Summerlin US Lit 1 Exam 1

Anne Hutchison

A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile - persecuted by Winthrop Grace over works in salvation (foundation for heretical charges) Believed you did not have to go through the church to get to God Heavily influenced by John Cotton On August 20, 1643, Hutchinson's family was attacked by a group of Native Americans. This was during the era in Dutch Colonial history known as Kieft's War. One daughter survived and was taken and raised by the natives possible foundation or inspiration for Scarlett letters

Apocalyptic Literature

A form of writing that describes the destruction of evil and the coming of God's reign. Example: Wigglesworth's "Day of Doom" (preoccupation with judgement day)

John Proctor

A man accused and hanged refused to confess, his wife was accused she was pregnant and was freed

Almanac

A reference book with facts and figures (sun and moon rising/setting times, moon phases, planet positions, tide schedules, etc.) Example: Franklin, Banneker

Trickster Tales

A type of folk tale that features an animal or human character who typically engages in deceit, violence, and magic. Popular genre found in the oral tradition of many indigenous cultures.

Powwaw

A wise person or seer in NA culture

Martha Carrier

Accused of being a witch and hanged People said she placed hexes on them and their livestock. Did not confess. Her children were accused and forced to confess and say that her mother was a witch. The story of her trial was transcribed by Cotton Mather.

The Federalist Papers

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay Essays were commentary on the constitution. GOAL: to convince New Yorkers to ratify the constitution. Utility of Union to your political prosperity. The tension between national government and states rights was the greatest point of division addressed in Letter 10. Argues for national government.

Before the Birth of One of Her Children

Anne Bradstreet

Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House

Anne Bradstreet

In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Anne Bradstreet

Anne Bradstreet

The Flesh and the Spirit

Anne Bradstreet

To My Dear Children

Anne Bradstreet

To My Dear and Loving Husband

Anne Bradstreet

"Then, coming out, beheld a space The flame consume my dwelling place. And when I could no longer look, I blest His name that gave and took, That laid my goods now in the dust. Yea, so it was, and so 'twas just. It was His own, it was not mine, Far be it that I should repine; He might of all justly bereft But yet sufficient for us left."

Anne Bradstreet, Upon the Burning of Our House. Poet exploring suffering through the lens of Weaned affections ex. House burns down.

The Author to her Book

Anne Bradstreet; about her feelings with her book being published without her consent

Effects of colonization in Columbus

Arrested and returned in chains to Spain in 1500 (note the different TONE between his journal entries from 1493 and 1503) Columbus noticed the beauty of nature with enthusiasm of a poet or painter (sensationalism) Columbus was a controversial figure then and remains so due to his exploitation and enslavement of Native American indigenous peoples, lack of interest indigenous social and cultural forms - Talks about how meek and weak the natives were, that they believed they were Gods until they were treated so terribly that they realized. Says how they are so easy to capture and turn into slaves. NO respect for them. language of possession (Letter of Discovery) His emotional fragility and spiritual despair are effectively conveyed in his letter to (rhetoric) (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain) His goal was to find a new trade route, and his letters where to get economic support from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies

Bartolomé de las Casas

Letter to the Secretary of State

Benjamin Banneker

Now Sir, . . . I apprehend you will embrace every opportunity, to eradicate that train of absurd and false ideas and opinions, which so generally prevails with respect to us; and that your sentiments are concurrent with mine, which are, that one universal Father hath given being to us all ; and that he hath not only made us all of one flesh, but that he hath also, without partiality, afforded us all the same sensations and endowed us all with the same faculties ; and that however variable we may be in society or religion, however diversified in situation or color, we are all of the same family, and stand in the same relation to him.

Benjamin Banneker, Letter to the Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson) Benjamin Banneker's letter highlights an intelligence that directly defies Thomas Jefferson's prejudice. Questions hks the writer of the declaration could not believe in freedom for all americans.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin

The Way to Wealth

Benjamin Franklin

"It was about this time that I conceiv'd the bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral Perfection. I wish'd to live without committing any Fault at anytime; I would conquer all that either Natural Inclination, Custom, or Company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a Task of more Difficulty than I had imagined: While my Care was employ'd in guarding against one Fault, I was often surpris'd by another."

Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography. Benjamin Franklin believed that humans could become perfect, but he found it to be a difficult task. Thus, he made a list of virtues to improve himself.

Olaudah Equiano

Born in Africa (in what is now Nigeria), sold into slavery, and transported to Virginia (according to his account) Recent scholars claim he was born in the Carolinas. Became a sailor and was taught to read and write by sympathetic whites Later sold to a Quaker merchant in the Caribbean and a Philadelphia businessman Saved money and purchased his freedom in 1766 Moved to England and married Susanna Cullen in 1792

Massasoit

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who helped the Pilgrims survive. They had peace for 40 years until his death. King Phillip's father

Letter of Discovery

Christopher Columbus (1493)

Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella

Christopher Columbus (1503)

Thomas Paine

Common Sense: united average citizens with political ideas of the revolution. It was the clarion call that began the revolution. The Crisis: fight for democracy. Speech at Valley Forge. More emotionally charged speech compared to logically written Common Sense.

Agrarian

Concerning farming. In de Crevocour's Letters, he portrays being an American farmer as romantic (everyone in America owns their own land and makes enough; provides a sense of unity and uniformity)

Effects of Colonization in las Casas

Connected to Columbus through his father who traveled on the second voyage Challenged religious authorities regarding the atrocities against Native Americans and the enslavement of indigenous peoples Points to the contradictions between Christian ideals and the brutality committed in the name of Christ Elevated the status of those who "didn't count" or whose humanity was discounted Suggested Africans to replace Natives in slavery describes the horrible treatment of natives that was done in the name of God. pearl slavery scenes

Wonders of the Invisible World; a notable exploit, bonifacius

Cotton Mather

Cotton Mather

During his life he published more than 400 works His life was marked by misfortunes and tragedies 2 wives died one questionably insane (Lydia George) Had 15 children 6 lived to adulthood Suffered from anxiety and depression due to high expectations he placed on himself - stuttered Wrote: Wonders of the Invisible World (describes the "devil attacks" on the Puritans, including accounts of the Salem Witchcraft Trials)

The Preface, from God's Determinations

Edward Taylor

Upon a Wasp Chilled with Cold

Edward Taylor (puritan poetry); compares the warming of a wasp to the granting of God's grace, uses common objects to compare religion of people and society

Huswifery

Edward Taylor wrote this lyric poem, whose title means "housekeeping," to examine God's relationship to humans. • Weaving metaphor.

Powhatan

Father of Pocohontas and chief of the Powhatans (his adopted name) Recorded in the writings of John Smith (who viewed it as manipulative and deceptive)

Anne Bradstreet

First published poet and female writer in the British North American colonies. Emphasized the practice of "weaned affections;" her poems dealt with domestic and religious life, against earthy pleasures/desires John Berryman wrote a contemporary poem about Anne Bradstreet, "Homage to Mistress Bradstreet" Berryman re-invents Anne Bradstreet as a woman who struggled with feelings of guilt, temptation, frustration—much like the Berryman himself whose life ended tragically in suicide. Berryman stated that he considered it "irrelevant" whether Bradstreet actually experienced these emotions.

"I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. That your Sex are Naturally Tyrannical is a Truth so thoroughly established as to admit of no dispute, but such of you as wish to be happy willingly give up the harsh title of Master for the more tender and endearing one of Friend."

From the letters of, John and Abigail Adams. Abigail Adams is writing to advocate for the rights and wellbeing of wives. She encourages men to make their wife their friend.

"They are a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. From this promiscuous breed, that race now called Americans have arisen."

Hector St. John De Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer. In this letter, De Crevecouer sets out to capture the diversity of the New World. He emphasizes America as a place of refuge where any man can become prosperous if he works for it (the American Dream.) unity in diversity

Letters from an American Farmer

Hector St. John de Crevecoeur

Second Letter to the Spanish Crown

Hernan Cortes

John Berryman

Homage to Mistress Bradstreet; poem examines tension between Bradstreet's personal life and artistic life, concluding in a spirit of fatalism that shows throughout a loving and intimate grasp of the details of American history. The work primarily examines creative repression, religious apostasy, and the temptation to adultery.

De Crevecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer

In America, there is equal opportunity. America is welcoming while Europe focuses on colonizing. Conceptualizes the American Dream, America as a melting pot Popular in England "What is an American?" (most popular letter) Marvels at the accomplishments of a "new frontier," "the rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe"

John and Abigail Adams' letters

John Adams describes how New England is superior to all other colonies. (biased) Abigail says, "remember all men would be tyrants if they could be" example of epistolary narratives

The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles

John Smith

"Here nature and liberty affords us that freely, which in England we want, or it costs us dearly. What pleasure can be more, than . . . to recreate themselves before their own doors, in their own boats upon the sea; where man, woman and child, with a small hook and line, by angling, may take diverse sorts of excellent fish, at their pleasures? And is it not pretty sport, to pull up two pence, six pence, and twelve pence, as fast as you can haul and veer a line? He is a very bad fisher [that] cannot kill in one day with his hook and line, one, two, or three hundred cods: which dressed and dried, if they be sold there for ten shillings the hundred (though in England they will give more than twenty) may not both the servant, the master, and merchant, be well content with this gain?"

John Smith, The General History of New England Where the myth of the American dream and America as the land of prosperity began. Myth, you can hardly work in America and you will be successful. The land is so plentiful. This was written to encourage people to go to America.

A Model of Christian Charity

John Winthrop (1630)

The Journal of John Winthrop

John Winthrop (1630-49)

"For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a byword through the world."

John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity. ideals of the Mass. Bay Colony. Puritan belief that we should purify the church. This idea of America as a city on a hill, an example to the world has influenced the nation outside of christian spheres.

The Letters of John and Abigail Adams

John and Abigail Adams

A Divine and Supernatural Light

Jonathan Edwards (1734);

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Jonathan Edwards (1741)

Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards' sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" typifies the spirit of the Great Awakening because it argues that people should have a personal and emotional relationship with God. A Divine and Supernatural Light "things divine are vastly different from the things that are human" (386). The Light is an experimental realization of the divine, "delight to the perceiver," an immediate revelation from God (immediate meaning direct), and supported by scripture.; some sinners have greater conviction of their guilt and misery than others and its because they have more light than others; There is a difference between having an opinion that God is holy and gracious and then having a sense of the loveliness and beauty of that holiness and grace; you can have the rational knowledge that honey is sweet but that is different than actually tasting its sweetness for yourself

8. "O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath dashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment."

Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Edwards reminds his audience that they are in constant danger of falling into hell. Edwards is primarily remembered for this famous sermon that he delivered without emotion but had a powerful effect. Father of the Great Awakening.

Judge Samuel Sewall

Judge of salem witch trials and made a public apology five years later The Selling of Joseph (1700), an anti-slavery tract, offers his arguments against selling and buying human beings and harsh critique of the practices of slavery. - talks about how africans aren't descended from cain but Cush (Ethiopia), - they're from a pagan country, pagan is evil so bringing them in would be bringing in evil - although the africans are at war and enslave each other already does not mean its right for us to do so too - they're gods children too so they deserve respect and dignity The Diary he maintained from 1673 to 1729 is considered one of the most important historical documents of all time

Salem Witchcraft Trials

June 1962-May 1963 Rev. Samuel Parris arrives in Salem with his wife, niece, daughter and two slaves, John and Tituba Tituba meets with Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Parris; Elizabeth becomes ill. The "afflicted girls" accuse Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne of witchcraft. Eventually 20 people were condemned and executed. At the height of the trials between 150 and 200 people were accused of witchcraft.

