Sustainability

"Let's Get Start!"

"So far so good?"

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

(Btu of cooling output)/(watt - hour of electric input)

Coefficient of Performance (COP) HW 4 Problem 8-29

(Power output in watts)/(Power input in watts)

Energy Intensity HW 4 Problem 8-4

(Total Energy Use)/(Total GDP) Units: ktoe per $1 GDP per year

Per Capita Energy HW 4 Problem 8-4

(Total Energy Use)/(Total Population) Units: ktoe per person per year

It has been estimated that 139.2 x 106 m2 of rainforest is destroyed each day. Assume that the initial area of tropical rainforest is 20 x 1012 m2. What is the exponential rate of rainforest destruction in units of 1/days?

-6.96 x 10^-6

What would be Algeria's Education Index using Equations 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 as well as data from the year 1980 (life expectancy at birth of 58.2 years, 9.4 expected years of schooling, 1.8 mean years of schooling, and a GNI per capita of 10,215 (2011 $PPP))?

0.262

Algeria's Human Development Index (HDI), when calculated using Equation 1.6 and data from the year 1980, is _________ (life expectancy at birth of 58.2 years, 9.4 expected years of schooling, 1.8 mean years of schooling, and a GNI per capita of 10,215 (2011 $PPP)).

0.472

In the year 1980, Algeria had a life expectancy at birth of 58.2 years, 9.4 expected years of schooling, 1.8 mean years of schooling, and a GNI per capita of 10,215 (2011 $PPP). Using these figures now in Equation 1.1, what would be Algeria's life expectancy index?

0.604

The world population in 1850 has been estimated at about 1 billion. The world population reached 4 billion in 1975. What was the percentage of the exponential growth rate during this time?

1.1%

Know how to perform BASIC math functions (This is very important)

2+2=5

Site Energy

Amount of energy actually consumed at a physical location, building, or facility.

In evaluating the relationships between humankind and nature, the deep ecology ethic lies at the opposite side of the spectrum from _____________.

Anthropocentric Ethic

_________________ is "compatible with local, cultural, and economic conditions and utilizes locally available materials and energy resources, with tools and processes maintained and operationally controlled by the local population."

Appropriate Technology

_________________ is the process of using microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and so on) to break down contaminated waste into nonhazardous substances. Contaminants are transformed by the organism's growth and digestive processes, producing harmless metabolic wastes.

Bioremediation

According to the IPCC, over the course of this century, net ( ) by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid-century and then weaken or even, reverse thus amplifying climate change.

Carbon Uptake

The term _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ refers to when government requires industries to obtain permits, pay fees, and/or install best available technologies to achieve desired limits or controls on pollution.

Command and Control Regulation

Human energy consumption represents (______________) as our demand for an energy fuel (such as oil) or an energy-producing technology (such as a wind turbine) results from a primary personal or economic need for a service that energy provides.

Derived Demand

When a recycled material or product is used in an application that is of lower quality or has more limited functionality, it is known as _________________ .

Downcycling

_________________ _________________ can exploit waste heat from industrial processes as well as the energy embodied in solid waste (such as garbage).

ENERGY RECOVERY

The( ) is the oldest of the sustainability indicators and was developed to convey an understanding of overall natural resource sustainability. It is usually expressed as the amount of land (hectares) required to support particular patterns of lifestyle and consumption.

Ecological Footprint

_________________ are communities of living organisms, where the dynamics represent the flow of nutrients and energy between living entities and their abiotic physical environment (water, soil minerals, air, and climate).

Ecosystems

Energy Efficiency Vs. Energy Curtailment

Energy Efficiency = Performance of Equipment Energy Curtailment = Efforts to reduce demand for energy

Under conditions of _________________ _________________ , families are unable to access or afford commercially provided energy, such as electricity or liquid petroleum gas. Instead, households are low on the energy ladder and may rely on biomass that they gather themselves or on limited purchases of kerosene, charcoal, and batteries.

Energy Poverty

Source Energy

Energy Produced at a central at a central location that is then distributed for use at a site.

The concept of ______________ _________________ generally refers to the ability of a nation to protect itself from the economic, political, and social disruptions of an interrupted supply of a critical energy resource, of the failure of important energy infrastructure, or of rapid and steep changes in energy prices.

Energy Security

_________________ provides a framework for making difficult choices when we face a problem involving moral conflict.

Ethics

The term efficiency refers to a range of measures, from simple human behaviors such as taking a bus instead of driving a car, to complex building automation systems that dynamically adjust building temperatures, lighting levels and air flow based on time of day, building occupancy, and changes in weather.

FALSE (Curtailment)

Algeria's Income Index, when calculated using Equation 1.5 and data from the year 1980, is 4.4 (life expectancy at birth of 58.2 years, 9.4 expected years of schooling, 1.8 mean years of schooling, and a GNI per capita of 10,215 (2011 $PPP)). (True/False)

False

In the waste management hierarchy, energy recovery is typically preferred over recycling. (True/False)

False

When societies industrialize, their energy intensity (measured as energy consumed per monetary unit of gross domestic product) decreases as the industrialization process increases household income through the dynamics of economic development. (True/False)

False (Energy Intensity Increases)

The UN Human Development Index (HDI) is based on three dimensions: life expectancy, environmental footprint, and income. (True/False)

False (Life Expectancy, Education, Income)

A resource is the physical presence of a substance in a form that we would recognize, and occurrences are a subset of resources that reflect deposits of sufficient quantity that may be recovered, although we may not be able to do so profitably.

