TCU Nutrition Gorman Ch 8&9 Study Guide
06. All of the following describe the behavior of fat cells except a. the number decreases when fat is lost from the body. b. the size is larger in obese people than in normal-weight people. c. the storage capacity for fat depends on both cell number and cell size. d. the number increases several-fold during the growth years and tapers off when adult status is reached.
A
07. Tom was overweight when he was 13. During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age 23, when he decided to lose weight. Tom successfully lost 50 pounds. Which of the following most likely happened to Tom's fat cells? a. They shrank in size but did not decrease in number b. They melted away when he burned all the excess fat c. They decreased in number but did not decrease in size d. They changed very little since fat cells shrink only with a weight loss greater than 100 pounds
A
12. All of the following are features of fat cell metabolism in men and women except a. the rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men. b. fat storage in adipose as well as muscle tissue is regulated by sex-specific hormones. c. lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity is regulated by a gene that responds to weight loss. d. fat storage in men develops primarily across the abdomen whereas in women it is found chiefly around the hips and thighs.
A
15. Adverse effects on organs such as the liver from the presence of excess body fat is known as a. lipotoxicity. b. hyperplastic lipase. c. set point susceptibility. d. hyper-responsive ghrelin.
A
34. What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue? a. Increased loss of body heat b. Reduction of fat cell number c. Lowering of basal metabolism d. Proliferation of fat cell number
A
36. Which of the following is a characteristic of the body's major types of adipose tissue? a. Very little brown fat is found in adults whereas more is seen in infants b. White adipose is especially important in infants as a moderator of temperature extremes c. The uncoupled reactions in brown and white adipose are the result of LPL-induced hydrolysis of ATP d. Among the three types of adipose, namely, white, yellow, and brown, the white adipocytes account for the greatest amount of heat expenditure
A
38. Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity? a. The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant b. The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their biological parents c. The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender d. The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism among lean and overweight people
A
48. A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n) a. fad diet. b. discretionary diet. c. spot reduction program. d. aggressive bariatric program.
A
54. Which of the following is a feature of weight-loss remedies? a. Dietary supplements are not necessarily tested for safety or effectiveness b. Body wraps and creams that have FDA approval are helpful for weight-reduction regimes c. Sauna baths may reach temperatures high enough to melt visceral but not subcutaneous fat stores d. Hot baths raise the metabolic rate by 5-10% for 1-2 hours and may serve as part of a general weight-loss program
A
56. Clinically severe obesity is also known as a. morbid obesity. b. metabolic syndrome. c. leptin-resistant obesity. d. psychological-resistant syndrome
A
7. Bariatrics is a field of medicine that specializes in the treatment of a. obesity. b. combating fad diets. c. severe underweight. d. anorexia and bulimia.
A
02. According to body mass index figures, what percentage of people aged 2-19 years are overweight or obese? a. 12 b. 33 c. 48 d. 68
B
03. Which of the following describes a trend of worldwide obesity? a. Nowadays, obesity is not seen in developing countries b. Prevalence of obesity has leveled out in the last few years c. The cut-off figure of the BMI for obesity varies from country to country d. The obesity in other countries does not seem to increase risks for chronic diseases
B
04. What is the classification of a person who is 6 feet 4 inches tall and 202 lbs? a. Underweight b. Healthy weight c. Overweight d. Obese
B
05. Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development? a. The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells b. More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons c. Fat cell number increases most readily during early adulthood, when energy expenditure declines d. Fat cells may enlarge but not increase in number upon reaching the age of 50 in males and reaching menopause in women
B
10. Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes? a. Glucagon b. Lipoprotein lipase c. Cellulite synthetase d. Lipoprotein synthetase
B
11. The most likely explanation for why women readily store fat around the hips whereas men readily store fat around the abdomen is gender differences in a. blood insulin levels. b. the activity of lipoprotein lipase. c. circulating lipid transport proteins. d. the activity of lipoprotein synthetase.
