grain of wood
Hacksaw
is used to cut metals
concrete pump
is used to move concrete from the concrete mixer to the concrete form.
water pump
is used to pump water out of holes in the ground so that construction work can commence
Tied Columns
it has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in position by lateral reinforcements called lateral ties
traffic, bearing capacity
it is a composite structure whose thickness and construction are directly related to: type and intensity of _ and loads to be carried _ and permeability of the subgrade
vulcaseal
it is a material used to waterproof GI gutter
3/16" thk membrane
it is best for waterproofing balconies, roof decks and basement
improper surface preparation
it is the most common cause of paint defects
steel brush
it is used to remove rust in rebars
newton is expressed in
kg m/s2
plain joint
lap joint is used in very hasty construction for temporary framing and is made by lapping 1 piece over the other and nailing them together. it is not a very strong joint
staking out
laying out the building the process of relocating the point of boundaries and property line of the site where the building is to be constructed.
transit
level batter boards with a carpenter's level or _, at a height a little higher that the top of the finished foundation
water table
level beneath which the soil is saturated with groundwater
Rotary hammer
like an electric drill that operates with both rotating and reciprocating actions and is used to drill holes in concrete
Staplers
like nailers but are loaded with U-shaped staples instead of nails for fastening
varnish
liquid preparation consisting of a resin dissolved in an oil (oil varnish) or in alcohol (spirit varnish), that when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous, usu transparent coating.
footing courses
lower portions of walls, piers or columns which are spread to provide a safe base
One-way slab
m=A/B < 0.5
Two-way slab
m=A/B ≥ 0.5
Two-way slab
m=B/A < 2
One-way slab
m=B/A > 2
phenolic
materials used for forms are plywood, fiberboards and _ boards.
ELASTIC LIMIT
maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set
PROPORTINAL LIMIT
maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when the load is released
Allowable bearing capacity
maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on the soil mass
allowable bearing capacity
maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on the soil mass.
Steel forms
may be in the form of PANS for concrete joist construction or STEEL DECKING or CORRUGATED STEEL for concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction
tenon
may extend fully through the other piece or only part of the way.
maximum dry density
mdd
shearing strength
measure of the ability to resist displacement when an
stakes, string
measure the required setback from the front corner monuments. drive 2 _ and stretch a _ between them to represent the front building line.
spt
measures the density of granular soils and the consistency of some clays records the number of blows required by a hammer to advance a standard soil sampler
youngs's modulus is the ratio of stress along an axis to the strain...
modulus of elasticity
AKA shear modulus
modulus of rigidity
pascal is expressed in
n/m2
Site drainage
necessary to prevent erosion and collection of excess surface water or groundwater resulting from new construction
site drainage
necessary to prevent erosion and collection of excess surface water or groundwater resulting from new construction
SI unit of force
newton
1
no metal shall be within _ inches of any surface
sand
non-coherent rock particles smaller than 1/4 inch in maximum dimension
binder
nonvolatile part of paint vehicle that bonds particles of pigment into a cohesive film during the drying process.
Hazardous facilities
occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances; Non- building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
horizontal pressure
of earth and water against basement wall
wales
or continuous horizontal beams which tie the sheet piles in place or
lagging
or heavy timber planks joined together horizontally to retain the face of an excavation
epoxy paint
paint having an epoxy resin as a binder for increased resistance to abrasion, corrosion, and chemicals
anticorrosive paint
paint or primer specially formulated with rust inhibiting pigments to prevent or reeduce the corrosion of metal surfaces. aka: rust inhibiting paint
heat resistant paint
paint specially formulated with silicone resins to withstand high temperatures
fire-retardant paint
paint specially formulated with silicone, polyvinyl chloride, or other substance to reduce the flame spread of a combustible material
lumber forms and shoring
partially seasoned and to some extent slightly wet in order to prevent swelling and distortion of the forms
SI unit of stress
pascal
spirit stain
penetrating stain made by dissolving dye in an alcohol or spirit vehicle
phenol-formaldehyde resin
phenolic resin
Foundation piers/columns
piers/columns below grade, to distinguish them from similar construction above grade
foundation piers and columns
piers/columns below grade, to distinguish them from similar construction above grade
4 ingredients of paint
pigment, vehicles, thinners, driers
Ready-mixed plaster
plaster that is formulated and dry-mixed by a manufacturer, requiring only the addition of water at the job site
Two-coat plaster
plasterwork applied in 2 coats, a basecoat followed by a finish coat
Three-coat plaster
plasterwork applied in three successive coats, a scratch coat followed by a brown coat and a finish coat
scagliola
plasterwork imitating granite or marble
3mm dia without crumbling
plastic limit
a, 1/2
plywood forms used where a smooth surface is required; should be waterproof, grade _ and at least _ inches thick
Yield point
point at which deformation becomes permanent. The lowest stress in a material (less than the maximum attainable stress) at which the material begins to exhibit plastic properties; beyond this point an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress.
