Surg Tech Microbiology

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Antigens: Lymphocytes (T-cells) are necessary for the immune system to react to foreign bodies

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CJD (creutzfeldt- Jakob disease) is a disease that is NOT caused by a virus. CJD is a degenrative neuorlogical disorder (brain disease) that is incurable and always fatal

microorganisms

______ have developed means of evading the body's immune system

spore

a dehydrated cell with a thick, shell like wall

pathogens

a disease causing pathogenic microorganism

staphylococcal albus

a harmless resident bacterium usually found on the hands

gram positive bacillus

a type of microorganism has the ability to slow down its metabolism and become dormant

bacteria & viruses

Causes most infectious diseases that affect humans

Bacteria

E-Coli

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HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune system T-helper leukocytes

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If the surgical wound is caused by trauma, becomes grossly contaminated during surgery, or is infected postoperatively, treatment with antimicrobial agents is NOT the last resort

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Infection, pressure on sutures, sutures too tight, injury to the would area, weak tissue or muscle are some causes of wound dehisence, but NOT chemical & thermal burns, extreme cold, and tissue necrosis

pathogenic

disease producing

single celled yeasts

fungi include _________

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genetic mutation, the environment, and stress are all sources of disease

4 signs of inflammation

heat, redness, swelling, pain

virus

herpes, polio, and AIDS are caused by ___

pyogenic bacteria

organisms that typically cause suppuration and tissue destruction and may lead to systemic involvement, resulting in death

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pressure wounds- staged 1-4

antibodies

produced by activated B-lymphocytes

strepococcus pyogener

referred to as "flesh eating" bacteria because it produces an enzyme called "hyaluronidase," or "spreading factor" that breaks down hyaluronic acid, the substance that holds human cells together

viruses

require a living host to multiply

bacillus

rod shaped bacteria

coccoid

round shaped bacteria

protozoa

single celled microorganisms

bacteria

single celled organisms that have no nucleus or specific metabolic organelles. A single wall, bilayer, or unit membrane made up of phospholipids surrounds each

streptococcus

spiral shaped bacteria

spores

used to test the effectiveness of sterilization cycles

infection

usually results in the breakdown of the surgical repair that was the focus of the surgery

symbiosis

when organisms of 2 different species live together

unicellular/ binary fission

Bacteria are _____ and reproduce by ______

colonization

Bacteria, which are responsible for many diseases, grow in groups of multiple organisms. Their proliferation is referred to _____

Helicobacter Pylori Bacterium

Flagella are responsible for bacterial mobility and can help certain bacteria cause disease; an example is the _______ using this to penetrate the viscous coating of the stomach lining

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One of the causes of antibiotic resistance is the overprescription and underprescription of antibiotics and their improper use by patients

Prion

Microorganism that causes Creutzfeld Jakob disease

Rickettsiae

Microorganism that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

fungi

Microorganism that causes deuteromycota

protozoa

Microorganism that causes malaria & toxoplasmosis

virus

Microorganism that causes smallpox, H1N1, genital herpes

anaerobic bacteria

Most _______ are spore forming and normally reside in the intestines of a healthy person

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NOT ALL strains of pathogens can be controlled by antibiotics

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Not all infections cause disease; an infection is only harmful if it causes an illness

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Prions are difficult to kill by usual sterilization methods. Usually so difficult they just dispose of the instruments that have been used.

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Some types of bacteria can form an endospore. The bacterial cell in response to environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, lack of moisture, or exposure to toxic chemicals, forms endospores. The endospore represents a "resting stage" of the bacterial cell. When conditions are favorable, the endospore returns to its vegetative state by the process of germination. It does not increase the # of bacterial cells. Endospores are important because they are highly resistant to heat and chemicals, therefore, they are resistant to sterilization procedures. The various types of sterilization methods must be able to kill endospores or the sterile instruments & equipment the surgical technologist handles, are not considered sterile.

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Specific advantages endospores give to a bacterial cell: 1. the cell can survive harsh environmental conditions 2. when conditions improve, the cell can germinate and continue to live

gram-negative microorganism

Stain is red or pink

gram-positive microorganism

Stain is red or purple

prion

abnormal protein

fomite

an inanimate object that transmits disease

passive immunity

an infant receiving antibiotics from his/her mother's breast milk is an example of

acute infection

an infection with a sudden onset, and it may be brief or prolonged for the duration of the infection

capsule

another name for the slime-like outer layer found on bacteria

bright light

bacteria does not need _____ to survive

VRE

can survive on the hands for hours

antibodies

complex glycoprotein produced by the immune system

portal of entry

how microbes enter the body

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important environmental parameters for bacterial reproduction: temperature, oxygen level, pH, moisture, atmospheric pressure

oxygen

in order to survive, aerobic bacteria require ____

antigens

macromolecules, such as proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and polysaccharides on the surface of the cells that identify them as part of the organism or as foreign

microns

microorganisms are measured in _____

gram positive coccus

staphylococcus aureus

inflammatory

the _____ response occurs in the period immediately following trauma

prions

the cause of CJD

the use of antibiotics in animal feed, the overprescription of antibiotics, and environmental factors

the most threatening resistant microorganisms in the US are vancomyan-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomyan-intermediate-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant M tuberculosis. These microorganisms are often found in the hospital environment in patients who are critically or chronically ill. The most common cause is a genetic mutation induced by:

gram stain classification & its response to antibiotics

the nature of the bacterial cell membrane determines a bacterium's _______

mycobacteria

the pathogen that causes tuberculosis

Infection

the proliferation and growth of any microorganism or virus in any area of the body

urinary tract infections

these account for the highest number of nosocomial infections


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