Tes 1 Theories/research in Infant/Child development

SES and family functioning

socioeconomic status: index of family's social position and economic well-being (combines years of education, prestige of ones job/skill it requires, income which measures economic status Family function: timing of parenthood and family size, values and expectations, communication and discipline styles, children's cognitive development

Birthrate trends

-90% of US adults have or plan to have children

Gene-environment correlation

-Genes influence the environments we're exposed to -passive correlation: parents provide environments to which children respond -evocative correlation: children evoke responses influenced by their heredity, which strengthen original behavior pattern -active correlation: children engage in niche-picking, actively seeking environments that compliment their heredity

advances in fetal medicine

-administration of drugs to fetus -surgery to repair organ malformations and other defects -blood transfusions -bone marrow transplants -most common complications: premature labor, miscarriage

States of Arousal

-degrees of sleep and wakefulness -newborn infants move in and out of five states: REM sleep: brain wave activity similar to waking state non-REM sleep (NREM): body is almost motionless; heart rate, breathing, and brain wave activity are slow and even drowsiness quiet alertness waking activity and crying

Medical Interventions

-fetal monitors: electronic instrument that tracks babys heart rate during labor (continuous fetal monitoring required in most US hospitals) -some form of medication is used in over 60% of US births: analgesics, anesthetics, epidural analgesia -Instrument delivery: forceps and vacuum extractor (low forceps can injure babys head and mothers tissues)(vacuum extractors increase risk of: bleeding btwn babies head skin and skull, bleeding beneath babys skull, infant seizures) oxygen deprivation: anoxia

worldwide education of girls

-fewer girls than boys attend school in developing nations -barriers to girls education: cultural beliefs about gender roles, school enrollment fees -the UN reports that education girls is the most effective means of combating: poverty, maternal/child mortality, disease, gender inequality, economic and social instability

period of the fetus (wk 9+)

-growth and finishing phase, from the 9th week to the end of pregnancy -organs muscles and NS become organized/connected -external genitals well formed -includes second and third trimester -fetus reaches age of viability in third trimester (weeks 22-26) and spends more time awake

Germinal period (first two weeks)

-lasts about 2 weeks, until the mass of cells drifts out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the uterine wall -from fertilization and formation of the zygote through implantation of blastocyst into uterine lining -implantation: btwn days 7 and 9, when the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining

Stages of childbirth

-series of hormonal changes initiates the process of child birth: -placenta releases increasing amounts of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) -rise in CRH stimulates fetal production of cortisol Signs that labor is near: -false labor/pre labor: brief, unpredictable contractions of upper part of uterus -lightening: babys head drops low into uterus -bloody show: release of mucus plug that seals cervix during pregnancy

period of the embryo (wk 3-8)

-six weeks, from implantation through 8th week of pregnancy -at first, nervous system develops fastest, in second month growth continues rapidly -in the 5th week production of neurons begins -by week 8 testes in males begin secreting testosterone

poverty

-today, 12.7% of US population live in poverty -poverty is magnified among: +parents under age 25 with young children +ethnic minorites and women +single mothers with preschool kids US poverty rate is higher among children (18%) than any other age group of all western nations, US has highest percentage of extremely poor children (8%) children of poverty more likely to suffer from: -lifelong poor physical health -persistent deficits in cog development and academic achievement -high school dropout -mental illness -impusivity, aggression, antisocial behavior constant stressors accompanying poverty weaken the family system negative outcomes especially severe in: -single parent families -families who live in run down, overcrowded housing and dangerous neighborhoods rural communities have higher poverty rates, greater neighborhood disorganization, scarcer resources homeless children suffer from health problems, developmental delays, poor academic achievement effective interventions for poverty stricken children focus on family, parenting, and children's needs at once

Nurse-family partnership

-voluntary home visiting program for low income, first time mothers -children having experienced the program show: higher language and intelligence scores, fewer behavioral problems -mothers in the program experience: fewer subsequent birth, greater birth spacing, more contact with childs father, more stable intimate relationships, less welfare dependence, greater sense of control

systematic observation

2 types naturalistic observation: in field of natural environment where behavior happens (cannot control conditions) structured observation: lab situation set up to evoke behavior of interest, all partic have equal chance to display behavior, may not be typical of partic everyday behavior

Assessing the newborns physical condition

Apgar scale: quickly assessed newborns physical condition on five characteristics, ranges from 0-2: -Color (Appearance) -Heart rate (Pulse) -Reflex irritability (Grimacing, sneezing, coughing) -Muscle tone (Activity) -Breathing (Respiratory effort) combined score of 7+ indicates good physical condition combined score of 3- means infant in serious danger ​

Behaviorism and social learning

Behaviorism: focuses on observable events, ex:response and stimuli Social learning: modeling as a powerful source of learning (bandura) behaviorism and SLT are continuous development (nurture)

chromosomal abnormalities

Down syndrome: most common chromosomal disorder (in 95% of cases, results from failure of 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis) Sex chromosome abnormalities: often not recognized until adolescence, lead to specific cognitive challenges, results from problems with the X or Y chromosome.

