chapter 1

The binomial system of nomenclature assigns ______ names to each organism.

2

What is a virion?

A virus particle that is not inside of a host cell

Which were the five kingdoms in the earlier system of classification?

Animalia Protista Monera Fungi Plantae

The Dutch linen merchant who developed a large collection of single-lens microscopes in the late 1600s that he used to view microbes was ______.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

The three domains of the Woese-Fox system include the true bacteria in Domain ________Bacteria, the extreme microbes in Domain , and the eukaryotic organisms in Domain ________.

Archaea Eukarya

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?

Archaea, Bacteria

Which are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

What is the role of restriction enzymes?

Cut DNA in specific ways

For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?

Escherichia

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?

Eukaryotes

Which cell type is generally larger in size?

Eukaryotic

Out of the answers given, choose the most general and the most specific level in the hierarchy of classification.

Kingdom Species

The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks

Louis Pasteur

Who developed techniques for handling liquids (such as beer, wine and milk) and also completed studies on infectious disease agents?

Louis Pasteur

is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

Microbiology

In the earlier five kingdoms system of classification, bacteria and archaea were both contained in the kingdom

Monera

is the term applied to the method of assigning a scientific or specific name to an organism, whereas taxonomy involves the organization of these named organisms.

Nomenclature

Louis ___________ developed methods of making dairy products safer and the formation of beer and wine using microbes.

Pasteur

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis

Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?

Protists, Yeast

Small pieces of ______ are now known to be responsible for precise regulation of cells, and these may be a target for future antimicrobial therapy.

RNA

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?

Semmelweis

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

Semmelweis

What is biotechnology?

The use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes

True or false: Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery.

True

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?

Viruses are eukaryotic.

Which microbe(s) do NOT have a true nucleus?

bacteria

Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including ______.

bacteria algae protozoa helminths fungi virus

All ______ are microorganisms, but not all ______ are microorganisms.

bacteria, eukaryotes

In the _______ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.

binomal

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the subdiscipline of microbiology referred to as

biotechnology, bioengineering, or biotech

The use of general principles to explain specific observations is called ______ reasoning.

deductive

The use of general principles to make decisions about specific situations is the use of __________ reasoning, which we all use to make everyday decisions in life.

deductive

______ diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent.

emerging

infectious disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.

emerging

True or false: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores.

false

True or false: A virus is a cellular agent that possesses membrane-bound organelles.

false

True or false: Semmelweis first promoted the use of disinfecting agents during surgery, such as the spraying of phenol in the operating room.

false

True or false: Viruses are considered living organisms and are classified under the Woese system as members of the domain Archaea.

false

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the ________ level of classification.

genus

What is a virion?

infective form of a virus outside a host cell

Ribosomal RNA is important in classification because it

is a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness

All of the following are true statements about the human microbiome EXCEPT ______.

it regularly causes disease

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

lister

The scientific ______ is a systematic pursuit of knowledge that involves observation, hypothesis formation and testing, and the collection of data.

method

The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is its ______.

microbiome

In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens

microscopes

What is nomenclature?

naming system

The principle of evolution states that living things change gradually over time through ______.

natural selection

is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

organelle

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ______.

organelles

is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.

pathogens

_____ is the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.

photosynthesis

What is the role of small RNAs?

regulate cell activities

The discovery of "molecular scissors" ____________________ ___________________ has led to great advances in the field of genetic engineering by allowing microbiologists to isolate specific pieces of DNA for transfer into other cells.

restrictive enzymes

The analysis of ______ RNA, which is highly conserved among organisms, is a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness.

ribosomal

John Needham, Louis Pasteur, and other scientists all performed experiments to disprove ______.

spontaneous generation

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as .

sterile

True or false: Generally, eukaryotic microbes are larger than bacteria.

true

True or false: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

true

When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a ________ , or virus particle.

virion

When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a ____________ , or virus particle.

virion

is a microscopic agent, which is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.

virus