Test 2 (History-Ch.4+5+6)
When the British returned to the United States after abandoning Boston for Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1776, what city became their command post? (It would remain so for the duration of the war.) Who was the British commander upon their return?
In 1776, 32,000 British soldiers arrived in New York under General William Howe
How did the Constitution attempt to keep one group or individual from assuming too much power? How was that system managed?
Separation of powers was managed by a system of checks and balances. (among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches)
What was the Albany Plan?
The plan of unified action in which the colonies allied with the British and their Indian allies. It was proposed by Benjamin Franklin. Delegates from Penn, Maryland, New York, and New England attended to set up a 'general government' to manage relations to Indians. No colony approved it.
What eventually happened to the Stamp Act? What was the Declaratory Act?
The stamp act was different from other taxations for; it taxed all printed documents and is sole purpose is to collect revenue for Britain without colonial representation. It was eventually repealed in 1766. The Declaratory Act confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies in all cases whatsoever.
What tune did the British army supposedly play while the surrender took place?
The world turned upside down
Who is considered the main author of the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson. He had help from Franklin and John Adams
Virginia Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
Sugar Act
(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.
Be familiar with the three land ordinances dedicated to the Northwest Territory. Those ordinances were the Ordinance of 1784, Ordinance of 1785, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
*Ordinance of 1784- divided the western territories into 10 self-governing districts each could petition to become states. *Ordinance of 1785- territory north of Ohio river was to be surveyed into townships and each divided into 36 identical section. Northwest *Ordinance of 1787.- maintained the grid system but abandoned the ten districts and created a single NW territory. It could be divided into 5 territories. Need at least 60k for statehood, guaranteed freedom of religion, outlawed slavery
All Professor side notes from CH.5-
*This is a factual diversion rather than a question. (Maybe I can convert it into a question on the test.) It is interesting to me that the Second Continental Congress actually became the first governing body of the United States. It began meeting in May, 1775, and continued to meet and provide what government there was in the colonies and later the United States until March 1781. What I find interesting about that is that the Second Continental Congress had no right to meet. There was no written document calling for a government of the United States. The delegates to the Second Continental Congress conducted the war, proclaimed independence from England, eventually established the first legitimate government of the United States, and negotiated treaties with foreign nations. (The problem with using a concise edition of the textbook is that much is left out.) *While the textbook author does discuss the Saratoga campaign, I do not think he gives justice to the American victory there. Many historians refer to the campaign and battles that ended in Saratoga in 1777 as the turning point of the war. As a result of Saratoga, France signed a treaty of alliance with the United States. Benjamin Franklin was instrumental in negotiating the treaty of alliance with France. France became the first country to formally recognize the United States of America as an independent country. France still resented its loss in the French and Indian War. In addition, other countries joined the fight against England (Spain and the Netherlands are mentioned in the textbook.) That meant the British could not concentrate all of their forces or resources on the Americans. In addition, Lord North offered to change British policy toward the colonies if they would stop the war. The Americans refused that offer. Finally, General Henry Clinton replaced General William Howe as commander of the British forces in America. Clinton would remain the British commander for the duration of the war. *Back in the old days, when one army lost a battle to another army, the commander of the defeated army would meet the commander of the conquering army somewhere on the battlefield to discuss surrender terms and to formally surrender. At Yorktown, the British commander, Lord Charles Cornwallis, claimed to be too ill to attend the surrender ceremony. Cornwallis sent his deputy, General Charles O'Hara to formally surrender. O'Hara first attempted to surrender to the French General Rochambeau but Rochambeau pointed to the American commander, George Washington. Washington was infuriated by this affront by Cornwallis and refused to accept the surrender offered by General O'Hara. Washington then called his second in command, Benjamin Lincoln, and O'Hara was finally able to surrender to Lincoln. *The Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution clearly established the western boundary of the United States. It did not establish any boundary in the north between what is today the United States and Canada. Nor did it establish any boundary in the south between the United States and Spain which controlled the land around the Gulf of Mexico (modern Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.) The lack of definitive boundaries north and south would eventually lead to problems for the United States with England to the north and Spain to the south. *You should notice that the Confederation was only really successful with the three ordinances dealing with the Northwest Territory. Land south of the Ohio River was a problem for Congress until Kentucky and Tennessee became states in the 1790s.