Alcohol

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: (FASD): 4 types 1. fetal alcohol syndrome: facial abnormalities, deficient physical growth, cognitive and behavioral impairment 2. partial fetal alcohol syndrome: deficient physical growth or profound brain injury, cognitive and behavioral impairment 3. Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder: deficient brain growth or profound brain injury, cognitive or behavioral impairment, typical physical growth 4. alcohol related birth defects: facial abnormalities and other physical malformations, typical physical growth, absence of cognitive and behavioral deficits

Kauai Study

If birth complications are not severe, a supportive home can restore children's growth some children with troubled home environments are able to overcome birth complications with outside support

Prescription and non prescription drugs

Isotretinoin: eyes, skull, ears, brain, heartland mune system abnormalities aspirin: possible low birth weight, infant death, impaired motor control, inattention and overactivity caffeine: low birth weight antidepressants: associated with premature delivery, low birth weight, respiratory distress at birth, delayed motor development

philosophies of enlightenment

Locke: behaviorism, children are blank slate, nurture/continuous development Rousseau: children noble savages, born with sense of right/wrong, nature/discontinuous

Sensory capacities

Touch: -reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals -helps stimulate early physical growth -sensitive to pain -severe pain can disrupt childs developing capacity to regulate stress Taste and Smell -from birth, infants prefer sweet tastes and display certain odor preferences -exposure to a flavor, prenatally

sex chromosomal disorders

XXY Syndrome: above average height, large teeth (no treatment needed) Triple X Syndrome: tall, impaired verbal intelligence (treated with special Ed for verbal ability) Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY): tall, feminine body fat distribution, impaired verbal intelligence, incomplete sexual development (hormone therapy and special Ed for verbal intelligence) Turner Syndrome (XO): short stature, webbed neck, impaired spatial intelligence , incomplete sexual development (hormone therapy, special Ed for spatial ability problems)

Prenatal diagnosis methods

amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling fetoscopy ultrasound maternal blood analysis preimplantation genetic diagnosis ultrafest fetal magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Pre terms/small for date

birth weight: best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development about 11% of US infants are born early, and 8% are born underweight African American infants especially vulnerable low birth weight is often transmitted across generations, with diverse causes: genetic, environmental, epigenetic preterm: born several weeks or more before due date, May be appropriate weight based on time spent in utero. small for date: May be born full term or pre term, below expected weight for length of pregnancy 1-2 more weeks in the womb can contribute to infant health (reduced rates of illness, fewer costly medical procedures, shorter hospital stays, more favorable physical and cognitive development)

ecological systems theory

child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. microsystem: immediate surroundings Mesosystem: home, school, neighborhood (connects microsystems) Exosystem: social settings that don't necessarily include the individual (religious organizations, extended family) Macrosystem: cultural values, customs, laws Chronosystem: temporal dimension, time, life changes discontinuous and continuous development

psychoanalytic perspective

children confront conflicts btwn biological drives and social expectations (later developed into psychosexual theory) id: biological needs and desires ego:conscious rational part superego: unconscious conscience discontinuous development, nature and nurture ​

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

children gain knowledge as they manipulate/explore the world. doesn't include info about social/cultures influences sensorimotor (birth-2): infants think by acting on the world preoperational (2-7): preschoolers use symbols/develop language and make-believe play. lacks logic of later stages concrete operational (7-11): reasoning becomes logical and better organized, not yet abstract formal operational (11+): abstract thinking enables use of hypotheses and inferences. adolescents can no longer rely on real world circumstances for logic problems discontinuous development

illegal drugs

cocaine, heroin, methadone: linked to prematurity, low birth weight, brain abnormalities, physical defects, breathing difficulties, death around time of birth (findings on cocaine vary) marijuana: linked to low birth weight and newborn death, attention, memory and academic achievement difficulties, impulsivity and overactivity, depression, anger, aggression -tobacco: abt 7% of US women smoke while pregnant; can cause: low birth weight, miscarriage, prematurity, cleft lip and palate, abnormal blood vessels, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, asthma and cancer in later childhood, behavior abnormalities

Placenta previa and placenta abruptio

complications that either cause anoxia or are the cause of anoxia anoxia: oxygen deprivation

continuous or discontinuous development

continuous: gradually adding more of the same type of skills that were there to begin with discontinuous: new ways of understanding/responding to the world emerge at specific times, sudden changes

Newborn reflexes

eye blink, rooting, sucking, swimming, moro, palmar grasp, tonic neck, stepping, babinski

The question of "How"

gene-environment interaction: because of genetic makeup indivs differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment -because of unique genetic makeup, indivs may respond differently to same environment -diff gene environment combinations can make two people look the same -some children are genetically constituted to react to both positive and negative parenting with high plasticity

Genetic counseling

helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose best course of action pedigree: used to estimate likihood that child will be affected by disorder genome wide testing methods: look for genetic markers

down syndrome (chromosomal abnormalities)

increased risk of AD starting at age 40 Other two causes: translocation: similar to trisomy 21 - 3 chromosomes, but chromosome attaches to another chromosome instead of being separate. mosaic pattern: error occurs during cell duplication where some but not all cells have the defective chromosome (less severe)

designs for studying development

longitudinal: same participants studied repeatedly at diff ages. cross-sectional: participants of different ages all studied at one time sequential: several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies conducted at varying times (reveals cohort effect) microgenetic: participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions.

Teratogens

taratogen: environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period (can exert long term effects epigenetically) Types: -drugs (prescription, non-prescription, illegal) -tobacco -alcohol -pollution -radiation -infectious disease

vygotskys sociocultural theory

transmission of culture to new generation. Social interaction vital for cog development and ways of thinking that make up a community's culture. contemporary sociocultural theories grant balanced, mutually influential roles to indiv and society discontinuous and continuous learning