Test 1

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10. Living things must obey the laws of chemistry and physics.

13. In a controlled experiment in which subjects are divided into an experimental group and a control group, both groups are alike except for the one variable that the experiment is trying to test. T or F ?

14. A hypothesis is tested by A. a prediction. B. experimentation. C. analysis of results. D. formulation of a theory.

1. Which of the following are in the domain of Eukarya ? a) Protists b) Fungi c) Plants e) All of the above f) a and c

22. Which of the following domains contains the most primitive prokaryotes that live in extreme environments? A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Plantae D. Fungi E. Eukarya

12) Which of the following statements is true? A) mRNA is the only type of RNA found in the living system B) All forms of life employ the same genetic code C) A typical human liver cell has one set of chromosomes D) Organisms interact but do not affect their environment

56. Organisms belonging to the same _____ would be the most closely related. A. kingdom B. phylum C. family D. class E. order

13) Plants convert ________. A) chemical energy to mechanical energy. B) sunlight to mechanical energy. C) sunlight to chemical energy. D) mechanical energy to chemical energy.

17. Living organisms are characterized by A. adapting to the environment. B. evolving over time. C. displaying homeostatic controls. D. all of the choices pertain to living organisms.

33. A cell is to a tissue as an atom is to a A. molecule. B. subatomic particle. C. electron. D. population.

11) The process by which the information in a gene directs the synthesis of a protein is called ________. A) gene expression B) replication C) post translation modification D) cloning

19) Which of the following is true of natural selection? A) It requires genetic variation. B) It results in descent with modification. C) It involves differential reproductive success. D) All the above.

13. Living organisms are composed only of organic elements, whereas nonliving things are made up of inorganic elements.

F Living organisms are composed of both organic and inorganic molecules. Nonliving things may be composed or both organic and/or inorganic molecules.

14. In a controlled experiment in which subjects are divided into an experimental group and a control group, the independent variable is the factor manipulated by the researchers. T or F ?

11. The adaptation of an organism to its environment is best explained by a. Darwin's model of descent with modification. b. the transmission of acquired characteristics from parents to offspring. c. the fact that useful characteristics appear in re- sponse to environmental pressures. d. the structure of the DNA double helix.

8. With respect to information flow, transcription is______but translation is_____ a. DNA~RNA; RNA~protein h. RNA~DNA; DNA~protein c. RNA~protein; DNA~RNA d. DNA~protein; RNA~DNA

12. Which of the following best accounts for the diversity of life? a. the uniform genetic code for translating DNA into proteins b. natural selection c. molecular interactions d. the transfer and transformation of energy and matter

3. Why can a hypothesis never be "proven" to be true? a. One can never collect enough data to be 100% sure. b. There may always be alternative untested hypotheses that might account for the results. c. Science is limited by our senses, and experi- mental error is always a factor. d. Science "evolves"; hypotheses and even theo- ries are always changing.

1. The over arching theme of biology is a. scientific inquiry using inductive and deduc- tive reasoning. b. the biological hierarchy. c. evolution. d. systems biology.

2. In an experiment similar to the camouflage experiment performed by Hoekstra and colleagues, a researcher found that more total predator attacks occurred on light colored model mice in beach habitats than on light models placed in inland habitats. From this the researcher concluded that a. the camouflage hypothesis is false. b. the experimental design was faulty because the results were not as predicted. c. the data that should be compared to draw a conclusion must include a control-a compari- son with the total number of attacks on both models in each habitat. d. more data must be collected before a conclu- sion can be drawn.

6. In a pond sample, you find a unicellular organism that has numerous chloroplasts and a whiplike flagellum. In which of the following groups do you think it should be classified? a. plant b. animal c. one of the proposed kingdoms of protists d. You cannot tell unless you see if it has a nucleus.