B
14. Obesity resulting from an increase in the size of fat cells is termed a. hyperplastic obesity. b. hypertrophic obesity. c. idiopenthic leptinemia. d. anaplastic hypometabolism.
B
41. Which of the following is a feature of physical inactivity and energy balance? a. There is a strong genetic component to reduced physical activity of overweight people b. Differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving account for about 350 kcalories per day c. Although watching television correlates with weight gain, playing video games does not, presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games d. Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean counterparts activate brown adipose tissue uncoupling proteins that stimulate hyperthermic weight loss
B
43. To help prevent body fat gain, the DRI suggests daily, moderately intense, physical activities totaling a. 20 minutes. b. 60 minutes. c. 1½ hours. d. 3 hours.
B
47. What percentage of people in the United States who use nonprescription weight-loss products have a normal weight? a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 35
B
52. When consumed in high doses, which of the following is associated with modest weight loss in people? a. Chitosan b. Pyruvate c. Yohimbine d. Conjugated linoleic acid
B
01. According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese? a. 1/10 b. 1/6 c. 1/3 d. 2/3
D
08. In the quest for achieving desirable body weight, adults have control over all of the following except a. diet. b. behavior. c. physical activity. d. adipocyte number.
D
16. Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n) a. increase in fat absorption. b. decrease in ketone formation. c. increase in the size of fat cells. d. increase in the number of fat cells.
D
30. Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin? a. High blood levels are found in obese people b. Its major role in the body is in suppressing appetite c. It is secreted by adipocytes and promotes negative energy balance d. Its blood concentration is very high in people with anorexia nervosa
D
32. All of the following are hormones that promote satiety except a. PYY. b. CCK. c. leptin. d. ghrelin.
D
37. What is the chief factor that determines a person's susceptibility to obesity? a. Heredity only b. Environment only c. Fat content of diet d. Heredity and environment
D
44. At any given time, approximately what percentage of all U.S. adults are attempting to lose weight? a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 60
D
46. Which of the following is not a characteristic of obese people? a. Obese people often have feelings of rejection b. Most obese people do not maintain their weight losses c. In many cultures, obesity is viewed as a sign of robust health d. Most weight-loss programs that use state-of-the-art techniques allow for long-term weight loss
D
51. Over-the-counter products labeled as "dieter's tea" are reported to lead to a. leptin resistance. b. ketone poisoning. c. cravings for protein. d. nausea and diarrhea.
D
55. The drug sibutramine reduces appetite by affecting a. ketone production. b. insulin to glucagon ratio. c. leptin sensitivity of fat cells. d. serotonin utilization in the brain.
D
09. What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity? a. Fat cell number increases dramatically after puberty b. Fat cell number in an adult can decrease only by fasting c. Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty d. Weight gain from overeating in adults takes place primarily by increasing the number of fat cells
C
13. Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme? a. Its activity decreases after weight loss but then rebounds quickly after resuming normal food intake b. Its activity can always increase but cannot decrease and is, in part, controlled by the ratchet effect of metabolism c. Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat storage regions of the body d. Its low activity in obese people explains, in part, the inability to mobilize storage fat for energy when following an energy-restricted diet
C
31. Which of the following is not a satiating hormone? a. PYY b. Leptin c. Ghrelin d. Cholecystokinin
C
33. What serves as the body's chief storage site for lipids? a. Yellow fat b. Brown adipose tissue c. White adipose tissue d. High-density lipoproteins
C
35. Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year? a. Black b. White c. Brown d. Yellow
C
39. All of the following are characteristics of food portion sizes except a. they are both high in fat and large in size at restaurants. b. they have increased in general and this change parallels the increasing prevalence of obesity. c. reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake. d. they have increased most notably at fast-food restaurants compared with conventional eating establishments.
C
40. Compared with non-obese people, obese people have a lower a. basal metabolic rate. b. thermic effect of food. c physical activity level. d. metabolic response to exercise.
