Test 1 Revel Questions Part 2

If you had $1 million and could buy 1 square kilometer of land somewhere in the world in order to preserve species diversity, which of the following locations would be the best investment (that is, would preserve the most species)? A. The Arctic B. A tropical rain forest C. A forest in the eastern half of the United States D. A grassland in the United States

B

Which of these scenarios would lead to secondary succession? (Select the three correct answers.) A. A glacier retreats, leaving barren rock behind B. A small avalanche removes most of the trees and brush from a slope C. A forest fire kills trees in a national forest, but leaves buried seeds and microbes unharmed D. A volcanic eruption creates new rock depositions E. A herd of goats removes most of the vegetation in an area before moving on to different area

B, C, E

A gene is made up of _____. A. polypeptides B. proteins C. nucleotides D. RNA

C

Many ecologists support the idea that more diverse ecosystems should be less affected by major environmental change than less diverse ecosystems. For example, a large drought would have a bigger negative impact on the life in a low-diversity ecosystem than it would on the life in a high-diversity ecosystem. Why would this be? A. This idea is incorrect. Actually, low-diversity ecosystems are known to respond better to environmental change than high-diversity ecosystems B. When there is more diversity, evolution can occur very quickly, so new species rapidly appear and prevent the ecosystem from changing when there is a drought or similar event C. More diverse ecosystems have a broader mix of species, including some that are more likely to be able to tolerate changes such as drought, floods, or other extreme environmental events D. More diverse ecosystems usually have drought tolerant plants that can survive period of low rainfall

C

What is the best definition of a keystone species? A. The species that is at the top of the food web in a specific ecosystem B. The species that is most endangered in an ecosystem C. A species that has a disproportionately important role in the food web D. A species that holds the most important reproductive role in a population

C

Which one of the following metabolic process is 100% efficient? A. anaerobic cellular respiration B. protein synthesis C. No metabolic process is 100% efficient D. aerobic cellular respiration

C

The cones of some coniferous trees are serotinous, which means they need heat in order to open. When forests of these trees experience a fire, the cones become reproductively viable (that is, they are able to reproduce and grow into new trees). When coupled with the extra sunlight available to the new plants after the understood of the forest has burned, these plants can thrive. Which of the following processes is this an example of? A. An area of forest reaching carrying capacity as new trees are added B. The difference between K-selected and r-selected species C. A forest experiencing a state change in which the land is permanently degraded D. Trees exploiting resources after competition is removed

D

Which of the following is NOT an organism "level" in the trophic structure? A. Producers B. Consumers C. Decomposers D. Obtainers

D

Which of the following is an autotroph? A. a mushroom B. E. coli C. a rhesus monkey D. a cactus

D

Which one of the following is produced during the process of aerobic cellular respiration? A. cytosol B. sugars C. oxygen D. carbon dioxide

D

Select the correct answer for each blank regarding the "rule of 10." You will not use all of the possible answer choices. When an herbivore consumes 200 calories from a primary producer, ____ of those calories would be stored in the tissues of the herbivore and _____ calories would be lost to the environment through metabolic processes, If a carnivore ate the herbivore, ____ of those calories would be stored by the carnivore and _____ calories would be lost to the environment

20, 180, 2, 18

A cation has more _____. A. protons than neutrons B. electrons than neutrons C. electrons than proton D. protons than electrons

A

A herd of deer are introduced to an isolated Island, where they survive by grazing on the grasses growing on the Island. The Island experiences a period of drought, during which the grasses that the deer are grazing on do not regrow at a normal rate, and soon the deer population has exceeded the carrying capacity of the Island. Assuming the drought continues, what is likely to happen to the ecosystem during this period A. The deer will continue to stay in the area until they are eventually die; by that point, the soil will have experienced significant erosion as a result of overgrazing, and the ecosystem is likely to be permanently changed B. The deer will continue to stay in the area until they all eventually die, which will allow the grasses in the original area to regrow C. The deer will move quickly to another island, which will allow the grasses in the original area to regrow D. The grass will naturally regrow; it is probably just experiencing a natural cycle that it can rebound from on its own

