test 1

WHat is example of Skewed to Right with outlier? How do you know it is skewed right? Positive skewed b/c tail is to right.

.skewed right b/c tail is to the R. with a pull towards that high grade of 100. Higher value, but fewer observations because it is only one person who lies outside the data.

what are the 4 procedures to gathering scientific method information?

1. gather information about the phenomenon 2. on the basis of the data, formulate a preliminary generalization or hypothesis 3. Collect further data to set the hypothesis 4. If the data and other subsequent experiments support the hypothesis, it becomes law. If experiment does not support the hypothesis, construct a new hypothesis and start the method over again. - sometimes, even if the hypothesis is supported, you may want to test it again but in a different way.

Lesson 3.3: 137.08 - round to the nearest integer. Do we round up or down based on the first digit to the right of the decimal?

= 137 Why? because 0 is less than 5, which means we round down.

What is information that is collected for analysis?

Data

You are doing a research project and would like to know the average temperature in your city over the last few months. Which type of statistic and calculation would you use?

Descriptive statistic and the mean

You are doing a research project and would like to know the average temperature in your city over the last few months. Which type of statistic and calculation would you use?

Descriptive statistics and the mean

How do descriptive and inferential statistics differ?

Descriptive statistics only attempt to describe data. Desrcibes in the moment. For example, suppose a pet shop sells cats, dogs, birds and fish. If 100 pets are sold, and 40 out of the 100 were dogs, then one description of the data on the pets sold would be that 40% were dogs. giv es summary while inferential statistics attempt to make predictions based on data.

The numbers of telephone calls received in one day by each person in a company are an example of which type of data?

Discrete because the number of telephone calls are whole numbers and finite. One cannot get 1/2 of a phone call.

Madison and her friend Charlotte are baking more cupcakes to sell in the fundraiser. They are having a competition to see whose cupcake is the tallest (icing included) and whose cupcake has the most sprinkles. Which piece of data is discrete and which is continuous?

Discrete: the number of ..... sprinkles continuous: cupcake height because the height can be divided contnuously while sprinkles cannot

A gift shop owner wants to study if providing a discount for local residents will generate additional revenue. is this example of observational or experimental. Why?

Experimental. hint: "what explains the generation of revenue"? 1. explanatory variable: discount 2. response variable: additional revenue

allow you to draw conclusions from a dataset and generalize them to a bigger population. Uses samples and explains a relationship between independent and dependent variable. average GPA (dependent variable) DEPENDS on the income of their parents (independent variable)

Inferential Statistics: average GPA (dependent variable) DEPENDS on the income of their parents (independent variable)

If a concept cannot be precisely defined, it cannot be precisely measured. How do you measure fuzzy concepts? What are example of fuzzy concepts in 2.1-2.4

Intelligence is a fuzzy concept because there is no universally accepted definition and hence there can be no universally accepted standard of measure. If a concept cannot be defined,

What is data that is grouped in evenly distributed values and measured based on the group to which the variable is attributed?

Interval measurement

What is one trick to finding out if the information is categorical or quantitative is to analyze the asnwer to the question:

It the answer is numerical, then the information is quantitative. If the answer to the question is a characteristic (nominal posses numbers to code or categorize. it is not used to order and has not value because it is used to characterize or code: ex; number badges put on horses to identify them: nominal)

The numbers on lacrosse jerseys are an example of _____ data.

Nominal

1) Spades 2) Hearts 3) Diamonds 4) Clubs he numbers used are given below:

Nominal because the numbers have no numerical value. Only used as a code to characterize the cards.

A coach records the levels of ability in martial arts of various kids. What type of data is this?

Ordinal

Yards a running back rushes for during a football game are an example of which type of data?

QUALITIATIVE, nominal. numerical numbers used as code to describe the data. Order does not matter.

What is a mathematical comparison between two numbers?

Ratio

What is the highest level of measurements the data possess?

Ratio

A survey of 23452345 people in the U.S. revealed that 75% of those surveyed eat while they drive. Sample Statistics or population parameter

Sample statistics

Uniform

The frequency of each class is relatively the same. ex: Social security codes, random digits (0-9 used at the same time).

Inferential Statistics: Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable in?

The independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable.

T or F Statistics and data are fundamental to the scientific method.

True

True or False. Data from carefully designed experiments are the ultimate evidence that support or discredit new theories.

True

True or False. Selecting the evening meal does not have incredible consequences, yet important problems, by definition, do.

True

interval data can be measured in a bar graph

True

True or False. Collecting data (finding out system "reality") and using simple statistical tools to monitor a system are the most common ways of insuring a system performs properly.

True.

True or false. Collecting data is a natural part of our lives. For example, consider the everyday question

True.

ordinal is nominal data: contrast(ordinal posses order or ranking). true or false.

True.

True or False.Does the National Institute of Standard & Technology, has no measuring rod for intelligence.

True. no universally accepted definition on intelliigence.

