Test 1 for PSY 3341

germinal period occurs from

0-2 weeks

zygote is how many week

0-2 weeks

Age range of infancy

0-2 years

Darwins Main Arguments

1. there is genetic variation in a species 2. some genes aid adaptation more than others do 3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not

age range of adolescence

10-18

Identical twins are _____% alike

100%

age range of emerging adulthood

18-25

embryo occurs from

2 weeks - 2 months

Age range of preschool period

2-5

According to the Human Genome Project, how many gene pairs do we have?

20,000

What number pair are the sex chromosomes?

23

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs

Grandchild to grandparent are ___% alike

25%

age range of early adulthood

25-40

age range of middle adulthood

40-65

How many total chromosomes do humans have?

46

Child to parent are ___% alike

50

Siblings are ___% alike

50

Fraternal Twins are ___% alike

50%

age range of middle childhood

6-10

age range of late adulthood

65+

fetus occurs from

9 weeks to birth

example of co-dominance

AB blood type

destroys the immune system and makes victims susceptible to rare, so-called opportunistic, infections that eventually kill them.

AIDS

Maternal Blood Sampling samples

APF, hCG, Estriol

Expectations about what people should be doing or how they should behave at different points in the life span.

Age norms

Folate is also known as

B9

scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for differences in their physical and psychological traits

Behavioral Genetics

Instances in which a person receives too many or too few copies of a stretch of DNA; like gene mutations, they can either be inherited from a parent or arise spontaneously and can contribute to diseases and disorders.

CNV

An alternative to amniocentesis in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to withdraw fetal cells from the chorion for prenatal testing

CVS

Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes

Cognitive Development

human development as a process that occurs in small steps

Continuity

Mechanism where experiences have epigenetic effects on gene expression through chemical codings on top of DNA molecules

DNA methylation

Epigenetics; alters the expression of genes without altering the

DNA sequence

systematic changes and continuities in individuals between conception and death, or from "womb to tomb."

Development

List Life's Road Map

Events, Timing, Sequence, Duration, Transitions

Period between conception and birth

Germinal Period

Theory of ________: how genes interact w/ environment to guide development

Gottlieb

Two epigenetic mechanisms

Histone acetylation and DNA methylation

Genetic disorder in which it can cause motor problems, personality changes, dementia/intellectual disabilities

Huntingtons

Person who discovered gene for Huntington's Disease

Nancy Wexler

Heredity belongs to

Nature

relative roles of biological predispositions

Nature

Prenatal diagnostic procedure in which a mother's eggs are fertilized in a laboratory using in vitro fertilization techniques

PGD

A genetic disease in which a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine

PKU

The growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems including the brain, physical aging, changes in motor abilities, and so on.

Physical Development

Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, involving motives, emotions, personality traits, social skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the larger society.

Psychosocial Development

part of brain stem for arousal, wakefulness and sleep

RAS

A personal sense of when things should be done in life and when an individual is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms.

Social clock

Down's Syndrome is also known as

Trisomy 21

Historically, a separate distinct middle age did not exist

True

A female chromosome

XX

Sex Chromosomes of Triple X

XXX

Sex chromosomes of Klinefelters

XXY

A male chromosome

XY

Sex chromosomes of Super male

XYY

What determines the sex of the baby?

Y chromosome

gene-environment correlation that creates or seeks out

active

Socially defined age groups or strata, each with different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in society

age grade

variant forms of a gene is called

alleles

A 3 base pair code specifies a particular

amino acid

A method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested

amniocentesis

a watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo

amnion

part of hte brain for fear

amygdala

part of the brain for emotional memory, fear

amygdala

A test routinely used to assess a newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes immediately after birth and 5 minutes later; used to identify high-risk babies.

apgar test

A method of conception that involves injecting sperm from a woman's partner or from a donor into the uterus.

artificial insemination

A genes code is located in the

base pair sequence

A hollow sphere of about 100-150 cells that the zygote forms by rapid cell division as it moves through the fallopian tube.

blastocyst

area of speech production

broca area

does not express trait, but can pass it onto offspring is called

carrier

part of hte brain for procedural memory (motor memory)

cerebellum

a membrane that surrounds the amnion and attaches rootlike extensions called villi to the uterine lining to gather nourishment for the embryo

chorion

threadlike bodies in the nucleus of each cell and contain stretches

chromosomes

both traits expressed all of the time

co-dominance

Age Ranges of Prenatal period

conception to birth

developmental changes are different across cultures, subcultures, or other context is called

context

Interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemisphere is called the

cortex

A process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis.

crossing over

which colored moths were more likely to survive in industrial settings?

dark

which day does implantation occur

day 6

What is the critical period?

development of physical and cognitive capabilities

In brain development, the progressive diversification of cells that results in their taking on different characteristics and functions.

differentiation

human development when you see more abrupt changes

discontinuity

Huntington's is dominant or recessive?