ratio of Lateral strain/Longitudinal strain
poisson's ratio
portland cement-lime stucco
portland cement stucco to w/c lime is added in an amount grater than 50% by volume to improve the plasticity of the mix
rods
preferred and should be arranged that upon removal of the forms
Leveling and grading
processes that change land elevation and slope by filling in low spots and shaving off high spots
Concentrated loads
produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
proportionality of stress to strain
proportional limit
concrete footing
provide gravel under footing if frost depth is deeper than footing
paving
provides a wearing surface for pedestrian or vehicular traffic in the landscape.
COMPRESSION
pushes towards joint
Lime putty
quicklime slaked w/ sufficient water to form a thick paste
Temperature bars
rebars placed perpendicular to load supporting bars to prevent cracking due to temperature changes
Lagging
refers to heavy timber planks joined together side by side to retain the face of an excavation
SENSE
refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action
DIRECTION
refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described by the angle that the line of action makes with some reference.
Dewatering
refers to the process of lowering a water table or preventing an excavation from filing with groundwaterIt is accomplished by driving perforated tubes called wellpoints into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area so it can be pumped away
dewatering
refers to the process of lowering a water table or preventing an excavation from filling with ground water. it is accomplished by driving perforated tubes called well-points into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area so it can be pumped away.
decayed rock
rotten rock sand, clays and other materials resulting from the disintegration of rock masses, lacking the coherent qualities but occupying the space formerly occupied by the original rock.
rounded edge
rounded chamfered corners
paving patterns
running, stacked, basket, interlocking, octagon and dot, roman cobble, coursed ashlar, herringbone, basketweave
0.05-6.4
sand size
Aggregates
sand, gravel, crushed stone, or recycled concrete that are put into composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete. Adds strength to the overall composite material.
sp
sands: .05-6.4 mm clean sands poorly graded sand 6000 psf 287 kpa excellent
sw
sands: .05-6.4 mm clean sands well-graded sand 7500 psf 359 kpa excellent
sc
sands: .05-6.4 mm sands with fines clayey sand 4000 psf 192 kpa poor
sm
sands: .05-6.4 mm sands with fines silty sand 4000 psf 192 kpa poor
spliced joint
scabbed joint
heads, jacks, bases
scaffolding: _, _, and _
ledger
scaffolding: horizontal brace
diagonal
scaffolding: this component may be of the adjustable and fixed type
standard
scaffolding: vertical component
Tiebacks
secured to rock or soil anchors are resorted to when crossbracing or rakers would interfere with the excavation procedure
tiebacks
secured to rock or soil anchors are resorted to when crossbracing or rakers would interfere with the excavation procedure
paving unit on mortar bed
set on edge or laid flat
opposing forces that acts along parallel lines
shear stress
structural shething
sheathing capable of bracing the plane of a framed wall or roof
wire ties
should be used only on light and unimportant work where discoloring will not be objectionable
0.002-0.05
silt size
cl
silts .002-.05 mm ll>50$ inorganic clay 2000 psf 96 kpa impervious
ml
silts .002-.05 mm ll>50$ inorganic silt 2000 psf 96 kpa poor
1
sizes of lumber used are: _ in stock for floor panels and beam and girder sides
2
sizes of lumber used are: _ inch stock for columns, beams and girder bottoms
1, 2
sizes of lumber used are: _ or _ inch stock for cleats
2, 4
sizes of lumber used are: _ x _ for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
Slab on Fill
slab which rests on ground and not suspended
slab on fill
slab which rests on ground and not suspended
beveled edge
slanted and polished edge detail used on wood, stone, glass, etc.
