chapter 1
The binomial system of nomenclature assigns ______ names to each organism.
2
What is a virion?
A virus particle that is not inside of a host cell
Which were the five kingdoms in the earlier system of classification?
Animalia Protista Monera Fungi Plantae
The Dutch linen merchant who developed a large collection of single-lens microscopes in the late 1600s that he used to view microbes was ______.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
The three domains of the Woese-Fox system include the true bacteria in Domain ________Bacteria, the extreme microbes in Domain , and the eukaryotic organisms in Domain ________.
Archaea Eukarya
Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?
Archaea, Bacteria
Which are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
What is the role of restriction enzymes?
Cut DNA in specific ways
For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?
Escherichia
The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?
Eukaryotes
Which cell type is generally larger in size?
Eukaryotic
Out of the answers given, choose the most general and the most specific level in the hierarchy of classification.
Kingdom Species
The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks
Louis Pasteur
Who developed techniques for handling liquids (such as beer, wine and milk) and also completed studies on infectious disease agents?
Louis Pasteur
is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification
Microbiology
In the earlier five kingdoms system of classification, bacteria and archaea were both contained in the kingdom
Monera
is the term applied to the method of assigning a scientific or specific name to an organism, whereas taxonomy involves the organization of these named organisms.
Nomenclature
Louis ___________ developed methods of making dairy products safer and the formation of beer and wine using microbes.
Pasteur
Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?
Photosynthesis
Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?
Protists, Yeast
Small pieces of ______ are now known to be responsible for precise regulation of cells, and these may be a target for future antimicrobial therapy.
RNA
Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?
Semmelweis
Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?
Semmelweis
What is biotechnology?
The use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes
True or false: Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery.
True
Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?
Viruses are eukaryotic.
Which microbe(s) do NOT have a true nucleus?
bacteria
Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including ______.
bacteria algae protozoa helminths fungi virus
All ______ are microorganisms, but not all ______ are microorganisms.
bacteria, eukaryotes
In the _______ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.
binomal
Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the subdiscipline of microbiology referred to as
biotechnology, bioengineering, or biotech
The use of general principles to explain specific observations is called ______ reasoning.
deductive
The use of general principles to make decisions about specific situations is the use of __________ reasoning, which we all use to make everyday decisions in life.
deductive
______ diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent.
emerging
infectious disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.
emerging
True or false: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores.
false
True or false: A virus is a cellular agent that possesses membrane-bound organelles.
false
True or false: Semmelweis first promoted the use of disinfecting agents during surgery, such as the spraying of phenol in the operating room.
false
True or false: Viruses are considered living organisms and are classified under the Woese system as members of the domain Archaea.
false
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the ________ level of classification.
genus
What is a virion?
infective form of a virus outside a host cell
Ribosomal RNA is important in classification because it
is a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness
All of the following are true statements about the human microbiome EXCEPT ______.
it regularly causes disease
Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?
lister
The scientific ______ is a systematic pursuit of knowledge that involves observation, hypothesis formation and testing, and the collection of data.
method
The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is its ______.
microbiome
In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens
microscopes
What is nomenclature?
naming system
The principle of evolution states that living things change gradually over time through ______.
natural selection
is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.
organelle
Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ______.
organelles
is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.
pathogen
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.
pathogens
_____ is the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.
photosynthesis
What is the role of small RNAs?
regulate cell activities
The discovery of "molecular scissors" ____________________ ___________________ has led to great advances in the field of genetic engineering by allowing microbiologists to isolate specific pieces of DNA for transfer into other cells.
restrictive enzymes
The analysis of ______ RNA, which is highly conserved among organisms, is a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness.
ribosomal
John Needham, Louis Pasteur, and other scientists all performed experiments to disprove ______.
spontaneous generation
An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as .
sterile
True or false: Generally, eukaryotic microbes are larger than bacteria.
true
True or false: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.
true
When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a ________ , or virus particle.
virion
When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a ____________ , or virus particle.
virion
is a microscopic agent, which is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.
virus