A

An invasive plant is introduced to a small stream ecosystem that originally had a number of different plant species within it. The invasive plant uses a lot of water and soon out competes the other plants in the ecosystem. If this newly-changed ecosystem is faced with a major ecological disturbances, such as a pest infestation that affects a number of species, including the invasive trees, what is likely to happen? A. The ecosystem will be less resilient (and likely degraded to some degree) because it is now less diverse due to the effects of the invasive species B. The ecosystem will stay the same because pest infestations rarely cause permanent harm C. The ecosystem is likely to be more resilient because the pests couldn't possibly affect all individuals of the invasive species D. The ecosystem will return to a healthy pre-invasion state once all of the invasive trees have been wiped out by the pest infestation

A

Do natural disturbances harm ecosystems? A. No, a disturbance is often essential to the long-term health and functioning of an ecosystem. B. We do not have a good idea of the role disturbance plays in ecosystems. C. Yes; once a disturbance occurs, an ecosystem will never be the same and often degrades quickly. D. Yes; during a disturbance, all of the most important species die.

A

If a population has 250 births, 247 deaths, 12 immigrants, and 5 emigrants over 1 year, what is the population growth rate? A. 10 per year B. -14 per year C. -10 per year D. 20 per year

A

There are many different definitions of a species. These include the capacity to interbreed, physical similarities, genetic similarities and others. Biologists spend a fairly large amount of time worrying about this definition, but does it make any difference for biodiversity conservation policy? A. Yes, because laws such as those in the U.S. Endangered Species Act focus on species-level conservation of threatened or endangered species B. No, this is just an academic debate C. Yes, because nearly all private conservation efforts such as those of the World Wildlife Fund only work on species conservation and largely ignore habitat conservation D. No, it really doesn't matter because even though biologists argue about what a species is, most people, including government officials, can figure out it out pretty easily

A

What pair correctly matches an organelle with its function? A. mitochondrion; cellular respirationd. B. endoplasmic reticulum; photosynthesis C. nuclei region; modifying, sorting, and secreting cell products D. golgi apparatus; synthesis of membranes

A

Whats the primary (most important) cause of species extinction on earth. A. Habitat loss B. Pollution C. Invasive species D. Overexploitation

A

Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy being converted into potential energy? A. energy from a wind turbine being used to charge a rechargeable battery B. a rollercoaster rolling downhill after being carried to the top of the hill by a conveyor belt C. gasoline being used to turn the wheels of an automobile D. water held behind a dam being allowed to flow through the dam's turbines

A

Which one of the following is produced during the process of photosynthesis? A. oxygen B. light energy C. carbon dioxide D. chlorophyll pigment molecules

A

Why does an ice cube float? A. Ice is less dense than liquid water. B. There are air pockets in ice cubes. C. Ice is attracted to air. D. Ice takes up less volume than liquid water.

A

Why is the following scenario wrong? A population of 100 grows by 3 in a year, resulting in an annual growth rate of 3%. In subsequent years. the population will continue to grow at a rate of 3% per year, yielding an additional 3 animals per year. (for example, 106, 109, 112, 115, 118 and so on). A. A growth rate of 3% will not add 3 animals per year to a population. It will add 3% of the existing population to the total B. This calculation does not account for the animals that die or emigrate C. This calculation does not account for animals that immigrate from other populations to join the original population D. Nothing, it appears to be correct

A

What are the major types of physical limiting factors to life? (Select the three correct answers.) A. Extreme temperatures B. Lack of nutrients C. Large competitors D. Lack of moisture E. Slow growth

A, B, D

Which of the following statements about carrying capacity are true (Select the three correct answers) A. The carrying capacity is the limit of how many individuals can survive in a certain area B. The carrying capacity is the same for all species living in a particular area C. The factors that affect carrying capacity are different in different ecosystems D. The carrying capacity is affected by the availability of resources, such as food, space, and sunlight

A, C, D

All of the following are examples of biological limiting factors that can constrain the growth of an organism except? A. a predator B. a lack of sunlight C. pest infestation D. a viral disease

B

In past major extinction events, something happened ( for example, climate change or meteorite impact), and then many species disappeared. What actually caused the species to disappear? A. In each of these major events, the disruption to the Earth's environment was so large that most individuals simply died within a year or two, and whole species were lost in the process B. Conditions changed faster than the organisms were able to adapt to, and, as a result, these species eventually disappeared C. In all of these events, there was so much habitat destroyed that no species could survive D. We're not sure because the geographic record is so poor incomplete

