test 1 (unit 1-4)

Metaphase

Chromosomes align along the center of the cell.

Telophase

Chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase.

Which of the following is NOT an age-related change of tissues? Cell division is slower. Red blood cell synthesis decreases. Injury healing time is slower. Collagen fibers decrease in number, yet become more flexible.

Collagen fibers decrease in number, yet become more flexible.

secretory vesicles pinch off from

Golgi apparatus

a cell that produces large amounts of lipoproteins for secretion from the cell would have large numbers of

Golgi apparatuses

The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?

Hip

Entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion.

Holocrine gland

Sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin are examples of this type of gland.

Holocrine gland

T/F Many cell losses and functional declines of aging can be slowed by physical and mental exercise.

true

T/F Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.

true

T/F Once carbon dioxide is produced, it is eliminated through the lungs as part of ventilation.

true

T/F Oxygen is essential for almost all living organisms.

true

name the major functions of cells

-An epidermal skin cell divides and produces new skin cells to replace cells lost at the surface of the skin. -A pancreas cell produces and secretes molecules into the blood to help regulate blood glucose levels. -A nerve cell stimulates a muscle cell, causing the muscle cell to contract. -A muscle cell uses glucose as a fuel source to power the interaction of proteins within the cell to cause it to contract.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the nucleus

-It is surrounded by two membranes with a narrow space between them. -When the cell is not dividing, it contains loosely coiled fibers of a material called chromatin. -More than one nucleus may be found in certain types of cells. -Materials pass into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.

what % of factors affecting aging are genetic

35

A portion of the cell containing secretory products is pinched off the cell.

Apocrine gland

Milk-producing mammary glands are examples of this type gland.

Apocrine gland

Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among

Caucasians

Anaphase

Centromeres and chromatids separate.

Interphase

Period between active cell division.

what can lead to vitamin deficiencies due to impaired digestive functions.

cystic fibrosis

Golgi apparatus location

cytoplasm

microtubules location

cytoplasm

The mass number of an atom is the number of

neutrons plus protons in the atom.

two types of phagocytic cells involved in tissue repair are

neutrophils and macrophages

Solution A increases its acidity. This means that the

number of hydrogen ions has increased.

cilla location

on the surface

The _____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

parietal peritoneum

The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the

parietal peritoneum.

The outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the

parietal pleura

A cavity enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and containing the urinary bladder is the _____ cavity.

pelvic

which cavity contains the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs

pelvic

cavity congaing the hart but not the lungs

pericardial

the scientific discipline that deals with the processes of functions of living organisms is

physiology

a specific type of endocytosis that is responsible for bringing liquids and small particles into cells though the formation of small vesicles

pinocytosis

Calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot

plantar

The fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the

pleural cavity

cavity containing the lungs but not the heart

pleural cavity

Lysosomal enzymes are unable to break down glycogen produced in certain cells

pompe

Results in damage to heart, liver, and skeletal muscle.

pompe

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of

positive feedback

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following?

positive feedback

Lining of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and trachea

pseudostratifed columnar

T/F The pH scale indicates the concentration of H+ in a solution.

true

T/F The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

true

T/F With age, elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become less elastic.

true

T/F edema increases the pressure in the tissue, which can also stimulate neurons and cause pain.

true

Swellings that involve neoplastic tissue

tumor

fibrocartilage forms disks between

vertebrae

The _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

visceral

The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the

visceral pleura

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum location

within the cytoplasm of the cell

Nucleolus location

within the nucleus

what would happen if no cell membranes in your body were selectively permeable

you would be subjected to a higher rate of illnesses and disease, cells would not be able to get and keep enough glucose to function, action potentials would not be generated, cells would be isotonic to their environment

A malignant, spreading tumor

cancer

cell shrinkage

crenation

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence. (1) A protein moves through ER and then is carried in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. (2) A vesicle pinches off from the Golgi apparatus and carries material to the cell membrane. (3) The Golgi apparatus modifies the protein and then packages it into a vesicle. (4) A protein is made by ribosomes on the rough ER.

4, 1, 3, 2

the diploid number of chromosomes

46

An epithelial tissue is exposed to constant abrasion and is often stretched during normal activities. This type of tissue is most likely to be

An epithelial tissue is exposed to constant abrasion and is often stretched during normal activities. This type of tissue is most likely to be

Glucose is broken down in most of your cells to form carbon dioxide and the energy currency of the cell called ATP. What type of chemical reaction is this?

Both "catabolic" and "decomposition" are correct.

How does DNA differ from RNA?

DNA has deoxyribose sugar.

what are things thought to cause aging?

Death genes are turned on later in life, causing cells to deteriorate. Free radicals damage the DNA of a cell past the point where successful accurate replication can occur. Mitochondrial DNA damage results in the loss of proteins and therefore energy production ability. After a certain number of cell divisions, a cell line is pre-programmed to stop dividing and dies.

Examples of homeostasis

Maintaining body temperature by sweating, Maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin, Maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating

Cells secrete products with no loss of cellular material.

