Surg Tech Microbiology
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Antigens: Lymphocytes (T-cells) are necessary for the immune system to react to foreign bodies
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CJD (creutzfeldt- Jakob disease) is a disease that is NOT caused by a virus. CJD is a degenrative neuorlogical disorder (brain disease) that is incurable and always fatal
microorganisms
______ have developed means of evading the body's immune system
spore
a dehydrated cell with a thick, shell like wall
pathogens
a disease causing pathogenic microorganism
staphylococcal albus
a harmless resident bacterium usually found on the hands
gram positive bacillus
a type of microorganism has the ability to slow down its metabolism and become dormant
bacteria & viruses
Causes most infectious diseases that affect humans
Bacteria
E-Coli
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HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune system T-helper leukocytes
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If the surgical wound is caused by trauma, becomes grossly contaminated during surgery, or is infected postoperatively, treatment with antimicrobial agents is NOT the last resort
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Infection, pressure on sutures, sutures too tight, injury to the would area, weak tissue or muscle are some causes of wound dehisence, but NOT chemical & thermal burns, extreme cold, and tissue necrosis
pathogenic
disease producing
single celled yeasts
fungi include _________
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genetic mutation, the environment, and stress are all sources of disease
4 signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling, pain
virus
herpes, polio, and AIDS are caused by ___
pyogenic bacteria
organisms that typically cause suppuration and tissue destruction and may lead to systemic involvement, resulting in death
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pressure wounds- staged 1-4
antibodies
produced by activated B-lymphocytes
strepococcus pyogener
referred to as "flesh eating" bacteria because it produces an enzyme called "hyaluronidase," or "spreading factor" that breaks down hyaluronic acid, the substance that holds human cells together
viruses
require a living host to multiply
bacillus
rod shaped bacteria
coccoid
round shaped bacteria
protozoa
single celled microorganisms
bacteria
single celled organisms that have no nucleus or specific metabolic organelles. A single wall, bilayer, or unit membrane made up of phospholipids surrounds each
streptococcus
spiral shaped bacteria
spores
used to test the effectiveness of sterilization cycles
infection
usually results in the breakdown of the surgical repair that was the focus of the surgery
symbiosis
when organisms of 2 different species live together
unicellular/ binary fission
Bacteria are _____ and reproduce by ______
colonization
Bacteria, which are responsible for many diseases, grow in groups of multiple organisms. Their proliferation is referred to _____
Helicobacter Pylori Bacterium
Flagella are responsible for bacterial mobility and can help certain bacteria cause disease; an example is the _______ using this to penetrate the viscous coating of the stomach lining
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One of the causes of antibiotic resistance is the overprescription and underprescription of antibiotics and their improper use by patients
Prion
Microorganism that causes Creutzfeld Jakob disease
Rickettsiae
Microorganism that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever
fungi
Microorganism that causes deuteromycota
protozoa
Microorganism that causes malaria & toxoplasmosis
virus
Microorganism that causes smallpox, H1N1, genital herpes
anaerobic bacteria
Most _______ are spore forming and normally reside in the intestines of a healthy person
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NOT ALL strains of pathogens can be controlled by antibiotics
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Not all infections cause disease; an infection is only harmful if it causes an illness
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Prions are difficult to kill by usual sterilization methods. Usually so difficult they just dispose of the instruments that have been used.
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Some types of bacteria can form an endospore. The bacterial cell in response to environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, lack of moisture, or exposure to toxic chemicals, forms endospores. The endospore represents a "resting stage" of the bacterial cell. When conditions are favorable, the endospore returns to its vegetative state by the process of germination. It does not increase the # of bacterial cells. Endospores are important because they are highly resistant to heat and chemicals, therefore, they are resistant to sterilization procedures. The various types of sterilization methods must be able to kill endospores or the sterile instruments & equipment the surgical technologist handles, are not considered sterile.
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Specific advantages endospores give to a bacterial cell: 1. the cell can survive harsh environmental conditions 2. when conditions improve, the cell can germinate and continue to live
gram-negative microorganism
Stain is red or pink
gram-positive microorganism
Stain is red or purple
prion
abnormal protein
fomite
an inanimate object that transmits disease
passive immunity
an infant receiving antibiotics from his/her mother's breast milk is an example of
acute infection
an infection with a sudden onset, and it may be brief or prolonged for the duration of the infection
capsule
another name for the slime-like outer layer found on bacteria
bright light
bacteria does not need _____ to survive
VRE
can survive on the hands for hours
antibodies
complex glycoprotein produced by the immune system
portal of entry
how microbes enter the body
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important environmental parameters for bacterial reproduction: temperature, oxygen level, pH, moisture, atmospheric pressure
oxygen
in order to survive, aerobic bacteria require ____
antigens
macromolecules, such as proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and polysaccharides on the surface of the cells that identify them as part of the organism or as foreign
microns
microorganisms are measured in _____
gram positive coccus
staphylococcus aureus
inflammatory
the _____ response occurs in the period immediately following trauma
prions
the cause of CJD
the use of antibiotics in animal feed, the overprescription of antibiotics, and environmental factors
the most threatening resistant microorganisms in the US are vancomyan-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomyan-intermediate-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant M tuberculosis. These microorganisms are often found in the hospital environment in patients who are critically or chronically ill. The most common cause is a genetic mutation induced by:
gram stain classification & its response to antibiotics
the nature of the bacterial cell membrane determines a bacterium's _______
mycobacteria
the pathogen that causes tuberculosis
Infection
the proliferation and growth of any microorganism or virus in any area of the body
urinary tract infections
these account for the highest number of nosocomial infections