9. Which of the following sequences correctly lists life's hierarchical levels from lowest to highest? a. organ, tissue, organ system, organism, population b. organism, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere c. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism d. tissue, cell, organ, organism, community

10. Which of the following themes of biology is most related to the goals and practices of systems biology? a. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. b. Life's processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. c. Life requires energy transfer and transformation. d. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.

7. Match the items below with their descriptions: 1. Plantae a. multicellular organisms that ingest their food 2. Animalia b. multicellular, photosynthetic organisms 3. Fungi c. obtain their food by absorption through filaments called hyphae 3

1 = b 2 = a 3 = c

44) Why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and representing diverse cultures? A) Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking. B) Scientists can coordinate with others to conduct experiments in similar ways. C) This is a way of ensuring that everyone gets the same results. D) People need to exchange their ideas with other disciplines and cultures because everyone has a right to an opinion in science.

50. For five years, you wake up before the alarm is set to ring each morning. This leads you to conclude that people have a built-in "alarm clock" capable of waking them up. From a science viewpoint, this conclusion A. is science because it is based on real observations. B. is science because it is predictive of what will happen tomorrow morning. C. is scientifically valid because 5 years x 365 days is a large number of trials. D. may not be valid because it generalizes about all people, and there may have been other variables that could awaken you without a built-in clock. E. cannot be scientifically treated because it involves human behavior.

2. Which of the following terms best describes a conceptual scheme in science that is strongly supported, has not yet been found incorrect, and is based on the results of many observations? A. a scientific model B. an experiment C. descriptive research D. a scientific theory or principle E. experimental results

D A scientific theory or principle is a conceptual scheme in science that is strongly supported, has not yet been found incorrect, and is based on the results of many observations.

55. Which of the following features are present at the ecosystem level? A. chemical cycling through the food chain B. energy flow that begins at the producer level C. input of solar energy D. complex interactions between a variety of populations E. all are features of an ecosystem

3. Choose the correct order of classification from most inclusive to exclusive. A. Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species B. Kingdom-Domain-Class-Phylum-Order-Family-Genus-Species C. Kingdom-Domain-Class-Phylum-Order-Genus-Species-Family D. Kingdom-Class-Phylum-Domain-Genus-Order-Family-Species

53. Arrange in order, the levels of ecological study from most inclusive to most exclusive: A. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, individual organism B. ecosystem, biosphere, population, community, individual organism C. individual organism, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere D. individual organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

54. Which definition best describes a population? A. the members of a species in a given area B. the interaction between the organisms and their environment C. the region of Earth that contains living organisms D. the interaction between various groups of organisms in a given environment E. all of the females of a given species in a particular area

A A population consists of all of the individuals of a given species in a particular region

30. A study is conducted to determine the average length and weight of loblolly pine tree needles in the southeast United States. Is this data obtained through observation or experimentation? A. observation B. experimentation C. neither observation nor experimentation D. both observation and experimentation

A Some scientific data are obtained through observation rather than experimental results. This is true in descriptive research, which describes characteristics about a population.

57. What type of information does science provide for society? A. information about the natural world B. information about the supernatural world C. information about religious beliefs D. information about religious beliefs and the natural world

A Science is a systematic way of acquiring information about the natural world.

58. What is the best description of technology? A. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans. B. Technology is the development of new tools. C. Technology is the use of power to make human life easier. D. Technology is the advancement of the functionality of computers.

A Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans.

14) Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A) near universality of the genetic code B) structure of the nucleus C) structure of cilia D) structure of chloroplasts

21) The evolution of one species into two or more species as a result of different populations becoming reproductively isolated from each other is best termed as ________. A) adaptive radiation B) creationism C) natural selection D) prototype

38) The temperature at which an alligator's egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent and the independent variables in this experiment are ________. A) sex of the baby alligator and temperature respectively B) temperature and sex of the baby alligator respectively C) size of the incubator and size of the baby alligator respectively D) number of offspring and temperature in the incubator respectively

41) Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning? A) Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic. B) These organisms live in sunny regions. Therefore, they are using photosynthesis. C) If protists are all single-celled, then they are incapable of aggregating. D) If two species are members of the same genus, they are more alike than each of them could be to a different genus.