B

Marine sponges and a microbe called cyanobacteria have a unique relationship. The provides protection for the bacteria, and, in return, the bacteria provide nutrients for the sponge through the process of photosynthesis. Because both organisms benefit, their symbiotic interaction is mutualistic. However, if the environment suddenly changed to a point where the cyanobacteria did not have access to light and thus could no longer photosynthesize, how would the symbiotic association change? A. The interaction would remain mutualistic because the cyanobacteria would likely find some other thing to provide for the sponge B. The interaction would likely become commensalistic because the cyanobacteria would continue to benefit from living on the sponge, but the sponge would not gain anything or be hurt by the bacteria (aside from the loss the nutrients that the sponges had been receiving) C. The interaction would become parasitic because the cyanobacteria would continue living on the sponge, and this would actually suck excess nutrients from the sponge D. The association would fall apart and no longer be symbiotic in any way because neither of the organisms benefit if the cyanobacteria cannot photosynthesize

B

Of the following populations, which one best demonstrates a high degree of ecological resistance after a hurricane along a coast? A. A population of amphibians that was completely wiped out by the storm in one specific location B. A population of trees that was slightly damaged but had a very low overall mortality rate C. A population of birds that successfully migrated to another location further inland to find new habitat D. A population of shrubs that was badly damaged and had a high overall morality rate but shows promise of rebounding in the future

B

The northern-most area to which birds migrate it typically limited by the minimum nighttime temperatures of the area. As the climate changes, the northern latitudes are likely to become warmer, allowing birds to migrate further North. What process is this am example of? A. The imposition of a limiting factor on an organism B. The removal of a constraint on a group of organisms C. The effects of an area reaching carrying capacity D. An increase in a population's growth rate

B

The oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule are held together by _____ bonds. A. iambic B. covalent C. ionicd D. hydrogen

B

What differentiates a non-native species from an invasive species. A. Once a species has been brought to a place where it had not existed in the past (non-native) and it completely takes over the ecological niche of another species, it is officially called invasive B. When a species has been introduced to a new place but causes little damage, it is called non-native; when the non-native species begin to outcompete native species and cause ecological or economic impacts, it is deemed invasive C. There is no important distinction between these two terms D. When humans introduce a species to a new place, it is called non-native; when the species manages to get into a new place on its own, it is called invasive

B

Which of the following characteristics describe a type I survivorship curve? A. Low death rate at a younger ages B. Organisms that experience relatively constant death rates at all ages C. Characteristic of humans D. Most individuals survive until adulthood

B

Which of the following ecosystems is likely to have the largest carrying capacity (that is, can support the largest number of organisms) ? A. The Sahara, the world's hottest desert B. The Serengeti Plain, in southern Africa C. The Tibetan Plateau, a high elevation grassland area D. The Arctic, a polar region at the northernmost part of Europe

B

Which of the following statements about biodiversity is true? A. Traditional cost and benefit analyses of economic activities heavily weigh consideration of the services of ecosystems and biodiversity, and therefore humans have made the protection of biodiversity the primary focus of the 21st century B. Traditional cost and benefit analyses of economic activity largely ignore the benefits of ecosystems and biodiversity, and therefore global ecosystems and biodiversity are in serious peril C. Although traditional economic cost and benefit analyses include the benefits of ecosystems and biodiversity, humans ignore such analyses and continue to cause declines in biodiversity D. Cost and benefit analyses indicate that economic activities provide more benefit than protecting biodiversity, which is why global ecosystems and biodiversity are in serious peril

B

Which one of the following is the basic energy unit of the metric system? A. calorie B. joule C. BTU D. Calorie

B

Which one of the following is true? A. Gases and liquids are easily compressed, while solids are not. B. If you increase the volume of a gas while keeping temperature constant, the pressure of the gas will decrease. C. Increasing the temperature of a gas will decrease the pressure and volume of the gas. D. If you double the number of moles of a gas, its temperature will double.

B

Which of these management plans might be used to reduce the economic and environmental impacts of invasive species? (Select the three correct answers). A. Preventing a native species of goldenrod from flowering and producing seeds by allowing goats to graze on it B. Encouraging the hunting of wild boars that have become invasive since they were introduced into the United States C. Inspecting luggage and cargo to make sure that no non-native species are brought into an area D. Eradicating the preferred native food of invasive swap rats E. Introducing South American weevils to eat the invasive water hyacinth in Lake Victoria

B, C, E

A densely-forested area provides enough shelter and water approximately 50 bears. If 30 bears move into this region and the population grows to 50, which of the following would be the best description of the growth pattern? A. It is impossible to predict B. None of the above. It will actually decline over time C. Logistic D. Exponential

