test 2
Choose functions of cholecystokinin.
-signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes -signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile
colorectal cancer
A cancer that develops in the colon or the rectum and is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths
diarrhea
A condition characterized by frequent bowel movements with loose stools is called
Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel?
Calories from fat Saturated fat (grams) Cholesterol (mg) Trans fat (grams) Total fat (grams)
Cis fatty acid
Choicecauses the carbon chain to bend
Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?
Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential.
skeletal system
The system of the body that produces red blood cells and stores several minerals is called the
Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel?
Total fat (grams) Cholesterol (mg) Saturated fat (grams) Calories from fat Trans fat (grams)
Which vitamins can be produced by bacteria in the intestine?
Vitamin K Biotin Thiamin
Statins
are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.
Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from
atherosclerosis
When a person consumes 4-5 or more drinks on a single occasion, he/she is labeled as a
binge drinker
nonessential fatty acids
can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.
A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is
cholesterol
Lipids or fats include______.
cholesterol
Lipoproteins carry different amounts of
cholesterol, protein, phospholipids
Alcohol works as a _____ suppressing the production of the antidiuretic hormone
diuretic
Excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with
elevated LDL cholesterol. elevated triglycerides.
Excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with
elevated triglycerides. elevated LDL cholesterol.
Choose factors that put a person at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
excess body fat sedentary lifestyle close family member with type 2 diabetes
Lipids are a class of macronutrients that include _____.
fatty acids phospholipids triglycerides cholesterol
The disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy is called
gestational diabetes
The hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is
glucagon
The primary fuel for muscle and other cells is
glucose
Identify two names for the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body.
glucose and dextrose
Which measurement provides the most realistic way to determine how foods may raise the blood glucose level?
glycemic load
What is the "backbone" of a triglyceride?
glycerol
What are the structural components of a triglyceride?
glycerol backbone three attached fatty acids
Triglyceride
has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Clusters of small rectal veins that can become swollen and inflamed, causing bleeding, are called
hemorrhoids
A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with _____.
hydrogen atoms
When an individual's blood sugar level falls below 70 mg/dl, they are diagnosed with
hypoglycemia
The hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar which causes a lowering of blood sugar is
insulin
What are some common causes of vomiting?
intense pain rotating movements of the head hormonal changes in pregnancy migraine headaches
When an atom (or group of atoms) gains or loses one or more electrons, it has an electrical charge and is called
ion
Aspartame
is an alternative sweetener made of two amino acids and methonol
lumen
is the open space inside a structure such as the small intestine.
Fats and cholesterol are ____ a class of nutrients.
lipids
Hypoglycemia is ______ blood glucose level.
low
Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?
monosaccharide
Enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into
monosaccharides
essential fatty acids
must be supplied by the diet
The pancreatic enzyme that is secreted into the small intestine that is responsible for digesting starch is
pancreatic amylase
The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called
peristalsis
cystic fibrosis
produces thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems. They often suffer serious breathing problems and respiratory infections.
A collection of cells with similar characteristics and functions join together into larger masses called
tissues
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?
trans
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
triglycerides blood pressure fasting glucose
An omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to:
-metabolize undigested food -make some vitamins
What are other names for sugar that may be listed on food products?
-raw sugar -maltodextrin -lactose
Glycemic Load
(Glycemic Index x Grams of carbohydrate)/100
What are the causes of confusion and memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers?
-Neurons shrink. -Brain develops structural abnormalities. -Alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages.
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
-They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. -They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. -They are made of 100 or more monosaccharides bonded together.
the statements that are true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
-Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms. -The cause is unknown. -It is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines.
Alcohol______.
-causes the kidneys to excrete more urine -suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland
The four major classes of lipoproteins are
-chylomicrons. -very low density lipoproteins. -low density lipoproteins. -high density lipoproteins.
When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal______.
-delays alcohol absorption from the stomach -slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood
Which of the following contribute to heartburn?
-having excess body fat -smoking cigarettes -drinking alcohol
Sugar alcohols provide about _____ kcal/g.
2
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between
20-35
What is the difference in calories between a gram of fat and a gram of carbohydrate?
5 kcal
Aspartame consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid and is best known by the trade names
Equal and NutraSweet
An individual with an acceptable total cholesterol level may still be at risk for atherosclerosis. What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?
HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol
Identify names of sugars that may be found in foods
Honey, sugar, molasses
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
What are causes of diarrhea?
More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract. The GI tract absorbs less water than normal.
lingual lipase and salivary amylace are two components of...
saliva
Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
shakiness and irritability
GERD can be worsened by
smoking cigarettes drinking alcohol excess body fat
Chyme is formed in the
stomach
Glucose and fructose bonded together form the disaccharide
sucrose
Both sugars and sugar alcohols provide
sweetness
Which of the following are the principal organs of the skeletal system?
tendons, ligaments, bones
What does the term starch mean?
the storage form of carbohydrates in plants