Fuzzy data may produce misleading conclusions

True. these are poor measurements. The quality of measurements matter to give better statistical analysis. Fuzzy measurments produce fragile conclusions.

What do inferential statistics allow you to do that descriptive statistics do not?

Used to test claims. Generalize findings from a dataset to a larger population. Ask: is this taken from a sample? 'How accurate is the claim that this new drug cures diabetes?' WhEREAS descriptive statistics are used to describe what is in the moment.

There are few ways that statistics can be incorrect as the result of an experiment, or an experiment can be incorrectly analyzed.

confounding

A care provider gives a placebo to the

control group

When conducting a single-masked experiment a doctor should not apply a process to produce a desired response to the ............ control group or experiment group

control group

In statistics, the response variable is also known as what type of variable?

dependent variable 2.5 - 2.6

57% of all freshmen at your school reside on campus. WHY Is this descriptive statistics?

descriptive statistics is the average through numerical calculations (percentages) or graphs/tables

helps psychologist get a better understanding of average or trend in data. EX:1- GPA because it summarize how well you did in school during year EX:2- The type of pet purchased most during summer EX:3- Number of bites it takes to eat a candy bar EX:4- How many donuts your neighbors eat per week. {1,2,2,2,13}. Has outlier. EX: 5-what is the average household income in the city of Boston? EX:6-do all students at Harvard have similar SAT scores? ...uses mode, mean, median. Range. Uses measured variables. -useful for asking questions about what is common or typical about a dataset.

descripts statistics

quantitative data is

interval and ratio

What is data that is grouped in evenly distributed values and measured based on the group to which the variable is attributed?

interval measurement

A recent poll of 3436 luxury car owners in michigan showed that the average price of a luxury car in the US is $42, 200. how is this inferential statistics?

it makes inferences based on 3436 luxury care owners. iNFERENTIAL STATISTICS provide the tolls to test that claim. The statistics will collect a sample and make inferences about the entire population using the sample.

what are the three M's of descriptive statistics:

mean, median, mode. These are statistics that can easily be calculated from a dataset. Let's take a closer look at each.

Candy choices at the movie theater are an example of which type of data?

qualitative - nominal (based on characteristics) (not ordinal, has no ordinal)

Football jersey numbers are an example of which type of data?

quantitative

Boiling points in degrees Celsius for various substances are an example of which type of data?

quantitative,

why is time it takes to sell cupcakes continuous data?

time itself is continuous. You can divide time infinitiely into (centuries, months, years, weeks, days, hours, minutes)

A car wash operator wants to find out if providing a discount for local residents will generate additional revenue. Why is this example of experimental? hint: what AFFECTED the generation of additional revenue?

treatment: the discount applied to control additional revenue explanatory variable: the discount b/c it affects or is explains the revenue response variable: can the discount really generate additional revenue? additional revenue.

Standard mathematical operations (addition and subtractions) are not defined for nominal and ordinal data. True or false

true

What are examples of ratio data or variables

volume. heights. weights. pressure. money.

You toss a coin and record "head" as 1 and "tail" as 2.

-qualitative. - nominal - neither discreet or continuous. because it is nominal qualitative set. discreet and continuous only if it was quantitative data.

Name 6 steps to the decision making procedure?

1. Clearly define the problem 2. Decide upon objectives and decision criteria for choosing a solution. 3. Create alternative solutions 4. Compare alternative using the criteria established in the second step 5. Implement the chosen alternative 6. Check the results to make sure the desired results are achieved.

lesson 3.3: 21-B Book Street Books sells about 1500 books each month. The pie chart displays the most popular book categories, by percentage, each month. Find the number of children's fiction books sold each month. Round your answer to the nearest integer. What is the process to finding the number of children's books sold each month? do you round the percentage (36%) - childrens fiction?

1. find and change children's fiction 36% to .36 percent on calculator (if childrens fiction were 17.1 it would become .171) 2.Multiply number of books sol each month (1500) x .36 3. round to the nearest integer (first digit to the right of decimal point ex: 34>.0) - lower than 5: round down - greater than 5: round up

Lesson 3.3: round this number to the nearest integer: 162.8

= 163 (round up due to 8 being greater than five)

lesson 3.3 round to the nearest integer: 129.8 did we round up or down

=130 (we round up because 8 is greater than five)

Inferential statistics: You are designing a research study that examines the impact of parental income on SAT test scores of high school students. What is the dependent variable in this scenario?

SAT test scores. What is the impact (independent ) of parental income on SAT scores(dependent). if a drug company claims that their new drug cures diabetes, you could use inferential statistics to answer the question 'How accurate is the claim that this new drug cures diabetes?'

How do you know when a graph is skewed?

When it has more data on one side rather than the other.

why is the WAIS (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale) used for iq testing have it's own scale for testing intelligence?

a device is needed to measure inteliligence. in general it is unmeasurable.