Merocrine gland

hollow tubules composed of protein; support the cytoplasm

Microtubules

Replacement of nonfunctional enzymes reduces the symptoms.

Pompe

statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology.

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.

Which kind of tissue would you expect to find in an area of the body that experiences friction and wear and tear?

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Cervical cancer is often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is typically detected by swabbing the cervix (Pap test) and examining the collected cells for abnormal growth. The cervix is covered with an epithelium consisting of many layers of flattened cells. What type of epithelium is being tested?

Stratified squamous epitheliium

How would an anatomist describe the bladder?

The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle.

T/F Heat and redness are due to the dilation of blood vessels.

True

T/F Redness, limitation of movement from edema, and tissue destruction all contribute to disturbed function.

True

what cavity contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and spleen

abdominal

what may exchange one substance for another, can move substances against the concentration gradient, requires metabolic energy ATPs, involves carrier molecules

active transport

Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions pass through the cell membrane by

active transport by ion pumps against their concentration gradients.

cell membranes are said to be selective permeable because they

allow the free passage of some materials and restrict the passage of others

growth refers t an increase in size of all or part of an organism. it can result from

an increase in the number of cells within the organism and the amount of substances surrounding the cells, and in the size of individual cells within the organism

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

what decreases the number of cells within various tissues of the body.

apoptosis

mesenteries

are continuous with the parietal and visceral peritoneum, anchor some abdominal organs tot eh body wall, are double layered, are not connected to retroperitoneal organs

The _________ is a thin layer of specialized extracellular material beneath the deepest cells of an epithelium, serving to bind the epithelium to underlying tissue.

basement membrane

Not likely to spread and not likely to become worse

benign

connective tissue cells whose names contain the suffix -clast

break down the matrix for remodeling

Mammary is to _____ as brachial is to arm.

breast

what usually contains a single nucleus

cardiac and muscle cells

the basic structural and functional unit if an organism such as plant or animal is the

cell

the structure that is the basic unit of all living organisms.

cell

Our body cells perform several important functions, including

cell metabolism and energy use. reproduction and inheritance. communication. synthesis of molecules

When the outermost electrons of an atom are shared with or transferred to another atom, a(n) __________ bond forms. Multiple Choice

chemical

prophase

chromatin condenses into chromosomes centrioles move to opposite ends

Projections from the cell surface that move materials embedded in mucus

cilia

constructed from microtubules

cilia and flagella

Cells produce and receive electrical and chemical signals to

communicate with other cells.

Electrolytes dissociate in water and produce a solution that

conducts electricity

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that results in abnormal collagen production. Marfan syndrome is most likely associated with

connective tissue

Support, attachment of tissues, cushioning, and protection are examples of functions for

connective tissue

When you get sunburn after a day at the beach, which membrane have you damaged?

cutaneous

Which body membrane protects the body from water loss and harm to internal organs?

cutaneous

If you make a Jell-O mold that has strawberries suspended in it and whipped cream on top, the strawberries are _____________ while the whipped cream is _________.

deep, superficial

the connective tissue that makes up the external ear is

dense collagenous connective tissue

the thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm

when a person is in anatomical position, the wrist is _____ to the elbow

distal

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

dorsal

what occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?

edema

Covalent bonds form when

electrons are shared between two atoms

The usual process for moving very large molecules, such as whole proteins, across the cell membrane is by ________.

endocytosis

what involves the formation of a vesicle by invagination of the cell membrane

endocytosis

A tissue membrane, such as a serous membrane, consists of

epithelium and underlying connective tissue

saliva is secreted by what gland

exocrine

the type of membrane transport that uses carrier molecules to move substances with the concentration for that substance is

facilitated difussion

T/F A selectively permeable membrane is able to allow all substances to pass through only some of the time.

false

T/F As an individual ages, collagen fibers become more irregular in structure and decrease in number.

false

T/F Bone tissue is entirely inorganic (formed of mineralized matrix).

false

T/F Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an organic molecule.

false

T/F Chemistry is the scientific discipline that is concerned with cellular composition and the structure of cells' substances and the reactions they undergo.

false

T/F Exocrine glands are classified as compound if they have a single unbranched duct.

false

T/F In equilibrium of reversible reactions, the amounts of reactants and products are equal.

false

T/F Inflammation has five major manifestations: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and numbness.

false

T/F Like diffusion, active transport only moves substance along their concentration gradient.

false

T/F O2 is an organic molecule.

false

T/F Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are acidic.

false

T/F The pH scale is a measure of oxygen concentration in a solution.

false

identify the class of lipids that functions as an energy storage molecule, insulates the body, and provides protection.

fats

The sperm cell is able to move (is motile) because of its __________.

flagellum

osmotic pressure

force required to prevent water from moving across a selective permeable membrane

When cells differentiate, there are changes in the portions of the DNA molecules that are active. The active portions of DNA can also be described as

genes that are expressed through transcription and translation.

endocrine glands

glands that hormones

Support cells of the brain and spinal cord are called

glia cells

what cells are unicellular glands that produce mucus

goblet

In the process of tissue repair, which of the event occurs last?