False (Occurrence is the physical presence of a substance while a resource is a subset of an occurrence.)

The largest global reservoirs of carbon are in fossil fuel deposits. (True/False)

False (Oceans)

According to the constrained growth model, environmental dynamics represent a defining limit on economic and social activity. (True/False)

False (Resource Maintenance Model)

The goal of energy recovery is to close the loop in production systems by optimizing processes and finding opportunities in which wastes can be reused as inputs by other processes. (True/False)

False (Zero Waste)

According to most professional ethics codes, engineers must hold paramount in their designs the welfare of the environment and all living things. (True/False)

False (health safety and welfare of the public)

_________________ resources are those that took millions of years to form and can only be regenerated on a geological timescale, if at all. _________________ natural resources are those that are replenishable within a human lifetime and include resources such as biomass and surface waters

Finite; Renewable

What is Sustainability?

First question on this test

Combustion of Fossil Fuels Equation (Not sure if it's important, but oh well)

Fuel + O2 ---> Energy +CO2+H2O

Example Calculation of Energy Content (MJ & Btu) HW 4 Problem 8-15

Given: 2 barrels of oil Energy Content = (2 barrels of oil)*(5,100,00 Btu/1 barrel of oil)*(1 MJ/948 Btu) Energy Content = 10,200,000 Btu & 10,759.5 MJ

If you can read you will do alright on this test.

I can are red guod

Why so much emphasis on "Recycle?"

It sounds more eco-friendly and less demanding than "Reduce" or "Reuse"

The concept of _________________ _________________ can be illustrated by viewing natural resources and ecosystem services as the Earth's "money in the bank" and acknowledging that humankind lives off of this money. Ideally, we would protect this investment and its ability to generate interest.

Natural Capital

_________________ _________________ _________________ is the field of study that scientifically explores how to manage regenerative natural resources in a sustainable manner, in which human rates of harvest and extraction are in balance with the biogeochemical regeneration rates for abiotic resources and with the reproduction and population dynamics of biotic systems.

Natural Resources Management

Coal, oil, natural gas, and fossil water are all examples of:

Non- Regenerative Nonrenewable Resources

Valuation of ecosystem services can become complicated, and often must rely on methods of _________________ , assigning monetary value that is not based on the price of actually buying and selling the good or service in question.

Nonmarket Valuation

1.) Reduce; 2.) Reuse ; 3.) Recycle

Order is important

The Hubbert Curve most intensively discussed is _________________ , which represents not the stock of oil, but the _________________ of oil into the economy.

Peak Oil; Flow Rate

________ areas are rapidly growing fringe zones with very high population densities which typically have inadequate infrastructure to distribute energy, water and sanitation services.

Peri-Urban

_________________ _________________ are those naturally occurring resources that we extract from the environment and then process into things useful for people.

Raw Materials

Solar PV Output Equation HW 4 Problem 8-23

Solar PV Output = (Rated capacity of the panel)*(Average Daily Peak Sun Hours)*365 days/yr

Energy Conservation Method (Calculation) HW 4 Problem 8-29

Step 1.) Calculate Current Energy Use Step 2.) Calculate New Energy Use Step 3.) Calculate the difference

The concept that the Brundtland Report put forward was that of _________________ _________________ , which the report defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Sustainable Development

_______ introduced the concept of intergenerational equity in Our Common Future (1987), with its definition of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

The Bruntland Commission

Elemental metals are considered to be infinitely recyclable because they can be continuously recovered and reused. (True/False)

True

Infrastructure durability, community educational equity, and housing density are all community scale examples of System Condition Indicators. (True/False)

True

The major components of the atmosphere (nitrogen as N2 and oxygen as 02) absorb very little of the radiation from the sun and Earth. (True/False)

True

The _________________ _________________ considers inputs such as evapotranspiration, effective precipitation, environmental flow requirements, crop water requirements, crop yield, water stress coefficient, irrigation schedule, anthropogenic pollutant concentration, natural background concentration, and natural assimilation capacity.

Water Indicator

Among the US EPA's four major categories of indicator outcomes, ________ indicates destruction of value due to impacts on individuals, communities, business enterprises, or the natural environment. a. Resource Flow Indicator (RFI) b. Adverse Outcomes Indicator (AOI) c. System Condition Indicator (SCI) d. Value Creation Indicator (VCI) e. None of the above

b.) Adverse Outcomes Indicator (AOI)

The IPAT Equation helps to illustrate which of the following: a. New, more efficient technologies can help lead to more sustainable outcomes. b. Population growth will lead to greater human impacts on the environment. c. Higher levels of development will lead to greater human impacts on the environment. d. All of the above.

d.) All of the above

Which of the UN Millennium Development Goals are potentially related to or impacted by improving access to drinking water? a. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger b. Achieve universal primary education c. Reduce childhood mortality d. A and C, but not B e.) All of the above

e.)

Which of the following are listed among the eight UN Millennium Development Goals? a. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger b. Develop a global partnership for development c. Reduce childhood mortality d. Ensure environmental sustainability e. All of the above

e.) All of the above

Residence Time

t(r) = (V)/(Q) = (m)/(M)