Orature

Literature that is spoken or sung as opposed to written

"Oh the doleful sight that now was to behold at this house! "Come, behold the works of the Lord, what desolations he has made in the earth." Of thirty-seven persons who were in this one house, none escaped either present death, or a bitter captivity, save only one, who might say as he, "And I only escaped alone to tell the News" (Job 1.15). There were twelve killed, some shot, some stabbed with their spears, some knocked down with their hatchets. When we are in prosperity, Oh the little that we think of such dreadful sights, and to see our dear friends, and relations lie bleeding out their heart- blood upon the ground."

Mary Rowlandson, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration. This scene describes the initial attack of the Indians on Rowlandson's home and town. She compares her suffering to Job, believing suffering is the result of sin.

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration

Mary Rowlandson; describes nearly three months spent with Indians, possibly influenced/biased account filtered through her husband and other men

The Day of Doom

Michael Wigglesworth (1662); memorized by Colonials, Edward Taylor said he loved his wife because of how well she new the poem; about Judgement Day

Coyote

Most common indigenous trickster character.

Creation Stories

Myths or symbolic religious stories concerning the origins of the world. These narratives have similar elements to Judeo-Christian accounts of creation.

Epistolary Narratives

Narratives written in letter form--written not just for the recipient but for a larger audience to read John and Abigail Adams letters

Samoset

Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims. Spoke broken English.

Squanto

Native American who helped with relation between the natives and the Pilgrims. After Samoset left, Squanto replaced him as their interpreter.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

Olaudah Equiano

"The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died-thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers.

Olaudah Equiano, Narrative talking about the Middle Passage, depicts the awful conditions that occurred during the passage

"Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, / May be refined, and join the angelic train."

On Being Brought from Africa to America, Phillis Wheatley; She emphasizes how all people, even black people "as black as Cain" can be saved by Christ - Christ didn't die only to save white people but for ALL people

'"'Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land /Taught my benighted soul to understand/That there's a God, that there's a Savior too."

On Being Brought from Africa to America, Phillis Wheatley; she talks about how one good thing for her in being a victim of slavery is how she came to salvation because she was exposed to Christ when if she had remained in her native land it is likely she would believe in a Pagan god rather than Christianity

Judge Hawthorne

One of the leading judges in the Salem Witch Trials Unforgiving judge; locked up young children

Tituba

Parris's slave from Barbados; first accused witch

On Being Brought from Africa to America, To S.M., To His Excellency General Washington

Phillis Wheatley

William Bradford

Pilgrim; wrote the Mayflower Contract Epitomizes the "first" pilgrims Elected governor of Plymouth

Benjamin Franklin

Poor Richard's Almanac (contained "words of wisdom," weather predictions, astronomy, guides, amd information regarding natural phenomena) which he wrote anonymously (early to bed early to rise makes a man happy wealthy and wise) The Way to Wealth (contains the maxims Franklin considered to be his best, often misquoted as Bible verses, insight into Franklin's literary style) Autobiography (wanted to impact the youth with his virtues) Miss Polly Baker speech separation of church and state pretty much

Powhatan's Discourse of Peace and War

Powhatan (1694) Contends that the intentions of Powhatan's people are peaceful and reminds the English of their dependence on them for food and sustenance

Weaned Affection

Puritan doctrine holds that individuals must learn to wean themselves from earthly attachments (people, places, and things) and instead make spiritual matters a priority)

Roger Williams

Puritan minister, theologian, and author Founded Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island. Went to England in 1643 to obtain a charter for Rhode Island and Wrote a Key into the language (a dictionary of Native American languages) from Christenings make not Christians Providence = haven for Anabaptists, Quakers, and others whose beliefs were denied public expression The significance of Roger Williams freedom of conscious and religious liberty in New England, He was banished for spreading dominion in Massachusetts Bay mediated conflicts with natives- talks about how mass conversions are bad because they aren't sincere, says natives are people too not irredeemable

Reliability in slave narratives

Questioned because of exaggeration, can be written to convenience others of the harshness of slavery, some didn't know how to write so rich white people that were abolitionist wrote them for them with their own motives

Christenings Make Not Christians

Roger Williams (1645)

The Diary of Samuel Sewall

Samuel Sewall Considered one of the most important historical documents of the time

The Selling of Joseph

Samuel Sewall Offers his arguments against selling and buying human beings and harsh critique of the practices of slavery.