42) The application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as ________. A) technology B) deductive science C) inductive science D) pure science

6) Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? A) The fish swam in a zigzag motion. B) The contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds. C) The temperature decreased from 20°C to 15°C. D) The six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks each.

9) Characters are transmitted from parents to offspring. ________ are the units of inheritance. A) Genes B) Proteins C) RNA D) DNA

23. Which of the following concepts is NOT one of the unifying theories of biology? A. All organisms are composed of cells. B. Life may arise through spontaneous generation. C. Life comes only from life. D. The internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant. E. All living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life.

31. A doctor is testing the effectiveness of a new antibiotic. He gives the first group of patients a placebo, a second group receives antibiotic A while the third group receives antibiotic B. Which of the groups is considered the control group? A. the group that received antibiotic A B. the group that received the placebo C. the group that received antibiotic B D. both groups receiving antibiotic A and B

51. The manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment is called A. inductive reasoning. B. the experimental design. C. data collection and analysis. D. the conclusion.

25. From Kansas to central Indiana to Pennsylvania, many people believe that they have water moccasins (also called "cottonmouths") in their ponds. Some assert they have seen them, although they are certainly not so foolish as to try to capture one alive. Meanwhile, the fish and game offices and the range maps in the herpetology books indicate that this poisonous snake does not breed this far north. What is the most scientific attitude to assume on this issue? A. Observations by both the public and the fish and game officers are subjective so this is not easily resolved objectively. B. A simple field trip to the pond locations-that resulted in the capture and confirmation of the identity of the snakes-would settle the matter. C. Scientific books with range maps are based on field research and, therefore, determine the truth in this case. D. Because living organisms are active, scientific theories in biology always change.

B The very nature of science is one of change. New observations that contradict prevailing theories require further testing, with replication of results. Simply visiting the ponds and confirming the identity of the snakes would settle the matter.

1) All the organisms on your campus make up A) an ecosystem. B) a community. C) a population. D) a taxonomic domain.

10) As letters are to English language, ________ is/are to genetic information. A) proteins B) nucleotides C) DNA double helix D) A and B

15) Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? A) informatics B) taxonomy C) genomics D) evolution

18) You are suffering from Streptococcus throat infection. You share the following with the bacteria that is responsible for your condition. A) You both belong to the same domain. B) You both are made up of cells. C) You both have genetic material in your nucleus. D) You and Streptococcus have nothing in common.

36) A controlled experiment ________. A) is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate B) includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment C) includes at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables D) includes one group for which the scientist controls all variables

4) A controlled experiment is one that A) proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results. B) tests experimental and control groups in parallel. C) is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate. D) keeps all variables constant.

43) Which of the following best describes a model organism? A) It is often pictured in textbooks and is easy for students to imagine. B) It is well studied, it is easy to grow, and results are widely applicable. C) It is small, inexpensive to raise, and lives a long time. D) It has been chosen for study by early biologists.

5) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a ________. A) community B) population C) ecosystem D) family

6) Which of the following statements is true regarding the complexity of biological systems? A) An understanding of the interactions between different components within a living system is an approach towards understanding reductionism. B) Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the living system. C) Understanding the chemical structure of DNA reveals how it directs the functioning of a living cell. D) An ecosystem displays complex properties of the biotic component only.

8) When your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. Evaporation of sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. This is an example of ________. A) positive feedback regulation B) negative feedback regulation C) chemical cycling D) emergent properties

35. Tropical rainforests have many species that are found in great abundance. A study in the Brazilian rainforest found 487 tree species growing on a single hectare (2.5 acres). In the US and Canada together, there are only 700 species of trees on millions of acres. In one park in a Peruvian rainforest, scientists have identified over 1300 species of butterflies, while in all of Europe there are approximately 320 butterfly species. These findings suggest that A. rainforests are biologically less diverse than other ecosystems on earth. B. the number of tree species and butterfly species are about the same throughout the ecosystems of the world. C. rainforests are biologically more diverse than other ecosystems. D. as many as 400 species a day are lost due to human activity. E. rainforests do not have any type of value to humans.