C
42. Television watching contributes to obesity for all of the following reasons except a. it promotes inactivity. b. it promotes between-meal snacking. c. it replaces time that could be spent eating. d. it gives high exposure to energy-dense foods featured in the commercial advertisements.
C
45. Aggressive treatment should be introduced in obese people if they have which of the following risk factors? a. Hypertension only b. Cigarette smoking only c. High LDL and low HDL d. Impaired glucose tolerance only
C
49. What is the primary reason that laxatives are generally not effective agents for losing weight? a. They have little, if any, effect on appetite b. They have a low binding activity to dietary fat c. They act on the large intestine rather than the small intestine d. They often induce abdominal cramping and intestinal gas, thereby encouraging rejection and noncompliance
C
50. What is the principal reason that the FDA has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine? a. The costs are prohibitive b. The products were found to be ineffective for weight loss c. The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures d. The products were found to contain contaminants that were believed to be responsible for inducing liver failure
C
53. Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent, lumpy forms of body fat as a. lipomas. b. lipidosis. c. cellulite. d. hyperphagic deposits.
C
17. Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells is termed a. hyperplastic obesity. b. hypertrophic obesity. c. idiopenthic leptinemia. d. anaplastic hypometabolism
a
22. Which of the following is known to cause a reduction in fat cell number in mice? a. Injection of leptin b. Supplements of ghrelin c. Long-term resistance exercise d. Consumption of high-protein diets
a
28. Why is weight loss, in part, more successful with exercise and also after bypass surgery? a. Ghrelin levels are relatively low b. Adiponectin levels are relatively high c. PYY release from the hypothalamus is suppressed d. Leptin release from subcutaneous fat stores is enhanced
a
64. What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people? a. 0.5-2 lbs/week b. 3-4 lbs/week c. 5% body weight/month d. 10% body weight/month
a
71. Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure? a. Walking a mile uses about the same energy as running a mile b. Walking a mile uses about half as much energy as running a mile c. Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and hips d. Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the abdomen
a
73. Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity? a. After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours b. Lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that work primarily the hip and leg muscles c. Blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out, but thereafter recover on their own d. After an intense workout, most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large carbohydrate meal to replace glycogen stores
a
74. A typical person who burns 200 kcalories during a 2-mile run would, in the postexercise period, burn an additional a. 30 kcalories. b. 75 kcalories. c. 150 kcalories. d. 300 kcalories.
a
78. Which of the following is a relation of "spot reducing" to exercise? a. No exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the body b. Upper body fat is mostly unaffected by exercising lower body muscles c. Lower body fat in women is depleted at a faster rate than abdominal fat d. Abdominal fat in men is released more readily with anaerobic exercise
a
80. Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to maintain a weight loss? a. 2000 b. 4000 c. 6000 d. 9000
a
83. To help maximize the long-term success of a person's weight-loss program, which of the following personal attitudes should be encouraged in the individual? a. Strongly believing that weight can be lost b. Viewing the body realistically as being fat rather than thin c. Refraining from expressing overconfidence in ability to lose weight d. Accepting that little or no exercise is a part of the lifestyle of most overweight people
a
85. All of the following are associations between the environment and food intake except a. distractions generally appear to reduce food intake. b. the greater the number of foods at a meal, the more likely people will overeat. c. the mere sight or smell of food prompts people to commence eating even if they are not hungry. d. small portions of food on large plates lead people to underestimate the amount of food eaten.