Chapter four Timeline-
-1754 French and Indian War began around what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; many call this the first global war -1763 (February)French and Indian War ended with the Treaty of Paris: France ousted as a colonial power in the new world -1763 (October)Proclamation of 1763: prevented settlers from moving beyond the Appalachian Mountains -1764 Sugar Act: first act of Parliament designed to raise revenue in the colonies -1765 Stamp Act (repealed 1766): tax on all printed goods -1767 Townshend Duties: new taxes on items not previously taxed by Parliament -1770Boston Massacre: reaction to the presence of British military in Boston -1773 Boston Tea Party: reaction to the Tea Act which undercut colonial merchants -1774 (April)Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts by the Americans): British response to the Boston Tea Party -1774 (September)First Continental Congress: colonial response to the Coercive Acts; 5 major decisions -1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord: generally considered to be the first battles of the American Revolution
What two changes differentiated the Massachusetts constitution from the state constitutions written prior to 1780?
1-It was written by state legislatures and could easily be amended by them. 2-Signifigant strengthen of the executive. He had to be elected by the people and had a fixed salary
What were the 5 major decisions made by the First Continental Congress in 1774?
1. Rejected a plan for a colonial union under British Authority. 2. Endorsed a relatively moderate statement of grievances and a repeal for all oppressive legislation passed sine 1763 3. Approved series of resolution recommending that military preparations be made for possible attack of British on Boston. 4. Formed Continental Association to enforce boycotts 5. Delegates agreed to meet the following Spring
Mutiny Act
1765 This Act meant that the colonists had to supply British troops with housing and other supplies. There was also major protest for this act and the New York Assembly was punished for failure to comply
Stamp Act
1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Crispus Attucks
A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.
Samual Adams
A leader of Boston Sons of Liberty who urged the colonists to continue to resist British controls. **Leading figure in stirring up outrage over the Boston Massacre
What did "republicanism" mean to Americans?
A political system in which all power came from the people and not a king
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
How did New Hampshire and Massachusetts solve the problem of slavery after the war?
Absolute emancipation
Who does the textbook author identify as the most effective advocate of a stronger national government? Who was his important ally?
Alexander Hamilton. He called for national convention to overhaul the articled of confederation. His ally was James Madison.
Who was Elizabeth Freeman? Why is she noteworthy?
An enslaved woman from Mass. She successfully sued for her freedom due to her arguing that equality was not found in her slavery condition.
What was Lord Dunmore's Proclamation? Who was Lord Dunmore?
Announcement in 1775 that enslaved people owned by rebels (not loyal to crown) would win freedom if they abandoned their masters and joined the British forces (In the years prior to the American Revolution, Lord Dunmore, whose roots ran back to Scotland, served as the Colonial Governor in both New York and Virginia. A staunch supporter of the English Crown and Parliament's policies, Dunmore raised the ire of patriot leaders in Williamsburg, including Patrick Henry. Dunmore tried to dissolve the Virginia House of Burgesses and then attempted to deny the patriot militias' access to guns, powder, and shot. It was a challenge to Dunmore that Patrick Henry famously shouted, "Give me liberty, or give me death.")
Who does the textbook author refer to as the two most eminent men in America in the 1780s?
Ben Franklin and George Washington
Charles Townshend
British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts **. Imposed new series of taxes on colonists, 1767.
Be familiar with the diplomatic failures the author talks about under the Articles of Confederation?
British did not evacuate from American territory nor make restitution for slave owners who had lost slaves. Trade was difficult with Britain and John Adams failed negotiations. The south blocked ratification with a treaty with Spain in 1786 for it limited their access to the Mississippi
General Thomas Gage
British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of MA Bay. **Commander of British military forces in the colonies; stationed in Boston
What were the 3 principal powers in northeastern North America by the early 1750s?
British, French, and Iroquois
Which side in the revolutionary war did most Indians side with? Why?
British, because they were against expanding West
What was the one thing most of the delegates to the convention agreed on?
Chose Washington to Preside over its sessions
On page 99 the author discusses "no taxation without representation" (colonial attitude) and "virtual representation" (British government attitude). How were these things bound together?
Colonial attitude was that whatever the nature of the tax cannot be levied without the consent of the colonists. British attitude were that members of parliament was for the whole nation and not individual areas. America also practiced this virtual representation but they wouldn't worked across miles not oceans. *assemblies didn't reflect universal suffrage/everyone's vote, but still claimed to represent their communities (ex: Britain with colonial taxes, colonies with their towns)
General James Wolfe
Commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France. He died in the battle and became a hero of English military. (British general who defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec in 1759)
Who authored the Virginia Plan? Did it favor large or small states?
Created by James Madison it included two houses with representatives matching the population of their state. Smaller states obviously were angry while larger states liked it
Having read the section on Daniel Shays very carefully, who exactly was he and what did he do?