48. A researcher reports he has conducted many experiments where a galvanometer (lie detector) was hooked up to detect a plant's responses. He reports that when a spider was released near the plant, the spider's decision to escape was picked up by the plant, "causing a reaction in the leaf." When other researchers repeated the experiment, they could not get any galvanometer responses. The researcher then concluded that plants could be put into a faint by humans. A. This is a justified conclusion from a research design that appears to follow the scientific method. B. The only problem with this general research plan is that it lacks a control. C. Results must be somewhat repeatable and these results that only work for this researcher do not qualify as science. D. The design is scientific; it just lacks a hypothesis. E. If the researcher has actual numerical counts, this must be accepted as valid science.

1. A university biology department wishes to hire a scientist to work on the relationships among the wolves, moose, trees and physical features on an island. If you were charged with writing the job description, you should title the position A. population geneticist. B. molecular biologist. C. community ecologist. D. organismal physiologist. E. island zoologist.

C A community ecologist studies the interactions and relationships that occur among groups of species coexisting within a region.

28. The expected outcome of an experiment is known as A. a scientific model. B. an experiment. C. prediction. D. a scientific theory or principle. E. experimental results.

C A prediction is the expected outcome of an experiment based upon the knowledge of the factors in the experiment.

38. Some biologists study the complex interactions of animals and plants in forests or prairies. Such ecology field research often produces slightly different results for different researchers. In contrast, ecology experiments that are run indoors with one organism in a terrarium usually produce results that are repeatable. What is the most likely explanation? A. The scientific method is only useful in laboratory settings. B. It is not possible to establish a control group outside of a laboratory. C. It is easier to hold all but one variable constant in a laboratory. D. Field research is only descriptive, and descriptive research is not strictly "science." E. Fieldwork is inductive; lab work is deductive.

C It is easier to hold all but one variable constant in a laboratory.

2) In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes ________. A) are more structurally complex B) are larger C) are smaller D) do not have membranes

2) Systems biology is mainly an attempt to A) analyze genomes from different species. B) simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units. C) understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts. D) build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data.

20) Which of the following is not one of Charles Darwin's observations? A) Individuals in a population vary in their traits. B) Many of the traits in an individual are heritable. C) A population avoids competition by producing only as many offspring as can successfully reproduce on their own. D) Species generally are adapted to their environments.

22) Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ________. A) test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive B) look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins C) determine if hair length is heritable D) test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate

25) The following experiment is used for the following question. A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers, but caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Temperature Day Length Springlike Springlike Springlike Summerlike Summerlike springlike Summerlike summerlike In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). Which one of the following is not a plausible hypothesis that can be tested in this experiment? A) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars. B) The cooler temperatures of spring trigger the development of flowerlike caterpillars. C) Differences in air pressure, due to differences in elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. D) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.

26) The following experiment is used for the following question. A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers, but caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Temperature Day Length Springlike Springlike Springlike Summerlike Summerlike springlike Summerlike summerlike In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). In every case, caterpillars that feed on oak flowers look like oak flowers. In every case, caterpillars that were raised on oak leaves looked like twigs. These results support which of the following hypotheses? A) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars. B) Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. C) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. D) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars.

28) The following experiment is used for the following question. A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers, but caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Temperature Day Length Springlike Springlike Springlike Summerlike Summerlike springlike Summerlike summerlike In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). Recall that in the experiment, caterpillars born in the spring looked like flowers, and caterpillars born in the summer looked like twigs. What is the most likely selective advantage for this difference in body shape? A) Looking like their food sources allows the caterpillars to move through their environment more efficiently. B) Development into the adult moth form is faster for caterpillars shaped like twigs than like flowers. C) Looking like their food source lets the caterpillars blend into their surroundings, reducing predation. D) Looking like their food source will increase the caterpillars' feeding efficiency; this would increase their growth rate and survival rate.

3) Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? A) emergent properties B) descent with modification C) the structure and function of DNA D) natural selection

3) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? A) animal B) plant C) archaean D) fungi

32) Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You determine that tumor formation requires a large amount of the plant's energy for tissue formation. How might this change the number of offspring a plant produces, and what is the most likely explanation for this change? A) The number of offspring should increase because in general, illness increases the reproductive output of organisms. B) The number of offspring should increase because the bacteria will provide energy for the plant. C) The number of offspring should decrease because the plant will divert energy from reproduction to tumor formation. D) There should be no effect of infection on offspring production because energy for reproduction is independent of infection.

33) Use the following information when answering the following question. In 1668, Francesco Redi performed a series of experiments on spontaneous generation. He began by putting similar pieces of meat into eight identical jars. Four jars were left open to the air, and four were sealed. He then did the same experiment with one variation: Instead of sealing four of the jars completely, he covered them with gauze (the gauze excluded the flies while allowing the meat to be exposed to air). In both experiments, he monitored the jars and recorded whether or not maggots (young flies) appeared in the meat. What hypothesis was being tested in the initial experiment with open versus sealed jars? A) Spontaneous generation is more likely during the long days of summer. B) The type of meat used affects the likelihood of spontaneous generation. C) Maggots do not arise spontaneously, but from eggs laid by adult flies. D) Spontaneous generation can occur only if meat is exposed to air.

37) Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable. II. It is falsifiable. III. It produces quantitative data. IV. It produces results that can be replicated. A) I only B) III only C) I and II D) III and IV

39) In presenting data that result from an experiment, a group of students show that most of their measurements fall on a straight diagonal line on their graph. However, two of their data points are "outliers" and fall far to one side of the expected relationship. What should they do? A) Do not show these points because clearly something went wrong in the experiment. B) Average several trials, rule out the improbable results, and do not show them in the final work. C) Show all results obtained and then try to explore the reason(s) for these outliers. D) Change the details of the experiment until they can obtain the expected results.

4) To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology? A) evolution B) emergent properties C) reductionism D) feedback regulation

5) Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? A) Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. B) Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. C) Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. D) Theories are proved true; hypotheses are often contradicted by experimental results.

24. Which of the following does NOT represent homeostasis? A. Sensors detect CO2 levels in the blood and trigger an increase or decrease in the rate of breathing. B. When body temperature drops, you shiver to generate heat; when your body heats up, you sweat and the evaporation cools you. C. Feelings of hunger and then fullness affect the length of time and quantity of food you eat, keeping your weight near a "set point." D. Energy is captured by plants, then transferred to consumers and decomposers, and eventually lost as heat. E. Cells adjusting the openings on the bottom of leaves respond to differences in water stress in order to maintain moisture inside the leaf.

29. Which of the following organisms is NOT ultimately dependent on the sun as a source of energy? A. A night-blooming flower is pollinated by night-flying bats. B. An underground earthworm avoids the sun. C. A cave fish feeds on debris that washes down to it. D. All of the choices ARE ultimately dependent on the sun. E. All of the choices are NOT ultimately dependent on the sun.

4. Which listing correctly indicates a sequence of increasing biological organization? A. molecule, cell, organelle, atom B. organelle, tissue, cell, molecule C. organ, tissue, atom, molecule D. atom, molecule, organelle, cell

49. An elementary student decides to conduct an experiment comparing the effectiveness of two commercial soaps as cleaning agents, using each in paired tests of different types of stains and colors of cloth, where the only variable was the soap used. The student will use the judgment of classmates to decide if the stains remain equal or if soap one cleans better than the other in each test run. However, the student makes no prediction of which soap is expected to perform best. A. This lacks a hypothesis and is therefore not a scientific test. B. This lacks any control group (no-soap treatment) and therefore will provide no meaningful results. C. Because this is based on the subjective judgments of students, it is not objective and therefore not scientific. D. This is a scientific procedure, although it does lack a stated hypothesis describing an anticipated outcome. E. This experimental design has all the components and procedures of the scientific method.