What is considered a fuzzy concept by definition from the book?

any feeling or perception. Love, prejudice, rivalry, intelligence, (IQ testing - WAIS)

';, \ what are two types of quantitative data

discreet and continuous

In a experiment, neither clinicians nor participants know whether the participant is in the control group or the treatment group 2.1 - 2.5

double blind sided

What are examples of symmetric graph? Why unimodal? A number of two peaks in S. graphs is called?

ex: heights of men. Unimodal because there is only one peak at center of graphs. Bimodal for two peaks.

A deli cart entrepreneur wants to find out if using a new cleaning product will reduce staffing costs. why is this experimental?

experimental because it has a treatment (the cleaning product affecting (explanatory variable))...the staffing costs (response variable b/c it is of interest and is being measured).

A car wash operator wants to identify if providing a discount for local residents will generate additional revenue. What is a hint to know if this is experimental study and NOT observational study?

experimental study has a treatment. in this case the treatment is the discount trying to control if the experimental group (resdients) will help generate income

Skewed Left example: negative skew as tail is left.

fewer observations. lower values. A graph of finishing times would likely show one runner with a much faster (so smaller, lower values) finishing time than everyone else.

A researcher asks people to rate their happiness levels at different times of the day, including morning, mid-afternoon and bedtime. He does this for a period of five days. He finds that people answered the questions in pretty much the same each day, no matter what time of day. what is the response variable in this experimental data?

happines levels because they are being measure. asked? What times of the day effect hapinnes levels. response variable: happiness levels is being measured explanatory variable: times of day

The temperature in Celsius at different locations in an Italian city.

interval, quantitative

The quality of data is referred to as the level of measurement.

level of measurement

what makes Skewed to Right:?

majority of data bars fall left. tail distribution = right side.

scientific method

measurements and data that are an integral part of science. Methods for exploring research problems have been developed over a long period of time and have become standards in the scientific community.

categorical data is considered?

nominal and ordinal

The terms used to describe the quality of data are`

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

The numbers on lacrosse jerseys are an example of _____ data.

nominal. Why is it nominal even though it has numbers? numbers are used to code or characterize the jerseys.

A car wash operator wants to study his average annual profits. experimental o observational

observational

A car wash operator wants to study whether customers are satisfied with the service they receive. observational or experimental.

observational

A deli cart entrepreneur wants to find out if her customer base is shrinking. obervational or experimental

observational

A gas station owner wants to identify if a need for additional staffing exists. observational or experimental

observational

A general manager of a restaurant wants to study if a need for additional staffing exists. observational or experimental?

observational

A pill containing no intrinsic beneficial elements is an example of a ...

placebo

What is the term for the result when a fake treatment causes a patient to believe that the fake treatment has worked?

placebo effect

Sandra conducts an experiment in which she gives ten people a hot herbal tea to help them with anxiety. She gives another ten people hot water with no herbal tea to help with anxiety. Members of both groups report improvement with their anxiety. Which type(s) of confounding could this be? Select all that might apply. i. placebo effect ii. lack of blinding iii. confounding variable

placebo effect and confounding variable

The final exam scores of 13 out of the 38 students in your science class.

population

62% OF ALL STUDENTS AT THE LOCAL UNIVERSITY voted in the last election. population parameter or sample statistics

population parameter

The type of cars of all the professors at the local colege. population or sample

population.

WEIGHT, HEIGHT, LENGTH AND TIME, MONEY, VOLUME. HEIGHTS, PRESSURE ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF. interval or ratio and why?

ratio. a mathematical comparison between two numbers. meaningful zero point. - how many roses did you grow last year compared to this year? -

Jessica believes that if she studies for three extra hours per week, she can improve her math grade by 20 points. She sets aside extra time each week to see if she is correct when she takes her next math exam, which will be Friday. Where is the response variable and explanatory variable?

response variable: the grade (because it is measured) explanatory variable:(the three extra hours that will AFFECT the grade)

Where is an outlier in Skewed to Right data? What is definition of outlier?

right of the tail. outlier falls outside the shape of distribution (larger than rest of values).

The final exam scores of 5 out of the 23 students in your psychology class. sample or population

sample

Ratio data

similar to interval data but have meaningful zero point. Ratio of two data points is meaningful. most desired and meaningful data.

In a experiment, only the participant does not know whether they received a placebo or treatment. single blind sided or double blind sided

single blind sided

In a experiment, only the participant does not know whether they have been placed in the experimental or control group. single blind or double blind

single blind. because only participants does not know which group they will be in. If both sides (participants and evaluators ) than it would be double blind side

Skewed Left:

tail on left. tall data bars lay right.

Symmetric

the data lie evenly on both sides. Center of graph gives mirror images of data on either side.

stem and leaf plot

the display is similar to a histogram, but the data remain visible to the user. ordering and detecting patterns in the data. graphical methods in which the raw data are not lost in the construction of the graph.The leaves in this case are the ones digits and the stems are the tens digits

What is the term for the method in which two treatments are given to groups when FEW individuals are aware of the actual treatment and control groups? Is this confounding?

this is blinding. Blinding refers to variables being tested on research groups when few individuals are aware of who's in the treatment and control groups.