Daniel Shay led distressed farmers in riots in New England. He was a former captain in the continental army representing farmers into already impoverished by the dislocation during the war. Shay and his men in the summer of 1786 prevented collection of debts. In winter he tried to seize weapons from an arsenal in Springfield.
What was the most immediate problem for England after the French and Indian War?
Debt
When the Second Continental Congress began meeting (May, 1775) there were two groups with different opinions on the purpose of the war. What were those two positions? Be able to name some of the people in each group.
Favored Independence- John and Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee (V) Reconciliation with Britain- John Dickinson (Penn)
Name the two groups that debated ratification of the new constitution. Which group supported ratification? Which group opposed?
Federalists- opponents of centralization. Ben Franklin, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Wrote the federalists papers. Antifederalists- Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams. They argued that the constitution would increase taxes, weaken states, and wield dictatorial powers.
. As a result of the French and Indian War (Seven Year's War), which of the great European colonial powers was forced to give up most of its colonial claims in the New World?
France (ceded West Indian Islands, most colonies in India and Canada, and all French Territory in North America east of the Mississippi)
Which American general committed treason in 1780?
General Benedict Arnold
Who was the primary American commander at Saratoga?
General Horatio Gates
Lexington and Concord
Generally considered to be the first battles of American Revolution; in Massachusetts
Who served as commander in chief of the Continental Army throughout the war?
George Washington
Whose presence at the convention provided credibility to the convention?
George Washington
How did the war affect the American economy?
Hurt at first but strengthen in the long run.
Interesting Fact about Revolutionary War from Professor
It is interesting to me that the Second Continental Congress actually became the first governing body of the United States. It began meeting in May, 1775, and continued to meet and provide what government there was in the colonies and later the United States until March 1781. What I find interesting about that is that the Second Continental Congress had no right to meet. There was no written document calling for a government of the United States. The delegates to the Second Continental Congress conducted the war, proclaimed independence from England, eventually established the first legitimate government of the United States, and negotiated treaties with foreign nations.
Who does the textbook author identify as the most important person in the process of writing the Constitution?
James Madison
Who led the British forces in 1777 from Canada to Saratoga?
John Burgoyne
George Washington
Led Virginia militia in effort to oust French from Fort Duquesne
What happened at Yorktown in October 1781? Who was the British commander? Who was the American commander?
Lord Cornwallis (after victory but eventual defeat in the Carolinas in the south) surrendered to Washington. They caught Cornwallis between land and sea trapping him. This defeat leads to outcry from Britain to end the war. (Virg)
Those colonials who remained loyal to the British were known as ______________.
Loyalist or Tory
First Continental Congress
Meeting of delegates from every colony except Georgia; debated proper response to Coercive Acts; rejected independence at that time
What was significant about the Battle of Fallen Timbers? Who was the American commander in that battle? What did the Treaty of Greenville do?
Miamis won two major battles against US. General Anthony Wayne led 4k soldiers against Miamis led by Little Turtle. A year later, Miamis signed the Treaty of Greenville and ceded substantial land in present day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.
What was the Great Compromise? Know the details of this compromise. (This is significant because this compromise, inserted in the Constitution 233 years ago is still the basis for representation in the Congress of the United States.)
One delegate from each state proposed a proposal that would become part of the great compromise. They called for two house legislature with the lower house of representatives would be represented on the basis of population, each slave will be counted as 3/5 of a person and determine the basis for both representation in drug taxation, in the upper Senate the states will be represented equally by two members a peice
Who are the only members of the national government that were elected directly by the people when the Constitution was written? (This changed in 1913 with passage of the Seventeenth Amendment.)
Only the members of the house
Who does the textbook author name as distinguished leaders of the Antifederalists?
Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams
Those colonials who supported the revolutionary effort were known as _______________.
Patriots
Which state eliminated the executive (governor) when it first wrote its state constitution?
Pennsylvania
What was the first state to provide for gradual emancipation (emancipation over time)?
Pennsylvania in 1780
George Greenville
Prime Minister of England, began enforcing 1763 Navigation Acts strictly and instituted other taxes the colonists found unbearable. (Prime minister of England beginning in 1763; responsible for Sugar Act, Mutiny Act and Stamp Act)
Benjamin Franklin
Published the "Join, or Die" divided snake broadside
Which state did not send representatives to the convention?
Rhode Island
What was the purpose of the committees of correspondence? Who first proposed them?
Samael Adams in 1772 proposed the Committees of correspondence to publicize the grievances against Britain.
How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention exceed their instructions from Congress?