36. Biodiversity in a particular ecosystem A. is the total number of species in that ecosystem. B. includes the variability of the individual genes. C. impacts the function of the ecosystem in which the species live. D. All of the choices are correct.

D All of the choices are correct. Biodiversity involves the total number of species and the variability of individual genes, and it impacts the function of the ecosystem in which the species live.

6. Single-celled prokaryotes A. lack a membrane bounded nucleus. B. are classified in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. C. are found in almost all habitats. D. All of the choices are correct.

D Single-celled prokaryotes lack a membrane bounded nucleus, are classified in the domains Bacteria and Archaea and are found in almost all habitats. All of the choices are correct.

37. Some members of Daphnia, a water flea, have a genetic mutation that causes them to prefer warmer environments. These members reproduce and pass these genetic changes to their offspring. The next generation will occupy warmer environments not previously occupied by this species. This is an example of A. adaptation. B. homeostasis. C. irritability. D. All of the choices are correct.

D This situation describes adaptation to the environment.

1) Cells are ________. A) only found in pairs, because single cells cannot exist independently B) limited in size to 200 and 500 micrometers in diameter C) characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic organisms D) characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

23) Following a scientific method, which of the following is the correct order of steps? A) Observation → Analysis → Hypothesis → Conclusion → Communicate results → Experiment B) Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Communicate results → Analysis → Conclusion C) Experiment → Hypothesis → Observation → Analysis → Conclusion → Communicate results D) Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Analysis → Conclusion → Communicate results

24) Which of the following questions is considered a thought-provoking scientific query? A) How long ago did the Pterosaurs live on this planet? B) Does the amount of solute in water affect the boiling point of the solution? C) Who invented the telescope? D) How many tigers are left in India?

27) The following experiment is used for the following question. A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers, but caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Temperature Day Length Springlike Springlike Springlike Summerlike Summerlike springlike Summerlike summerlike In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). Recall that eggs from the same female were exposed to each of the eight treatments used. This aspect of the experimental design tested which of the following hypotheses? A) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars. B) Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. C) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. D) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars.

29) How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis? A) Theories are proposed to test scientific hypotheses. B) Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues. C) Hypotheses are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; theories typically address more specific issues. D) Confirmed theories become scientific laws; hypotheses become theories. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 1.3 30) A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are ________. A) testing a theory for why the car will not start B) making observations to inspire a theory for why the car will not start C) stating a hypothesis and using that hypothesis to make a testable prediction D) comparing multiple hypotheses for why the car will not start Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 1.3 31) Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected. Which of the following experiments will provide the best data to address that question? A) Determine the survival rate of Agrobacterium when exposed to different concentrations of an antibiotic. B) Measure the number of tumors formed on a plant when exposed to various concentrations of Agrobacterium. C) Measure the concentration of Agrobacterium in different soil environments where the plants grow. D) Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to Agrobacterium for different lengths of time.

34) Use the following information when answering the following question. In 1668, Francesco Redi performed a series of experiments on spontaneous generation. He began by putting similar pieces of meat into eight identical jars. Four jars were left open to the air, and four were sealed. He then did the same experiment with one variation: Instead of sealing four of the jars completely, he covered them with gauze (the gauze excluded the flies while allowing the meat to be exposed to air). In both experiments, he monitored the jars and recorded whether or not maggots (young flies) appeared in the meat. In both experiments, flies appeared in all of the open jars and only in the open jars. Which one of the following statements is correct? A) The experiment was inconclusive because Redi used only one kind of meat. B) The experiment was inconclusive because it did not run long enough. C) The experiment supports the hypothesis that spontaneous generation occurs in rotting meat. D) The experiment supports the hypothesis that maggots arise only from eggs laid by adult flies.

