Substance related & addictive disorders

Anatagonist drugs used to treat persons with substance dependence:

block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it

The ____ theories of alcohol abuse have focused on people's expectations of alcohol's effects and their beliefs about the appropriateness of using it to cope with stress

cogntive

Morphine, heroin, codeine, and methadone are all

opioids

Which of the following observations is true of the drug phencyclidine (PCP)

It has many of the same effects as hallucinogens

Most U.S. states consider a person to be under the influence of alcohol if his or her blood-alcohol level is _____ or above.

0.08

Which of the following statements about e-cigarettes is not true?

12% of middle school students report using e-cigarettes

As of 2018 how many states have legalized cannabis use in some form for medical reasons?

31 states and D.C.

Approximately _____ deaths occur in the U.S. each year due to smoking-related illness.

480,000

Globally, approximately ______ percent of people over the age of 15 abstain from alcohol?

62%

Which of the following primarily contributes to the fact that the relapse rate for people undergoing any kind of treatment for alcohol abuse and dependency is high?

Abstinence violation effect

Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant?

Alcohol

why do people in countries such as France show lower rates of alcohol-related substance disorders than do people in other countries?

Alcohol is usually consumed with meals in France

_____ are stimulants prescribed for the treatment of attention problems, narcolepsy, and chronic fatigue.

Amphetamines

Dennis is undergoing treatment to deal with his alcohol use disorder. Whenever he takes this drug, he can't even have one alcoholic drink because he starts to feel sick and dizzy and feels like vomiting. Which drug is he most likely using?

Antabuse

Which of the following is typically reduced due to caffeine intake?

Appetite

____ is the tendency to be impulsive, sensation-seeking, and prone to antisocial behaviors such as violating laws.

Behavioral under-control

Discuss the different cognitive-behavioral intervention methods for treating substance-related disorders

Behavioral: based on aversive classical conditioning; covert sensitization therapy; contingency management programs Cognitive: Help clients identify situations in which they are most likely to drink and lose control over their drinking, as well as their expectations that alcohol will help them cope in those situations (motivational interviewing, relapse prevention, AA)

Pedro is at a party and has taken a substance that has made him euphoric and disinhibited; he then experiences lethargy, loss of coordination and other signs of central nervous system depression. He has most likely taken:

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following are legally manufactured and sold by prescription, ususally as sedatives for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia

Benzodiazepines

Distinguish binge drinking from heavy drinking

Binge drinking involves the consumption of five or more drinks within a couple of hours for men and four or more drinks within a couple of hours for women. Heavy drinking refers to binge drinking on five or more days in a month

What term refers to alcohol-induced amnesia for the events that occurred while one was intoxicated

Blackout

What is a central nervous system depressant approved for the treatment of the sleep disorder narcolepsy

GHB

Discuss how cocaine is able to provide a feeling of reward and pleasure?

Cocaine activates those areas of the brain that register reward and pleasure. Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine into the transmitting neuron, causing it to accumulate in the synapse. the rapid, strong effects of cocaine on the brain's reward centers makes this substance more likely than most to lead to a stimulant use disorder

Which of the following makes cocaine more likely than most substances to lead to a stimulant use disorder? A. It's easily availability B. The absence of short-term health problems C. Symptoms of fatigue and insomnia upon withdrawal D. Its rapid, strong effects on the brain's reward centers

D. Its rapid, strong effects on the brain's reward centers

Which of the following is a reason why the strong age difference in alcohol use disorders decline with age? A. With age, the liver metabolizes alcohol at a faster rate B. The increasing percentage of body water decreases the absorption of alcohol C. Older people are financially more secure than younger ones D. People who have used alcohol excessively may die before they reach old age

D. People who have used alcohol excessively may die before they reach old age

Hank began snorting cocaine about three years ago. He said that the first high was the astounding, exciting, mind-blowing experience he'd ever had. However, he has never been able to recapture that inital euphoria, and now he needs more and more of cocaine to get anywhere near his first experience. Hank has most likely:

Developed a tolerance to cocaine

Substance abuse

Diagnosis given when recurrent substance use leads to significant harmful consequences

Substance dependence

Diagnosis given when substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress

substance withdrawal

Experience of clinicially distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use. Symptoms vary greatly across substances

Which of the following is true of freebase cocaine?

It is usually smoked in a water pipe or mixed in a tobacco or marijuana cigarette

Which of the following is a rapid-acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom? A. Valium B. Ketamine C. Methadone D. Rohypnol

Ketamine

Which of the following is true of amphetamine use?

Like cocaine, amphetamines can produce perceptual illusions.

What are the symptoms of phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication?

Lower doses: a sense of intoxication, euphoria or affective dulling, talkativeness, lack of concern, slowed reation time, vertigo, eye twitching, mild hypertension, abnormal involuntary movements, and weakness Intermediate doses: disorganized thinking, distortions of body image, depersonalization, and feelings of unreality. A use may become hostile, belligerent, and even violent Higher doses: amnesia and coma, analgesia sufficient to allow surgery, seizures, severe respiratory problems, hypothermia, and hyperthermia

Which of the following is a conclusion about alcohol abuse offered by social learning theories?

Maladaptive patterns of alcohol use may be passed down through a family through modeling

Which gender is more likely to use inhalants?

Males

Which of the following best explains why those who take heroin while on methadone do not experience heroin's intense psychological effects?

Methadone blocks receptors for heroin

Which of the following was widely used as a pain reliever in the ninteeth century, until it was found to be highly addictive?

Morphine

____ has proven useful in treating alcohol dependents and abusers, possibly because it blocks the effects of endorphins during drinking

Naltrexone

Which of the following is an alkaloid found in tobacco?

Nicotine

Which class of inhalants dilates blood vessels and relaxes muscles and are sometimes used as sex enhancers

Nitrites

What is synesthesia?