C

A densely-forested area provides enough shelter and water approximately 50 bears. If 30 bears move into this region and the population grows to 50, which of the following would be the best description of the growth pattern? A. it will stay the same B. It will grow logistically C. It will grow exponentially D. It will decline

C

A small mouse population found in the Front Range of Colorado looks and acts very much like most other mice in the area; yet this particular group of mice is thought by many to deserve protection under the U.S. Endangered Species ACT(ESA). How could this be. A. This particular mouse has special characteristics, such as the ability to jump high, that make it important to protect B. The mouse species lives only in ecosystems that have become very rare C. This particular group of mice appears to be genetically distinct (sub) species and therefore would qualify for protection under the ESA D. Most field mice are threatened with extinction in Colorado

C

An ecosystem ecologist is most likely to study which of the following? A. the composition of the atmosphere B. population trends in European starlings since their introduction to the eastern United States C. the effects of soil nutrients on plant growth D. the interaction between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park

C

How is it possible that we don't currently know how many species are present on Earth? A. There are many amphibians (such as frogs) that have yet to be found, and these creatures are a major part of global biodiversity B. There has been little effort to collect and classify most plant and animal species C. It is very difficult to measure insect and microbiological diversity accurately D. None of the above. We do know how many species are on the planet

C

The background extinction rate is about 1 extinction per 1 million species per year. How does the current rate of extinction compare to the background extinction rate? A. The current extinction rate is about the same as the background rate B. The current extinction rate is somewhat higher (2 times) than the background rate C. The current extinction rate is considerably higher (100 times or more) than the background rate D. The current extinction rate is half the background rate

C

There are various hypotheses about why so many species are in the tropics, but one of them is that life in the tropical regions has been less affected by the major glacial cycles during which ice sheets cover the northern section of the planet. Why would this lead to higher biodiversity in these regions? A. The physical characteristics of the tropics, including climate and energy, are less favorable to life than we see in other regions, so there is more opportunity for natural selection to occur B. Animals are forced to migrate to the tropics during the glacial cycles, where they then adapt to the warm conditions C. The lack of ice sheets means that there has been more uninterrupted time for speciation to occur, therefore leading to higher biodiversity D. There has been less land use change in the tropics than in the other regions listed above

C

Which of the following best describes an endemic species? A. A species that has invaded a habitat in which it is non-native B. A species that is found in almost every ecosystem around the world C. A native species found in only one specific location D. A species that is particularly significant to a specific ecosystem

C

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of entropy? A. The burning of coal in a power plant is not 100% efficient because some of the coal is not completely combusted. B. When coal is burned in a power plant, the heat produced is used to produce steam that is used to rotate a turbine, producing electricity. C. When coal is burned in a power plant, some of the heat is lost out of the smokestacks into the atmosphere. D. Coal is not a 100% efficient power source because the coal has to be transported to the plant, which requires energy.

C

Which of the following cases best describes a resilient community? A. A population of fish love in a unique geothermal pool; the habitat is permanently damaged by a storm, and the population dies off B. A population of squirrels is permanently displaced from its habitat by a forest fire; even when the squirrels relocate, there are significantly fewer that survive C. A population of exotic plants is all but diminished by deforestation; however, it rebounds quickly the following spring, and within a year the population returns to approximately its original numbers D. An extreme heatwave causes the death of many cold-adapted species in a mountain-top community. Not enough individuals survive the heatwave, and the community dies out.

C

Which of the following examples is a good description of a community? A. More than one species that are in a close, mutually beneficial relationships B. The organisms within a specific population that depend on one another to survive C. Different populations living close enough together to interact D. Various populations of the same species that live in one ecosystem

C

Which of the following invasions might cause important economic impacts. A. It has been discovered that Asian oysters filter water better than the oysters native to the United States, so some people have proposed introducing this invasive oyster into areas in need of water filtration such as the Chesapeake Bay B. Zebra mussels from Russia have invaded global waterways around the world, causing damage to ships and boats as well as to wastewater treatment plants and power plants C. All of the above D. A frog species that was introduced to Hawaii has such a loud call that people have begun to stop purchasing homes in the area where many of these frogs live in order to avoid disturbance