granulation tissue development

What type of gland accumulates its secretion in the cytoplasm of the cell, with the cell then rupturing and becoming part of the secretion?

holocrine

Cell ruptures and dies during secretion.

holocrine gland

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment. is best described as

homeostasis

The tracheal rings are composed of

hyaline cartilage

What covers the ends of bones?

hyaline cartilage

the presence of chemical mediators of inflammation results in

increased permeability, symptoms of redness and heat, vasodilation of blood vessels, and pain

In general, compounds that do not contain carbon are _________ compounds, whereas compounds that do contain carbon are __________ compounds.

inorganic, organic

cardiac muscle cells are joined to each other by structures called

intercalted disks

The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly

into the blood stream

A patient complaining of pain on his left side just deep to the ribs would be referring to which abdominopelvic quadrant?

left upper

White blood cells that take up bacteria through phagocytosis would be expected to have large numbers of

lysosomes

Able to spread and become worse

malignant

A cell examined under the microscope shows large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, many Golgi apparatuses, and many secretory vesicles. To which of the following tissues would this cell most likely belong? A) Bone B) Muscle C) Mammary gland D) Blood E) Adipose

mammary gland

Cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport.

merocrine gland

Cells of the gland produce vesicles that contain secretory products.

merocrine gland

Vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis at the free surface of the cell.

merocrine gland

characteristic of life that means "the ability to sue energy to perform vital functions

metabolism

The process by which cancer spreads to distant sites

metastasis

What term dealing with cancer means "spreading to a new site"?

metastasis

extensions of cell membrane that increases surface area for absorption

microvilli

arge carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called

monosaccharides

X-rays are used to visualize bones. This is possible because bone tissue is __________ dense than other tissues and absorbs more of the x-rays, which underexposes photographic film and appears __________.

more, white

T/F At the tissue level, age-related changes affect cells and the extracellular materials they produce.

true

Epithelium, of a single layer, with both tall columnar cells reaching the free surface and shorter basal cells, is called

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

the major symptoms of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function

Study of the body's organization by areas; the approach used in most medical schools.

regional anatomy

If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?

regulation

A buffer will

resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions

when an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of

responsiveness

how does the median plane/sagital section divide the body

right and left

in which quadrant of the abdomen would the pain of acute appendicitis be felt

right lower quadrant

the various types of epithelium are classified by

shape of cells and number of cell layers

Cephalic is to head as deltoid is to

shoulder

Absorption in the small and large intestines

simple columnar

Kidney tubules, secretory cells of glands

simple cuboidal

you would not normally expect to find ____ epithelium int he kidney tubules

simple cuboidal

In______, molecules show a net movement from greater to lesser concentration due to the random motion of the molecules

simple diffusion

Indicate the type of epithelium that is best suited for allowing diffusion of substances, as would be found lining the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.

simple squamous

Shape of cells and number of cell layers

simple squamous

You would normally expect to find ____________________ epithelium in the alveoli of the lungs

simple squamous

in which of the following types of epithelial tissues would the movement of materials into or out of the body be fastest?

simple squamous epithelial tissue

Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?

skeletal muscles

the _____ endoplasmic reticulum manufactures lipids sand carbohydrates, where as the _____ endoplasmic reticulum assists with the synthesis of proteins, which is sends tot eh gogi apparatus

smooth, rough

anatomical position

standing erect, upper limbs at theier sides, and palms facing anterior

Mammary gland ducts, larynx, parts of the male urethra

stratified columnar

Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells

stratified cuboidal

Protection against abrasion, barrier against infection

stratified squamous

A tissue that has the ability to contract, is not consciously controlled, and has a banded appearance is

striated involuntary muscle

T/F Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic (alkaline).

true

Correctly complete the following sentence: The bonds within water molecules are __________ the bond between sodium and chloride.

stronger than

How does the transverse plane divide the body?

superior and inferior

Study of external features such as body projections that serve as landmarks to locate structure is called.

surface anatomy

if a red blood cell were placed in distilled water it would

swell and lyse

The ribonucleic acid that is required for protein synthesis is

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

Results in neurological disorders, such as blindness and paralysis

tay-sacha

There is a lack of lysosomal enzymes that normally break down specific lipids.

tay-sachs

There is no successful treatment for the disease, and death often occurs before 4 years of age.

tay-sachs

what factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?

temperature, concentration of reactants, presence of catalysts, presence of enzymes

mass

the amount of matter in an object

what regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

the cell membrane

The weight of an object is determined by

the force of gravity pulling on or acting on its mass.

weight

the gravitational force acting on an object

The process called diffusion is

the tendency for solute molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and is the product of random movement of all atoms, molecules, and ions in a solution.

cell connection that binds adjacent cells together and form permeability barriers are called

tight junctions

Unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the addition of hydrogen atoms are called

trans fats

Lining of the urinary bladder and ureters

transitional

epithelia cells that appear cube like when an organ is relaxed, and flattened when the organ is distended by fluids, are classified as

transitional epithelium

Conversion of nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences is known as

translation

Elements are the simplest form of matter.

true

T/F An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element.

true

T/F An element is composed of multiple types of atoms.

true