Gravel
small bits of hard rock use as aggregate in construction or for ornamental purposes in gardens and fish tanks.
static, impact, vibrating, gyrating, rolling, and kneading
soil compaction
silt
soil with particles 0.002-0.05 mm in diameter
rock
solid rock, bedrock, ledge undisturbed rock masses forming an undisturbed part of the original rock-formation example are granite, slate, sandstone, limestone which are all capable of carrying the load of any ordinary structure. example of soft is shale, slate, marley, clay
dye
soluble coloring material that imparts color by absorption
stain
solution or suspension of pigment in a vehicle applied to penetrate and color a wood surface without obscuring or concealing the grains
superstructure
something built on top of something else; the part of the building that was built on top of the foundation or base
shellac
spirit varnish, made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol.
standard penetration test
spt
oil stain
stain made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle Achieved by using boiled linseed oil/ other various oils
pans, steel decking, corrugated steel
steel forms may be in the form of _ for concrete joist construction or _ or _ for concrete slab and slab-and-joist construction.
force unit area
stress
RUPTURE STRENGTH
stress at which material specimen breaks
portland cement stucco
stucco made with masonry cement or w/ portland cement mixed w/ less than 50% by volume of lime
Rupture
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
shoring
temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs.
Circumferential stress
tension caused by transmurial pressure + wall thicknes Pr / h
square splice
tension: this is a modification of the compression halved splice. it has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination with scabs or fishplates.
Spiral Column
term given where a circular concrete core is enclosed by spirals with vertical or longitudinal bars
Fracture
the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material.
density
the critical factoring determining the bearing capacity of granular soils
STRAIN
the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and shape of a stressed element.
gloss
the degree of surface luster of a dried paint film, ranging in decreasing order of gloss from high gloss, semigloss, eggshell, to flat.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
the depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement
TENSILE STRAIN
the elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress
Finish coat
the final coat of plaster, serving either as a finished surface or as a base for decoration
clay
the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.
Rendering coat
the first coat of plaster on a masonry wall
SHEARING STRESS
the force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force. Also called SHEAR STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS
chalking
the formation of chalk on the surface of a painted surface
CREEP
the gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of stress or prolonged exposure to heat. ____ deflection in a concrete structure continues over time and can be significantly grater than the initial elastic deflection
Substructure
the habitable portion of the building found below the ground
substructure
the habitable portion of the building found below the ground
PERMANENT SET
the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing deformation
STRESS
the internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it. Equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-sectional area. Also called UNIT STRESS
SHEARING STRAIN
the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation
SHEAR
the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact
oblique joint
this type of joint is made when 2 pieces do not meet at right angles, bracings. 1 piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the 2 pieces nailed securely together.
mortise and tenon joint
this type of joint is used for building wooden framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. it is made by cutting a hole in one piece and a tongue in the second piece to fit the hole in the other.
dovetail joint
this type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is strong and durable. it is made by cutting a pin of a dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece.
mortise-and-tenon joints
through, housed, diminished, open, stub, wedged.
horizontal or incline
thrusts from arches, rigid frames, domes, vaults, or tensile structures
new paint
to avoid chalking of a paint, what should be done
solar tint
to block excessive sunlight, what "new material" is used for windows
fill
to raise an existing grade with earth, stone, or other material, or the quantityof material used in building up the level of an area,
backfill
to refill an excavation with earth, stone, or other material, esp. the space around exterior foundation walls
dewater
to remove water from an excavated job site, usually by draining or pumping.