35) The best experimental design ________. A) includes a large sample size for each condition B) includes a control C) alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition D) includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition

40) A scientist, who wants to study the effects of nitrogen on wheat plants, sets up an experiment with 4 groups of wheat plants: group A gets 20 pounds per acre, group B gets 40 pounds per acre, group C gets 60 pounds per acre, and group D gets 0 pounds per acre. Which of the following is the control group? A) group A B) group B C) group C D) group D

7) Which of the following order is correct in terms of the hierarchy of the organization? A) Ecosystem → Biosphere → Population → Community → Organism B) Biosphere → Ecosystem → Population → Community → Organism C) Ecosystem → Community → Biosphere → Population → Organism D) Biosphere → Ecosystem →Community → Population → Organism

7) Which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry? A) If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. B) If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. C) If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. D) If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.

27. One classic definition of life is "a self-replicating molecular assemblage." However, clay particles (in clay soil) contain layered aluminum and iron compounds that determine the pattern of the adjacent layers of sediment. This is technically a self-replicating molecular assemblage. A. Therefore, it is living. B. It is not living because it cannot think. C. It is not living because there were no molecular changes (or chemistry) involved. D. It is not living because there is no carbon involved; otherwise, such duplication would be living. E. It is not living because it is a simple repetitive process without the ability to evolve or respond to the environment.

32. An earlier classification grouped organisms by whether they inhabited the air, land or sea. However, the five-kingdoms-of-life and three-domains system divided into class-order-family-genus-species as described in this chapter is superior because it A. better represents the origin of features held in common-the unity of life in DNA, etc. B. better reflects the origin of adaptations-the diversity of life for differing environments. C. allows the organization of over 900,000 different species. D. groups organisms based on similarities related to their structure and evolution. E. All of the choices are correct.

E All of the choices are correct. The later classification systems better represent the unity and diversity of life, allow for better organization of ever-increasing numbers of species, and group organisms based on similarities related to their structure and evolution.

34. You are interested in the effect of increased carbon dioxide versus normal air, and also in the effect of green light versus full sunlight on the growth of corn plants in a greenhouse. Although you can set up your experiment inside a greenhouse, it is possible that there will be plant growth effects due to effects that you do not know and may never know. Which of the following are important to ensure control of unknown variables? A. An increase in carbon dioxide does not result in a substantial decrease of other necessary gases. B. All seedlings are from one uniform strain. C. The intensity or brightness of the green light equals the intensity of the full sunlight. D. All temperatures and available water remain the same. E. All of the choices are important.

E All of the choices are important to conduct a valid, controlled experiment.

26. Studying a brick does not predict the design of a skyscraper. Intense examination of muscle tissues does not allow you to predict the design of a kangaroo or clam. The structure of chlorophyll does not dictate the unique structure of a tree. These cases demonstrate A. the essential properties of life. B. the levels of organization from atom to biosphere. C. determinism, or how all phenomena are predictable effects of causes. D. emergent properties that are easily predicted by examining their parts. E. emergent properties that cannot be predicted by examining their parts.

E These cases demonstrate emergent properties that cannot be predicted by examining their parts.

5. The classification system most commonly used by biologists today contains five domains. T or F ?

F The classification most commonly used by biologists today contains three domains.

21. Both living and nonliving entities adapt to the environment.

F A characteristic of life is adaptation to the environment.

18. Both living and nonliving entities are organized at the cellular level.

F Life is organized at the cellular level. Nonliving entities are not composed of cells.

19. Both living and nonliving entities exhibit homeostatic controls.

F Living entities exhibit homeostatic controls in order to maintain a stable internal environment.