"This day [in the margin, Dolefull Witchcraft] George Burrough, John Willard, Jn Procter, Martha Carrier and George Jacobs were executed at Salem, a very great number of Spectators being present. Mr. Cotton Mather was there, Mr. Sims, Hale, Noyes, Chiever, &c. All of them said they were innocent, Carrier and all. Mr. Mather says they all died by a Righteous Sentence. Mr. Burrough by his Speech, Prayer, protestation of his Innocence, did much move unthinking persons, which occasions their speaking hardly1 concerning his being executed."

Samuel Sewall, The Diary is one of the most significant Historical records from the period. He was a judge during the Salem witch trials and recorded some of the details in his diary. Five years later he would apologize for his involvement.

"It is most certain that all Men, as they are the Sons of Adam, are Coheirs; and have equal Right unto Liberty, and all other outward Comforts of Life. God hath given the Earth [with all its Commodities] unto the Sons of Adam, Psalm 115.16. And hath made of One Blood, all Nations of Men, for to dwell on all the face of the Earth, and hath determined the Times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation: That they should seek the Lord. Forasmuch then as we are the Offspring of GOD &c. Act 17.26, 27, 29. . . . Yet through the Indulgence of GOD to our First Parents after the Fall, the outward Estate of all and every of their Children, remains the same, as to one another. So that Originally, and Naturally, there is no such thing as Slavery."

Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph. A christian argument for oppossing slavery.

King Phillip's War (1675-1676)

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England (MA, RI, CT). The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades. How William Bradford died

Pocahontas (true account)

Smith arrived at Powhatan's residence & was greeted with welcoming ceremony and feast. Soon after, he was dragged before Powhatan and threatened with execution. The Mamantowicks' daughter Mataoka, (Pocahontas) pleaded with her father not to kill Smith. When her appeal seemed to be failing she shielded Smith's head with her arms and saved his life- or so Smith claimed. Historians, however, believe this was not an execution but rather a ceremony designed to make Smith subordinate to Powhatan.

John Smith as Prototype of the American Frontiersman

Smith as America's first literary "mythmaker" and prototype of the American frontiersman Personal account & issues with reliability (Pocahontas, bias) he talked about pocohontas story as survival and brutal when really it was a welcoming ceremony Did not write on the difficulties of survival, and mythically portrayed indigenous culture. Land of opportunity John Smith- don't have to work at all had a connotation in his writings of himself as a knight in a chivalric romance; his writings focus on the idea of America and less on the challenges of actually producing colonies and plantations there - the challenges that come with that; he had indirect involvement . gave New England its name; elite adventurer ideals. talked about America as a place where anyone regardless of class or experience could thrive, focus on liberty

John Winthrop

Son of a prosperous English family; educated at Cambridge had anne hutchinson tried and banished as a heretic CITY UPON A HILL Influenced by Puritan ideals to leave England Wanted to reform the Church of England from inside Elected first governor of Massachusetts in 1629 and served for 20 years Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 Wrote a "A Model of Christian Charity" Wanted the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be an example to Europe of Christian charity (city on a hill) HELPED WRITE THE FIRST LEGAL SANCTIONING OF SLAVERY IN North America the Massachusetts body of liberties

Puritans

Sought to purify their church NOT separatists: wanted to reform their church from within and remained loyal to the Anglican Church Came for religious freedom AND economic opporunity More prepared than Pilgrims Arrived at Boston 1630, Massachusetts bay colony

Pilgrims

Sought to purify their church Separatists: they gave up hope of reformation within Anglican Church, so they wanted to separate Came to US looking for religious freedom Arrived at Plymouth 1620

Captivity Narrative

Stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. Common at this time because they justified oppression and colonization Mary Rowlandson

The Bay Psalm Book

The first book (of psalms) printed in the English colonies (1640) Songs performed a capella (lining out) (which enabled church members who couldn't read to participate) Wanted Psalms to be as close to OG as possible OG title: The Whole Book of Psalms Faithfully Translated into English Meter Matters because it allowed everyone to participate and worship at church or at home

Notes on the State of Virginia

Thomas Jefferson (1785)

The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1829)

"Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep for ever: that considering numbers, nature and natural means only, a revolution of the wheel of fortune, an exchange of situation, is among possible events: that it may become probable by supernatural interference! The Almighty has no attribute which can take side with us in such a contest. . . . The spirit of the master is abating, that of the slave rising from the dust, his condition mollifying, the way I hope preparing, under the auspices of heaven, for a total emancipation, and that this is disposed, in the order of events, to be with the consent of the masters, rather than by their extirpation."

Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia. Jefferson believed that slavery was a necessary evil.

"Corruption of morals in the mass of cultivators is a phenomenon of which no age nor nation has furnished an example. It is the mark set on those, who not looking up to heaven, to their own soil and industry, as does the husbandman, for their subsistence, depend for it on the casualties and caprice of customers. Dependance begets subservience and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition."

Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia. Jefferson is recognizing the frailty of the democratic institution and promoting ideals of the virtuous farmer.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine

The Crisis, No. 1

Thomas Paine

"The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. 'Tis not the affair of a city, a county, a province, or a kingdom; but of a continent—of at least one eighth part of the habitable globe. 'Tis not the concern of a day, a year, or an age; posterity are virtually involved in the contest, and will be more or less affected even to the end of time, by the proceedings now. Now is the seed time of continental union, faith and honor."

Thomas Paine, Common Sense. Paine wrote this to unite citizens with political ideas of the Revolution; this work played a crucial role in convincing colonists to take up arms against England.

"The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman."

Thomas Paine, The Crisis No. 1; He is talking about how the war has been going on, and though its not summer anymore the soldiers of that time may doubt and lose hope/fight in the war, but those that keep persevering deserves the utmost respect and thanks from everyone. Boost moral, those of you who stay strong fighting will be recognized, appreciated.

"The goddess comes, she moves divinely fair, / Olive and laurel binds her golden hair"

To His Excellency General Washington, Phillis Wheatley; Columbia is figured as a 'Goddess' representing America, and thus imbuing it with divine protection and endorsement. 'Olive' represents peace: although Wheatley is aware that Washington is fighting against his English oppressors, bloodshed is an unfortunate necessity rather than the goal in itself. Meanwhile, 'laurel' is associated with victory: the victor (e.g., in war) was traditionally crowned with laurel leaves. Columbia refers to the land Columbus found.

Criticisms of Captivity Narratives

Unreliability of memory Tendency towards sensationalism Ulterior motives Bias Very religious (bias) Portrayal of NA cultures

Mary Rowlandson

Wife of minister Record of 11 weeks spent in captivity Death of child (weaned affections) Ransomed for 20 pounds Her account was finished 7 years later Analogies to Job, suffering of righteous She views white Christians as the "elite"/"elected, wild Indians as "heathens," "praying Indians" professed Christianity Flesh vs. Spirit interesting because at the beginning of her writings she calls Indians awful things but as the captivity goes on she refers to them more personably

Of Plymouth Plantation

William Bradford First sustained account of NE history The Starving Time

"So they left that goodly and pleasant city, which had been their resting place near twelve years; but they knew they were pilgrims, and looked not much on those things, but lifted up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest country, and quieted their spirits."

William Bradford, of Plymouth Plantation Sets the tone for why they are leaving England and starting a new life in the colonies. They care more about their true home in Heaven rather than a home on earth. *

Thomas Jefferson

Writer of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom A slaveholder himself although he described slavery as a "necessary evil" Jefferson's mistress: circulated the account of Jefferson's relationship with Sally Hemings. Hemings was reputed to be Jefferson's wife's half sister--and black--and a slave.

Effects of colonization in Cortes

he defeated the natives and took the city, used deadly force to conquer Mexico, conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on behalf of Spain. In the reading from his letter, he talks about how surprisingly civilized the natives are and he destroys their pagan statues and from his perspective - successfully converts them to Christianity. He was so determined that upon arrival to the continent he had all of the ships burnt so none of his men could back out.