Overflow from one sensory modality to another

When using hallucinogens, people say they hear colors and see sounds. They feel at one with their surroundings, and time seems to pass very slowly. Which term was coined to describe these experiences?

Psychedelic

Key findings of psychological theories on substance use disorders

Social learning theories: children and adolescents may learn substance-use behaviors by modeling the behavior of their parents and important people in their culture Cognitive theories: focuses on people's expectations of alcohol's effects and their beliefs about the appropriateness of using it to cope with stress. people who expect alcohol to reduce their stress and who do not have more adaptive means of coping are more likely than others to drink alcohol when they are upset and to have social problems related to drinking One personality characteristic consistently related to an increased risk of substance use disorders is behavioral under-control

Which of the following observations about tabacco use is true?

Tabacco use is increasing in developing countries over the past few decades

Which of the following statements about opioid use and abuse in the U.S. is true?

The abuse of opioids in the U.S. has become a national epidemic

With repeated use of substances such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines, more of the drug is needed to produce the desired effects. Which of the following helps explain this statement.

The brain reduces its production of dopamine

What is one reason identified in the text that explains the significant increase and severity of the opioid epidemic in the U.S.

The increase and severity of the opioid epidemic is partially attributable to increased used of illegally-made synthetic opiods like fentanyl

What is one of the four categories of harmful consequences that suggest substance abuse?

The individual fails to fulfill important obligations at work, home, or school as a result of substance use

What was the outcome of Project MATH that compared the different interventions designed to help people with alcohol dependency: Cognitive-behavioral intervention, motivational interviewing and enhancement, and a 12-step program based on Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) model?

The three interventions were equally effective in reducing drinking behavior and preventing relapse over the following year

Benzodiazepines are used to reduce alcohol dependence. Why is the dosage of the specific benzo decreased each day while using it to treat a substance use disorder?

To ensure that the person does not become dependent on the benzo

What is the first stage of alcohol withdrawal?

Tremulousness, weakness, and profuse perspiration

According to the philosophy of AA, the only way to control alcohol intake is to

abstain completely

Jim is over at a friend's house to pregame before going out. He takes a substance that provides an instant rush of euphoria followed by heightened self-esteem, alertness, energy, and feelings of competence. He begins taking the substance regularly and develops symptoms such as grandiosity, hypersexuality, and impulsive behavior. He has most likely taken:

cocaine

_____ provide reinforcements for individuals to curtail their use of substances, for example, employment, housing, or vouchers for purchases at local stores.

contingency management programs

Strong age differences in alcohol use disorders

decline as people age

All the following are withdrawal symptoms associated with opiods, EXCEPT:

delirium tremens

Alcohol is considered a _____ because it ______

depressant; slows the central nervous system

The philosophy of Alcohol Anonymous (AA) is based on the _____ model of alcoholism

disease

Some drugs, like cocaine and amphetamines produce a strong sense of reward or a "high" by increasing the availability of the neurotransmitter _____.

dopamine

Amphetamines release the neurotransmitters _____ and block their reuptake

dopamine and norepinephrine

The compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is also known as:

ecstasy

substance intoxication

experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system

Binge drinking is defined as consuming:

five or more drinks within a couple of hours for men

Why do you think gambling disorder is included in the chapter of substance-related and addictive disorders?

gambling disorder represents a behavioral addiction. it is persistent despite social, financial, and psychological consequences. it seems to share many risk factors and clinical patterns with the substance use disorders

The _____ are a mixed group of substances, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and peyote

hallucinogens

Psychologist Alan Marlatt and colleagues have argued that a more credible approach to college drinking than abstinence programs is to recognize drinking as normative behavior and focus education on the immediate risks of drinking to excess and the payoffs of moderation. This is an example of a:

harm reduction model

Low-grade hypertension, combined with increases in the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, puts alcohol abusers mostly at increased risk for:

heart disease

Which of the following observations is true of cocaine?

its effects wear off quickly

Gradual withdrawal from heroin can be achieved with

methadone

a substance is defines as any:

natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects

Pathological gamblers have a greater disruption in the systems regulating the _____________

neurotransmitter dopamine

Discuss the physiological effects on nicotine

nicotine operates on both the central and the peripheral nervous systems. it helps release several biochemicals in the brain. the physiological effects resemble the fight-or-flight responses. Nicotine addicts need nicotine to feel normal because of its effects on the body and the brain.

During opioid intoxication, a person may experience periods of light sleep with vivid dreams. A person in this state is referred to as being:

on the nod

Which of the following is a popular prescription opiod pain reliever?

oxycodone

Which of the following contains antioxidants that can increase "good" cholesterol, along with other chemicals that can help prevent damage to blood vessels and reduce "bad" cholesterol, producing postive cardiac effects

red wine

The euphoric effects of ectasy and some of the brain damage are considered to be due to alterations in the functioning of _____ in the brain.

serotonin

Family studies show that the relatives of people with substance-related disorders are _____ more likely to have a substance disorder than are the relatives of people with no such disorder

significantly more

The disease model of alcoholism followed by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) predicts that because of biological, psychological, and spiritual deficits,

some people will lose all control over their drinking once they have one drink

Franco has fallen ill and lost his job, and his wife left him due to his problem with heroin. His friends and family are telling him that he is an addict most likely because he is exhibiting

substance dependence

The DSM-5 authors have combined substance abuse and dependence into one diagnosis called:

substance use disorder

a set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use

substance withdrawal

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

symptoms manifest in three stages: 1. usually begins within a few hours includes trembling, weakness, and profuse sweating 2. Includes convulsive seizures, which may begin as soon as 12 hours after drinking stops but more often appear during the second or third day 3. Charaterized by delirium temens. Fatal in 10% of cases