15. In a controlled experiment in which subjects are divided into an experimental group and a control group, the dependent variable is the factor that was measured in the experiment by the researchers. T or F ?

15. The control group in an experiment receives all the same treatments as the experimental group(s), except for the one variable being tested.

16. Extinction can occur if a species is unable to adapt to a changing environment.

20. Both living and nonliving entities are composed of chemical elements.

8. Humans have an exaggerated impact on the ecosystem through their use of extra sources of energy and raw materials, and the production of extra wastes that must be handled.

9. Living organisms are made up of cells.

T The Cell Theory states that livings organisms are made of cells. This is a true statement.

12. Emergent properties can be used to distinguish living organisms from nonliving things.

T At its most basic level, the concept of emergent properties states that with rising levels of complexity in living things, new patterns will emerge. This is the case whether you move up the chain from simple single-celled organisms to much more complex multi-celled organisms, or whether you move from a single organism to an entire population of that organism. Essentially, an emergent property is an entirely new trait that develops from smaller component traits. While the smaller traits may be necessary to make up the larger trait, the larger trait, or emergent property, is something new and novel in and of itself, and cannot be broken down into, or analyzed solely in terms of, its component parts. Emergent properties are not limited to biology. The concept of "emergence" has a place in other branches of the sciences, and in topics as diverse as art and philosophy. In the natural world, emergent properties appear at every level of biological organization. When organic chemicals combine to form small cells, for instance, the interactions that give rise to life are difficult, if not impossible, to explain in terms of their component parts. When larger groups of animals live together to form a population, the patterns that population takes on and the evolutionary course it follows are not always predictable based on the actions of its members.

11. Living organisms show biological organization and other common characteristics of life.

T In addition to being organized at the cellular level, living organisms exhibit other common characteristics of life.

4. Which of the following statements is an example of a positive feedback loop? a. Uterine contractions stimulate release of chem- icals that stimulate more uterine contractions, leading to the birth of a baby. b. Although energy makes a one-way trip through an ecosystem, chemical nutrients are recycled. c. When cells have sufficient energy available, the pathways that break down sugars are turned off. d. A rise in CO2 in the atmosphere correlates with increasing global temperature.

8. With respect to information flow, transcription is but translation is a. DNA~RNA; RNA~protein , b. RNA~DNA; DNA~protein c. RNA~protein; DNA~RNA d. DNA~protein; RNA~DNA

5. The smallest unit that shows the emergent properties that we associate with life is a. a DNA molecule. b. a cell. c. an organism. d. a population.

5. The smallest unit that shows the emergent prop- erties that we associate with life is a. a DNA molecule. b. a cell. c. an organism. d. a population.

1. The overarching theme of biology is a. scientific inquiry using inductive and deduc- tive reasoning. b. the biological hierarchy. c. evolution. d. systems biology.

2. In an experiment similar to the camouflage experiment performed by Hoekstra and colleagues, a researcher found that more total predator attacks occurred on light color fur mice in beach habitats than on light color mice placed in inland habitats. From this the researcher concluded that a. the camouflage hypothesis is false. b. the experimental design was faulty because the results were not as predicted. c. the data that should be compared to draw a conclusion must include a control-a compari- son with the total number of attacks on both light color and dark color fur mice in each habitat. d. more data must be collected before a conclu- sion can be drawn.

10. 'Which of the following themes of biology is most related to the goals and practices of systems biology? a. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. b. Life's processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. c. Life requires energy transfer and transformation. d. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.

2. Experiments examine the contribution of the _____ to the observation. a) responding variable b) control group c) standard deviation d) experimental variable

7. A biologist studying interactions among unicellu- lar eukaryotes in a pond could not be working at which level in life's hierarchy? a. molecular level b. community level c. ecosystem level d. tissue level

7. A biologist studying interactions among unicellu lar eukaryotes in a pond could not be working at which level in life's hierarchy? a. molecular level b. community level c. ecosystem level d. tissue level

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