dominant

characteristics that are always seen

dominant

entral nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from the

ectoderm

conception =

egg + sperm

organogenesis occurs in which period

embryo

gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and bladder from the

endoderm

Histone acetylation _______________ transcription

enhances

gene-environment correlation that generates responses from others

evocative

Learning is caused by

experience

_______________ leaves its "fingerprint" on top of certain genes in certain cells

experience

People in the period of emerging adulthood often

explore identities, lead unstable lives, self-focused, adult-like in some ways, limitless possibilities...

example of alleles

eye color

conception occurs in the

fallopian tube

An evolved approach in harsh and unpredictable environments in which parents are not very supportive of children, sex and child bearing begin early, romantic partnerships often do not last, and children focus on surviving in the present rather than on preparing for the future.

fast life history strategy

another term for conception

fertilization

Twins who are not identical and who result when a mother releases two ova at roughly the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm.

fraternal twins

lobe that contains the motor strip

frontal cortex

Which gives better success - a woman's own embryos/fresh or a woman's own embryos/frozen?

frozen

Genes must read in order to carry out instructions is known as

gene expression

particular sequence of nucleotide pairs creating a segment of DNA

genes

Evolution is about the interaction between

genes and environment

Maturation is caused by

genetics

instructions (blueprint) of two copies, (actual genes inherited) are called

genotype

neuronal cell bodies are known as

gray matter

Deficiency in blood's ability to clot; more common in males than in females

hemophilia

part of the brain for memory

hippocampus

part of the brain for memory, explicit, declaritive, conscious

hippocampus

three parts of limbic system

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

part of the brain for feeding, sexual behaviors

hypothalamus

Monozygotic twins who develop from a single zygote

identical twins

Procedure in which several eggs are removed from a woman's ovary, fertilized by sperm in a petri dish in the laboratory, then transferred to the woman's uterus

in vitro fertilization

Two patterns of mating

inbreeding and outbreeding

expresses trait some of the time

incomplete dominance

a picture of the matched pairs of chromosomes

karyotype

which colored moths were more likely to survive in rural settings?

light

A noninvasive method of prenatal diagnosis involving testing for substances in maternal blood;

maternal blood sampling

Developmental changes that are biologically programmed by genes rather than caused primarily by learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience.

maturation

part of brain for heart rate, respiration, blood pressure

medulla

process in which a germ cell divides, producing sperm or ova, each containing half of the parent cell's original complement of chromosomes

meiosis

2 processes of sexual reproduction

meiosis and fertilization

muscles, bones, cartilage, heart, arteries, kidneys, and gonads from the

mesoderm

Process in early brain development in which neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units.

migration

process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

mitosis

Each member in a chromosome pair comes from

mother and father

cortex for voluntary control of skeletal muscles, fine motor movement and strength

motor cortex

spontaneous change in DNA material is called

mutation

the idea that nature "selects," or allows to survive and reproduce, those members of a species whose genes help them adapt to their environment.

natural selection

histone protein clump and DNA strand wrapped around it is called

nucleosome

Environment belongs to

nurture

environmental influences as determinants of human development.

nurture

part of the brain for vision

occipital lobe

DNA Methylation turns the gene ______

off

process of creating organs

organogenesis

lobe of tactile sensory, body image, math and spatial ability

parietal lobe

gene-environment correlation of a general home environment

passive

observable characteristic displayed by organism

phenotype

3 domains of development

physical, cognitive, psychosocial

Mechanism of inheritance in which multiple gene pairs interact with environmental factors to influence a trait.

polygenetic inheritance

Cortex known for strategy, risk taking, breaking, attention, working memory and smell

prefrontal cortex

Process in early brain development in which neurons multiply at a staggering rate throughout the prenatal period

proliferation

genes code for

proteins

characteristics that are expressed only if characteristic present in both copies

recessive

A disease that has little effect on a pregnant woman but may cause several serious birth defects, such as blindness, deafness, and mental retardation, in unborn children exposed in the first 3-4 months of gestation;

rubella

strip of parietal lobe

sensory strip

SAME =

sensory, afferent, motor, efferent

Mechanism of inheritance in which a characteristic is influenced by single genes located on the sex chromosomes (usually the X chromosome).

sex-linked inheritance

blood disease in which red blood cells take on a sickle shape, become entangled, and distribute less oxygen through the circulatory system

sickle cell anemia

example of incomplete dominance

sickle cell anemia

An evolved approach in safe and predictable environments in which parents are supportive of children, sex and child bearing are postponed during adolescence until resources are in place to raise a family,

slow life history strategy

Lack of Folic acid can lead to

spina bifida

older men who are having children at a later stage in their lives are known

start over dads

A substance that aids breathing by preventing the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together.

surfactant

lobe for hearing, speech comprehension, memory...

temporal

part of the brain stem for sensory relay center

thalamus

three parts of brain stem

thalamus, ras, medulla

Method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves

ultrasound

developmental changes are common to all humans is part of

universality

area of speech

wernicke area

Effects of teratogen depend on

when, what, dose, susceptibility

A single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum.

zygote

ZEF =

zygote, embryo, fetus