a
91. Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are classified as underweight? a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 25
a
93. Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight? a. A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise b. A high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise c. A high-protein diet plus regular exercise d. Total elimination of alcohol and exercise
a
19. What is Prader-Willi syndrome? a. Altered receptor activity for leptin b. A genetic disorder resulting in obesity c. Fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients d. A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake
b
24. As a new assistant in a weight-loss research laboratory, you are given a tour of the mouse laboratory. Why is the leptin-deficient mouse much larger than its leptin-sufficient counterpart? a. Leptin deficiency causes lower levels of ghrelin b. Leptin deficiency enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure c. Leptin deficiency causes psychological depression, which leads to increased food intake d. Leptin deficiency reduces the desire to do physical activity, resulting in more excess energy available for fat storage
b
26. Which of the following is a feature of leptin? a. It is an enzyme b. It is a satiety signal c. It is usually deficient in obese people d. It is secreted by the brain and acts on fat cells
b
27. Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin? a. It is a metabolic antagonist of leptin b. It stimulates appetite and energy storage c. The blood level in the fasting state correlates directly with body weight d. It is released in high amounts from adipocytes during periods of excess energy intake
b
62. Which of the following describes the research results regarding obese women in weight-loss programs? a. They were mostly satisfied with a 15% reduction in weight b. They initially expected to lose unrealistic amounts of weight c. They typically lost about 30% more weight than researchers predicted d. They experienced fewer psychological benefits than expected after losing weight
b
65. All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans except a. consume low-fat foods regularly. b. eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food. c. adjust energy intake downward as weight loss progresses. d. include vegetables, fruits, and grains as the mainstay of the diet.
b
67. Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a weight reduction program? a. Decrease portion size b. Select less energy-dense foods c. Restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention d. Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite
b
70. An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to a. decrease water intake. b. increase physical activity. c. speed up thyroid activity with metabolic enhancers. d. develop ketosis by keeping carbohydrate intake as low as possible.
b
72. A person who weighs 150 lbs. and walks at a pace of 3 miles/hr expends about how many kcalories in that hour? a. 115 b. 270 c. 410 d. 850
b
76. Features of the adaptive response to regular physical exercise include all of the following except a. it curbs appetite. b. it stimulates digestive function in the postexercise period. c. it increases energy expenditure in the postexercise period. d. it triggers release of lipids from adipocytes from all over the body.
b
79. Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking a mile at a moderate pace? a. 0.1 b. 1 c. 2.5 d. 5
b
86. An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to a. feel guilty after you overeat. b. keep a record of your eating habits. c. always clean your plate when you eat. d. have someone watch you to prevent overeating.
b
88. Approximately what percentage of overweight people who intentionally lose weight are able to maintain the weight loss for at least one year? a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 90
b
92. The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below a. 14. b. 18.5. c. 20. d. 22.5.
b
98. Jody is taking a nutrition class, and has been assigned to evaluate a popular diet plan. She finds a description of a plan for her assignment in a magazine at the grocery store. Which of the following statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet? a. "Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won't be tempted to raid the vending machine for a snack." b. "Once you complete this 6-month plan, you'll never have to diet again." c. "Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter, easier sessions and then build up to 3 or more hours a week." d. "On this plan, you can lose up to 2 pounds per week!"
b
23. What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation on leptin and ghrelin? a. Leptin and ghrelin both increase b. Leptin and ghrelin both decrease c. Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases d. Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases
c
25. Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance? a. Fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people b. A deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people c. Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat d. Major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate
c
59. What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight-loss drug? a. It reduces taste sensation b. It inhibits lipoprotein lipase c. It inhibits pancreatic lipase d. It alters circulating leptin concentrations
c
60. All of the following are factors that meet the conditions for surgical intervention for weight loss in obese people except a. BMI of at least 40. b. presence of psychological problems. c. ability to tolerate sibutramine, orlistat, or phentermine. d. failure of diet and exercise to promote acceptable weight loss.
c
63. In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is a. 6 weeks. b. 3 months. c. 6 months. d. 1 year.
c
66. As a general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight? a. 500 b. 800 c. 1200 d. 1600
c
75. What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense workout? a. The feeling of thirst overpowers the desire for food b. The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin c. Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood d. The senses of smell and taste are suppressed for at least one hour
c
77. What is the chief reason that health-care professionals advise people to engage only in low-to-moderate intensity activities for prolonged duration rather than more intense, shorter routines? a. Cost is lower b. Boredom is reduced c. Compliance is better d. Monitoring time is diminished
c
87. Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight? a. Basal metabolic rates are higher than those during the obese state b. Energy expenditure is the same as in people who were never obese c. Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight d. Energy expenditure is the same per kg body weight compared with the obese state
c
89. To qualify for successful weight-loss maintenance, a 200-pound person who intentionally lost 20 lbs must hold the loss for at least a. 3 months. b. 6 months. c. 1 year. d. 2 years.
