Test 1 for PSY 3341
germinal period occurs from
0-2 weeks
zygote is how many week
0-2 weeks
Age range of infancy
0-2 years
Darwins Main Arguments
1. there is genetic variation in a species 2. some genes aid adaptation more than others do 3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not
age range of adolescence
10-18
Identical twins are _____% alike
100%
age range of emerging adulthood
18-25
embryo occurs from
2 weeks - 2 months
Age range of preschool period
2-5
According to the Human Genome Project, how many gene pairs do we have?
20,000
What number pair are the sex chromosomes?
23
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs
Grandchild to grandparent are ___% alike
25%
age range of early adulthood
25-40
age range of middle adulthood
40-65
How many total chromosomes do humans have?
46
Child to parent are ___% alike
50
Siblings are ___% alike
50
Fraternal Twins are ___% alike
50%
age range of middle childhood
6-10
age range of late adulthood
65+
fetus occurs from
9 weeks to birth
example of co-dominance
AB blood type
destroys the immune system and makes victims susceptible to rare, so-called opportunistic, infections that eventually kill them.
AIDS
Maternal Blood Sampling samples
APF, hCG, Estriol
Expectations about what people should be doing or how they should behave at different points in the life span.
Age norms
Folate is also known as
B9
scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for differences in their physical and psychological traits
Behavioral Genetics
Instances in which a person receives too many or too few copies of a stretch of DNA; like gene mutations, they can either be inherited from a parent or arise spontaneously and can contribute to diseases and disorders.
CNV
An alternative to amniocentesis in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to withdraw fetal cells from the chorion for prenatal testing
CVS
Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes
Cognitive Development
human development as a process that occurs in small steps
Continuity
Mechanism where experiences have epigenetic effects on gene expression through chemical codings on top of DNA molecules
DNA methylation
Epigenetics; alters the expression of genes without altering the
DNA sequence
systematic changes and continuities in individuals between conception and death, or from "womb to tomb."
Development
List Life's Road Map
Events, Timing, Sequence, Duration, Transitions
Period between conception and birth
Germinal Period
Theory of ________: how genes interact w/ environment to guide development
Gottlieb
Two epigenetic mechanisms
Histone acetylation and DNA methylation
Genetic disorder in which it can cause motor problems, personality changes, dementia/intellectual disabilities
Huntingtons
Person who discovered gene for Huntington's Disease
Nancy Wexler
Heredity belongs to
Nature
relative roles of biological predispositions
Nature
Prenatal diagnostic procedure in which a mother's eggs are fertilized in a laboratory using in vitro fertilization techniques
PGD
A genetic disease in which a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine
PKU
The growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems including the brain, physical aging, changes in motor abilities, and so on.
Physical Development
Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, involving motives, emotions, personality traits, social skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the larger society.
Psychosocial Development
part of brain stem for arousal, wakefulness and sleep
RAS
A personal sense of when things should be done in life and when an individual is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms.
Social clock
Down's Syndrome is also known as
Trisomy 21
Historically, a separate distinct middle age did not exist
True
A female chromosome
XX
Sex Chromosomes of Triple X
XXX
Sex chromosomes of Klinefelters
XXY
A male chromosome
XY
Sex chromosomes of Super male
XYY
What determines the sex of the baby?
Y chromosome
gene-environment correlation that creates or seeks out
active
Socially defined age groups or strata, each with different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in society
age grade
variant forms of a gene is called
alleles
A 3 base pair code specifies a particular
amino acid
A method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested
amniocentesis
a watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo
amnion
part of hte brain for fear
amygdala
part of the brain for emotional memory, fear
amygdala
A test routinely used to assess a newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes immediately after birth and 5 minutes later; used to identify high-risk babies.
apgar test
A method of conception that involves injecting sperm from a woman's partner or from a donor into the uterus.
artificial insemination
A genes code is located in the
base pair sequence
A hollow sphere of about 100-150 cells that the zygote forms by rapid cell division as it moves through the fallopian tube.
blastocyst
area of speech production
broca area
does not express trait, but can pass it onto offspring is called
carrier
part of hte brain for procedural memory (motor memory)
cerebellum
a membrane that surrounds the amnion and attaches rootlike extensions called villi to the uterine lining to gather nourishment for the embryo
chorion
threadlike bodies in the nucleus of each cell and contain stretches
chromosomes
both traits expressed all of the time
co-dominance
Age Ranges of Prenatal period
conception to birth
developmental changes are different across cultures, subcultures, or other context is called
context
Interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemisphere is called the
cortex
A process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis.
crossing over
which colored moths were more likely to survive in industrial settings?
dark
which day does implantation occur
day 6
What is the critical period?
development of physical and cognitive capabilities
In brain development, the progressive diversification of cells that results in their taking on different characteristics and functions.
differentiation
human development when you see more abrupt changes
discontinuity
Huntington's is dominant or recessive?