Bulldozer
tractor with a pushing blade which moves earth and clears land of bushes and trees
sheetrock
trademark for a brand of gypsum board
batter boards
transfer the building lines to _
powder coating, anodizing
type of paint used for aluminum
Pre-tensioning
type of prestressing, concrete is poured around stretched steel members
membrane
type of waterproofing intended for roofdeck
about to rupture
ultimate strength
Rock
undisturbed rock masses forming undisturbed part of the original rock-formation. Some examples of harder rocks are granite, slate, sandstone, and limestone which are all capable of carrying the load of any ordinary structure. Example of softer rocks are shale, shaley slates and certain marley limestone and clay stones
paving unit set vertically on mortar bed
unit may extend up to 1/2 of paver height to form curb
blistering and bubbling
upper layer of paint loses adhesion and separates from older layers
Radial arm saw
used for crosscutting wood and consists of a motor-driven saw blade that is hung on an arm over a table
Portable circular saw
used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut with stationary tools
Chalk line or Chalk box
used for marking lines
Awning
what type of window gives you protection from rain in the absence of a canopy
acrylic
water based paint
latex
water emulsion of synthetic rubber or plastic globules obtained by polymerization and used in paints and adhesives
acids and alkali transmitted by direct contact to waterproofing
waterproofing can be rendered ineffective or damaged by what factor
corners were not properly sealed, it was not properly protected by flashing
waterproofing on roofdeck fails and there is seepage. what is the reason it failed
wire lath
welded or woven wire fabric, usually with a paper backing used as a base for plaster or stucco
purlins
what are longitudinal members on top of chords supporting the roof
ground floor toilet
what area does not require waterproffing
2nd floor balcony
what area is not recommended to use capillary membrane waterproofing
water through capillary action seep inside voids at the edges, encouraging the growth of moss
what does the supplier of polycarbonate dont tell about their product that the architect should know
prone to catch dust
what does the supplier of textured paint don't tell about their product that the architect should know
paint will not adhere to metal
what happens when enamel is applied to metals
verifying and location of monuments
what is "relocation of points"
truss
what is a system of triangles used to support of roof
sealer
what is applied to wooden doors after achieving the desired color (staining), prior to application of lacquer
wood
what is cellulose nitrate lacquer and where is it used
relocating
what is the activity that the surveyor performs after he verifies the points from the lot description and places the monuments in the proper locations
no end lapping
what is the advantage of longspan roofing
right below the roof
what is the best location for a roof insulation
1.20m
what is the distance from the excavation to the batter board
exposure to air will let the solvent evaporate
what is the main cause of paint coagulation
3
what is the minimum slope for GI roof
bench mark or muhon
what is the point that surveyors mark as an elevation reference in order to ensure that a leveling rod can be repositioned accurately in the same place in the future
32in or 0.8m
what is the standard width of a currugated roofing
shop coat
what is the term used for the initial coat on structural steel from the factory prior to its shipment
verify correct lot and grid lines
what is to be done before excavation on site
blind rivet
what is used for aluminum roofing consisting of a pin head and a long shank
cleat
what is used to support purlins on a wooden roof frame
32 inches or 0.8m
what is width of a longspan GI
automotive
what kind of paint is duco
asphalt shingles
what kind of roofing is made of thermoplastic material and has strips which under the sun's heat will melt and cause it to bind as one roof
wood stain
what material is applied to wood to enhance its grain appearance
light gauge metal channel or C-purlins
what material is used for purlins of GI roofing
concrete neutralizer
what material is used to prepare masonry surface for painting
ducco finish
what paint finish is not used for ceiling
latex
what paint is not commonly used for spray painting
enamel
what paint will you use for a doctor's office
asphalt
what protective coating is applied to asphalt shingles
corrugated GI roofing
what roofing material is best suited for an industrial plant where hazardous/toxic fumes are emitted
retaining wall
what should you do if your lot is (-)15.00m from street line level
only one company is allowed to do duplication
what special feature does the main entry door of the condominium have as an additional security feature
paint thinner
what thinner is used for alkyd paint
flat head nail
what type of nail is used for asphalt shingles
acrylic
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Fixed-end beam
A beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam, and reduce its maximum deflection.
Simple beam
A beam resting on a simple supports at both ends, which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance. As with any statically determinate structure, the values of all reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross-sectional shape and material.
Section modulus
A geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
Shear diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions.
Beam
A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements
Suspended-span
A simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned construction joints at points of zero moment.
effective span
The center-to-center distance between the supports of a span
Clear span
The distance between the inner faces of the supports of a span
Haunch
The part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance. The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the moment and shear values, which typically vary along its longitudinal axis
Vertical shearing stress
The shearing stress developed along a section of a beam to resit transverse shear, having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces
Continuous beam
a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on cross sectional shape and material
Cantilever
a beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its supporting post or wall; a projection supported only at one end
Positive moment
a bending moment that produces a concave curvature at a section of a structure
Negative moment
a bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure
bending stress
a combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface further from the neutral axis
slurry wall
a concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as sheeting and often as a permanent foundation wall, constructed by excavating a trench ni short lengths, filling it will with a slurry of bentonite and water to prevent the sidewalls from collapsing, setting reinforcement, and placing concrete in the trench with a tremie to displace the slurry
curb cut
a depression in a curb providing vehicular access from a street to a driveway on private property.
curtain drain
a drain placed between the source of water and the area to be protected. Also called intercepting drain
french drain
a drainage trench filled to ground level with loose stones or rock fragments
Flexure formula
a formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross sectional properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section.