c
90. Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in an individual, the best approach seems to be a. fasting. b. medicines. c. prevention. d. genetic counseling.
c
94. Of the following, which is not among the recommended strategies for weight gain in an underweight person? a. Behavior modification training b. Increased physical activity, especially strength training c Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks d. Consumption of regular meals and snacks that provide high-kcalorie foods in small volumes
c
95. All of the following are meal-planning strategies for underweight people who desire to gain weight except a. they should eat at least 3 healthy meals daily. b. they should eat meaty appetizers rather than salads. c. they should refrain from between-meal snacking, especially energy drinks. d. they should increase the amount of food consumed within the first 20 minutes of a meal.
c
96. Which of the following would not be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual? a. Eat energy-dense foods b. Drink energy-dense beverages c. Eat a large number of small meals d. Engage in regular physical exercise
c
18. Which of the following defines the body's set point? a. Minimum weight of a person b. Maximum weight of a person c. Point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly d. Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
d
20. Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics? a. Obese people can change their genome but not their epigenome b. Even mild exercise can minimize the genetic influence on weight gain c. Genetics is the overwhelming factor that determines a person's risk for weight gain d. Identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins
d
21. On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act? a. Pancreas b. Intestines c. Adipocytes d. Hypothalamus
d
29. Which of the following is not a feature of adiponectin? a. It inhibits inflammation b. It is secreted from adipose tissue c. It protects against type 2 diabetes d. It is higher in obese people compared with lean people
d
58. Your patient, Mr. Sinclair, has a BMI of 43 and is taking drugs to lose weight. He has heard that some drugs cause lots of gastrointestinal discomfort and would prefer to take one that doesn't give him any of these side effects. Which of the following should be prescribed for Mr. Sinclair? a. Olestra b. Orlistat c. Serotonin d. Sibutramine
d
61. All of the following are characteristics of the results of weight-loss surgery except a. hunger is suppressed. b. deficiencies of vitamins and minerals are common in the long term. c. dramatic improvements are seen in blood lipids, diabetes, and blood pressure. d. medical supervision in the postsurgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months.
d
68. The feeling of satiety from weight-loss diets is best achieved by diets rich in a. fat. b. short-chain fats. c. simple carbohydrates. d. complex carbohydrates.
d
69. What is the best approach to weight loss? a. Avoid foods containing carbohydrates b. Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake c Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss d Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
d
81. Which of the following does not represent a common environmental influence on eating behaviors? a. Eating while viewing television promotes overconsumption b. Socializing with strangers during a meal often leads to reduced food intake c. The mere sight of food can signal a person to commence eating, regardless of hunger d. Being in a pleasant atmosphere often lengthens the time of the meal but not the amount of food eaten
d
82. All of the following are behavior modifications for losing weight except a. shopping only when not hungry. b. eating only in one place and in one room. c. participating in activities such as television viewing only when not eating. d. taking smaller portions of food but always eating everything on the plate quickly.
d
84. All of the following are features of the effect of food accessibility on food intake except a. keeping food out of sight is an effective way to eat less. b. people underestimate the amount of a snack eaten when it is a short distance away. c. people eat more of a snack when it is on their desk than when situated only 6 feet away. d. people at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers.
d
97. Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, because a. they dictate the correct distribution of energy among the macronutrients. b. they prevent rapid spikes and declines in one's blood glucose level. c. they don't require people to count kcal, and are thus easier to stick to. d. they are designed to limit energy intake to around 1200 kcal/day.
d