dominant
characteristics that are always seen
dominant
entral nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from the
ectoderm
conception =
egg + sperm
organogenesis occurs in which period
embryo
gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and bladder from the
endoderm
Histone acetylation _______________ transcription
enhances
gene-environment correlation that generates responses from others
evocative
Learning is caused by
experience
_______________ leaves its "fingerprint" on top of certain genes in certain cells
experience
People in the period of emerging adulthood often
explore identities, lead unstable lives, self-focused, adult-like in some ways, limitless possibilities...
example of alleles
eye color
conception occurs in the
fallopian tube
An evolved approach in harsh and unpredictable environments in which parents are not very supportive of children, sex and child bearing begin early, romantic partnerships often do not last, and children focus on surviving in the present rather than on preparing for the future.
fast life history strategy
another term for conception
fertilization
Twins who are not identical and who result when a mother releases two ova at roughly the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm.
fraternal twins
lobe that contains the motor strip
frontal cortex
Which gives better success - a woman's own embryos/fresh or a woman's own embryos/frozen?
frozen
Genes must read in order to carry out instructions is known as
gene expression
particular sequence of nucleotide pairs creating a segment of DNA
genes
Evolution is about the interaction between
genes and environment
Maturation is caused by
genetics
instructions (blueprint) of two copies, (actual genes inherited) are called
genotype
neuronal cell bodies are known as
gray matter
Deficiency in blood's ability to clot; more common in males than in females
hemophilia
part of the brain for memory
hippocampus
part of the brain for memory, explicit, declaritive, conscious
hippocampus
three parts of limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
part of the brain for feeding, sexual behaviors
hypothalamus
Monozygotic twins who develop from a single zygote
identical twins
Procedure in which several eggs are removed from a woman's ovary, fertilized by sperm in a petri dish in the laboratory, then transferred to the woman's uterus
in vitro fertilization
Two patterns of mating
inbreeding and outbreeding
expresses trait some of the time
incomplete dominance
a picture of the matched pairs of chromosomes
karyotype
which colored moths were more likely to survive in rural settings?
light
A noninvasive method of prenatal diagnosis involving testing for substances in maternal blood;
maternal blood sampling
Developmental changes that are biologically programmed by genes rather than caused primarily by learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience.
maturation
part of brain for heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
medulla
process in which a germ cell divides, producing sperm or ova, each containing half of the parent cell's original complement of chromosomes
meiosis
2 processes of sexual reproduction
meiosis and fertilization
muscles, bones, cartilage, heart, arteries, kidneys, and gonads from the
mesoderm
Process in early brain development in which neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units.
migration
process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
mitosis
Each member in a chromosome pair comes from
mother and father
cortex for voluntary control of skeletal muscles, fine motor movement and strength
motor cortex
spontaneous change in DNA material is called
mutation
the idea that nature "selects," or allows to survive and reproduce, those members of a species whose genes help them adapt to their environment.
natural selection
histone protein clump and DNA strand wrapped around it is called
nucleosome
Environment belongs to
nurture
environmental influences as determinants of human development.
nurture
part of the brain for vision
occipital lobe
DNA Methylation turns the gene ______
off
process of creating organs
organogenesis
lobe of tactile sensory, body image, math and spatial ability
parietal lobe
gene-environment correlation of a general home environment
passive
observable characteristic displayed by organism
phenotype
3 domains of development
physical, cognitive, psychosocial
Mechanism of inheritance in which multiple gene pairs interact with environmental factors to influence a trait.
polygenetic inheritance
Cortex known for strategy, risk taking, breaking, attention, working memory and smell
prefrontal cortex
Process in early brain development in which neurons multiply at a staggering rate throughout the prenatal period
proliferation
genes code for
proteins
characteristics that are expressed only if characteristic present in both copies
recessive
A disease that has little effect on a pregnant woman but may cause several serious birth defects, such as blindness, deafness, and mental retardation, in unborn children exposed in the first 3-4 months of gestation;
rubella
strip of parietal lobe
sensory strip
SAME =
sensory, afferent, motor, efferent
Mechanism of inheritance in which a characteristic is influenced by single genes located on the sex chromosomes (usually the X chromosome).
sex-linked inheritance
blood disease in which red blood cells take on a sickle shape, become entangled, and distribute less oxygen through the circulatory system
sickle cell anemia
example of incomplete dominance
sickle cell anemia
An evolved approach in safe and predictable environments in which parents are supportive of children, sex and child bearing are postponed during adolescence until resources are in place to raise a family,
slow life history strategy
Lack of Folic acid can lead to
spina bifida
older men who are having children at a later stage in their lives are known
start over dads
A substance that aids breathing by preventing the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together.
surfactant
lobe for hearing, speech comprehension, memory...
temporal
part of the brain stem for sensory relay center
thalamus
three parts of brain stem
thalamus, ras, medulla
Method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves
ultrasound
developmental changes are common to all humans is part of
universality
area of speech
wernicke area
Effects of teratogen depend on
when, what, dose, susceptibility
A single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum.
zygote
ZEF =
zygote, embryo, fetus