tremie
a funnellike device with a pipe or tube for depositing concrete underwater
Moment diagram
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape of its moment diagram
easement
a legal right held by specified persons or the public to make limited use of the land of another, such as a right-of-way.
lagging
a number of boards joined together side by side to retain the face of an excation
abyssinian well
a perforated pipe driven into the ground for pumping out collected ground water.
underdrain
a perforated pipe installed in porous fill to draw off groundwater
wellpoint
a perforated tube driven into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area so it can be pumped away, as when lowering a water table or preventing an excavation from filling with groundwater
contract limit
a perimeter line established on the drawings or elsewhere in the contract documents defining the boundaries of the site available to the contractor for construction purposes.
borrow pit
a pit from which sand, gravel, or other construction material is taken for use as fill in another location.
Cantilever beam
a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
swale
a shallow depression formed by the intersection of two ground slopes, often designed to direct or divert the runoff of surface water
transverse shear
a shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section
needle
a short beam passed through a wall as a temporary support while the foundation or part beneath is repaired, altered, or strengthened. Also called needle beam
Double overhanging beam
a simple beam extending beyond both of its supports.
Overhanging beam
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. it reduces the positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support
camber
a slight convex curvature intentionally build into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection
test pit
a small pit dug to examine the existing soil conditions and determine the depth of the water table at proposed building site.
vertical curve
a smooth parabolic curve in the vertical plane for connecting two grades of different slope in order to avoid an abrupt transition
underpinning
a system of supports that enables an existing foundation to be rebuilt, strengthened, or deepened, esp. the additional support required when a new excavation in adjoining property is deeper than the existing foundation
shore
a temporary supporting structure esp. one placed obliquely against the side of an excavation, formwork, or shore
cutoff
a wall or other structure intended to eliminate or reduce percolation through porous strata
cofferdam
a watertight enclosure constructed underwater or in water-bearing soil and pumped dry to allow access for construction or repairs.
controlled fill
fill material that is placed in layers, compacted, and tested after each compaction for moisture content, depth of lift, and bearing capacity before additional layers are placed
below grade
occuring or situated below the surface of the ground
batter board
one of a number of boards set horizontally with vertical stakes to support the strings outlining the foundation plan of a proposed building
property line
one of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a parcel of land. Also called lot line
sitework
work done at a site in preparation for a construction project, such as excavation, sheeting, shoring, and grading
Bending moment
An external moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration.
Resisting moment
An internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered.
Fb=Mc/I
Flexure formula
Stress trajectories
Lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam.
Uniformly distributed loads
Loads acting over a considerate length of the beams or distributed over the entirety of the span. (N/m)
bench terrace
an embankment constructed accross sloping ground with a steep drop on the downside
cut and fill
an excavating operation in which the excavated material is moved to another location and used as fill
dead shore
an upright timber for supporting a dead load during the structural alteration of a building, esp. one of two supports for a needle
sheet pile
any of a number of timber, steel, or precast concrete planks driven vertically side by side to retain earth or prevent water from seeping into an excavation. Also called sheath pile.
runoff
something that drains of flows off, such as rain that flows off the land in streams.
groundbreaking
the act or ceremony of breaking ground for a new construction project
rough grading
the cutting, filling, and shaping of earth in preparation for finish grading
excavation
the digging and removal of earth from its natural position, or the cavity resulting from such removal
finish grade
the elevation of drives, walks, lawns, or other improved surfaces after completion of construction or grading operations, Also, finished grade.
existing grade
the elevation of the original ground surface before excavation or grading begins. Also called natural grade.
earthwork
the excavation and embankment of earth in connection with an engineering operation
span
the extent of space between two supports of a structure. Also, the structure so supported
site
the geographical location of a construction project, usually defined by legal boundaries
surface drainage
the grading and surfacing of a site in order to divert rainand other surface water into natural drainage patterns or a storm sewer system
grade
the ground elevation at any specific point on a construction site, esp. where the ground meets the foundation of a building. Also called grade line
fine grading
the precise grading of an area after rough grading to prepare for paving, seeding, or planting
subgrade
the prepared earth surface upon which a pavement, concrete slab, or foundation is built. A subgrade should be stable, drain well, and be relatively free of frost action
recharge
the process by which groundwater is absorbed into the water table
horizontal shearing stress
the shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along horizontal planes of a beam under transverse loading. Equal at any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point. Also called longitudinal shearing stress.
site drainage
the surface and subsurface drainage of a site in order to prevent the collection of excess surface water or groundwater