C

Which of the following scenarios best represents a mutualistic interaction? A. Herbivorous animals eat plants that cover extensive amounts of land B. Birds called oxpeckers land on zebras and eat parasites off their backs, providing food for the oxpecker and pest protection for the zebra C. Fleas gain a warm home and food from living on the skin of dogs, but they also bite the dogs and cause them to itch severely D. Birds called cattle egrets follow around herds of cattle in order to eat the insects that are stirred up when cattle walk through vegetation

C

Which of the following statements about biodiversity is true? A. The production of new kinds of pharmaceuticals is largely unaffected by biodiversity loss, since most known species have been tested for biologically active compounds that could be used as drugs B. The loss of pollinators will have little effect on crop production, since most of our crops are wind-pollinated and do not need insect pollinators C. The use of only a handful of species for the vast majority of our crops has made our food supply more vulnerable to pests and disease D. Ecotourism is not affected by biodiversity loss, since people are more interested in other forms of entertainment than they are in visiting areas that are high in biodiversity

C

Which of the following statements is true? A. A solution of pH 5 is half as acidic as a solution of pH 4.c. B. Baking soda is a common household acid. C. Sulfuric acid has a pH of <7. D. A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution is called an acid.

C

Of the following examples, which one best represents a state change in an ecosystem? A. An intermittent stream dried up for the season B. Water vapor (gas) in the ecosystem changes to rain (liquid) C. A population of animals migrates to a warmer location during winter D. Soil becomes increasingly sandy over many years of grazing

D

Read the following definition of niche utilization and choose the term that best describes this organism: lives in a forest, grassland, or human-dominated setting and feed on a variety of different food types. A. Spacialist B. Herbivore C. Competitive expansionist D. Generalist

D

Removing a proton from an atom would automatically change its _____. A. mass number B. atomic number c. element D. All of these answers are correct

D

Some coral reefs are protected from being overrun with algae by a sea urchin that grazes on the algae. In one of these reefs, a disturbances event (such as a hurricane) severely damages the coral reef; however, enough sea urchins live in the system to keep the algal growth under control while the corals rebuild themselves. Which of the following terms best characterizes this ecosystem and why? A. Type II B. Type IV C. Type I D. Type III

D

Some coral reefs are protected from being overrun with algae by a sea urchin that grazes on the algae. In one of these reefs, a disturbances event (such as a hurricane) severely damages the coral reef; however, enough sea urchins live in the system to keep the algal growth under control while the corals rebuild themselves. Which of the following terms best characterizes this ecosystem and why? A. Unchanged, because it doesn't really matter what the ecosystem went through as long as it looks the same in the end B. Resistant, because the ecosystem did not change after the disturbance event C. Weak, because a new species invaded the environment after the disturbance event D. Resilient, because the ecosystem was able to return to its predisturbance state fairly quickly

D

What are the major differences between a population that is experiencing logistic growth and one that is experiencing exponential growth? A. When a population experiences logistic growth, it will increase by 10% each year; when a population experiences exponential growth, it can increase by any exponent B. When a population experiences logistical growth, it will increases at a steady rate indefinitely; when a population experiences exponential growth, it will eventually level off as it reaches carrying capacity C. When a population experiences logistic growth, the increases are always followed by large decreases; when a population experiences exponential growth, it will continue growing until a major devastating event D. When a population experiences logistic growth, it will eventually level off as it reaches carrying capacity; when a population experiences exponential growth, it will increase at a steady rate indefinitely

D

Which of the following organisms would you most likely find on a Hawaiian lava field? A. Reptiles that can survive very hot temperatures B. Tropical birds that blend in with the dark background C. No organisms can survive on a lava field D. Microbes that need few nutrients

D

Which of the following would stress an organism that lives in a warm desert environment? A. Weather that does not change much throughout the year B. Weather that is much colder than usual C. Weather that is much hotter than usual D.Weather that is much hotter or colder than usual

D

While most of the major U.S. conservation policy focuses on species diversity, such as genetic diversity. Why would genetic diversity be an important factor to consider when investigating the biodiversity of a group of organisms? A. Genetic diversity is actually a measure of all of the genes within an ecosystem, and based on this, we can classify different types of ecosystems B. Our definition of a species is solely based on genetics, so understanding genetic diversity actually dictates how we define species diversity C. Genetic diversity is not an important factor; all members of a species are genetically identical, and we can obviously tell one species from another D. The genes of individuals within the same species can vary greatly, making some members of the same species more successful than others in certain situations

D

Intraspecific competition occurs when members of _____ ________ species compete for ____ ______ resource(s)

the same, the same