So their claims that the convention delegates exceeded their powers were partly the result of legal ignorance. ... "The Confederation Congress called the convention and limited its power to proposing amendments to the Articles of Confederation. The Convention disregarded the limit, and drafted an entirely new document.
How did the question of slavery divide the convention when it came to representation in Congress?
States with large slave populations argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation but also as property for levied taxes on the states on the basis of population. States with smaller or no slave populations argued that laves should be included in taxation for property but not representations.
What was the first constitution of the United States called?
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
What were The Federalist Papers? Who were the three authors of those papers?
The Federalist papers explained the meaning and virtues of the constitution. It was written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.
William Pitt
The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. **British Secretary of state and eventual prime minister who led British effort in the Seven Years War
What became the western boundary of the United States as a result of the peace treaty officially ending the American Revolution in 1783?
The United States succeeded in obtaining Newfoundland fishing rights, a western border that extended to the Mississippi with rights of navigation (which the Spanish government would later prevent) and, most importantly, British acknowledgement of U.S. independence along with the peaceful withdrawal of British forces.
According to the "America in the World" feature on pages 86-87, the Seven Years' War was a struggle for ______________ power.
The seven year was at heart a struggle for economic power
Which two churches were weakened by the revolution? You should know why each church was weakened.
The war weekend the Anglican Church because of it being headed by the king. The Quakers were also weakened due to their view of pacifism.
How did state constitutions change after Massachusetts wrote its state constitution?
They also strengthen their executive
Why did the Antifederalists oppose the Constitution?
They argued that the constitution would increase taxes, weaken states, and wield dictatorial powers.
Why did the Americans actually write out a Declaration of Independence? (The answer to this question is in the very first paragraph of the document.)
They said to respect the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare causes which impel them to the separation
Coercive Acts
This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes. ***Series of 4 acts by Parliament in reaction to the Boston Tea Party (also known as the Intolerable Acts)
What is the purpose of government?
To protect the rights of the people
How did the American Revolution weaken the position of Native Americans? Your textbook mentions several ways.
War increased demand for western land.
Saratoga Campaign
While the textbook author does discuss the Saratoga campaign, I do not think he gives justice to the American victory there. Many historians refer to the campaign and battles that ended in Saratoga in 1777 as the turning point of the war. As a result of Saratoga, France signed a treaty of alliance with the United States. Benjamin Franklin was instrumental in negotiating the treaty of alliance with France. France became the first country to formally recognize the United States of America as an independent country. France still resented its loss in the French and Indian War. In addition, other countries joined the fight against England (Spain and the Netherlands are mentioned in the textbook.) That meant the British could not concentrate all of their forces or resources on the Americans. In addition, Lord North offered to change British policy toward the colonies if they would stop the war. The Americans refused that offer. Finally, General Henry Clinton replaced General William Howe as commander of the British forces in America. Clinton would remain the British commander for the duration of the war.
How true was the reality in America after the war to the ideas put forth in the Declaration of Independence?
White land owners thrived. White woman were subordinate. Native Americans were exploited and displaced.
Who offered an alternative plan to the Virginia Plan? What was it called? You should be familiar with the details of this alternate plan.
William Paterson countered the Virginia plan with the New Jersey Plan where there will be a one house legislature and all states have equal representation. Also gave congress power to expand powers and tax and regulate commerce.
Explain the role and condition of women before and after the war.
With the men (fathers, brothers, husbands) gone, woman had to run their man's shop/farm/ businesses. Others had no such thing and became in debt. Others attacked the British. Others followed their man into camp and help cook, nurse and raise moral. Some disguised themselves as men to fight. Abigal Adams that woman should be protected from abusive men. Judith Murray argued woman should get an education.
What were some of the problems with the Articles of Confederation?
With the passage of time, weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation became apparent; Congress commanded little respect and no support from state governments anxious to maintain their power. Congress could not raise funds, regulate trade, or conduct foreign policy without the voluntary agreement of the states.
What was Common Sense? Who wrote it? When? What was he arguing for?
Written by Thomas Paine, sought to turn the anger of Americans toward parliamentary overreach as well as British monarchy broadly. Written in Jan 1776, he argued to break completely with a political system that would inflect hardships on it owns people
What was poet Ralph Waldo Emerson's contribution to the memory of the American Revolution (many years after the fact)?
Wrote the poem that stated "the shot heard 'round the world". A poem about the first shot fired in the American Revolution
Patrick Henry
a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) *Virginia planter and lawyer; introduced "Virginia Resolves" in opposition to British taxation policies
What important consequence did Shay's Rebellion have for the future of the United States?
added urgency to produce a new constitution
What three advantages did the United States have?
aid from abroad, knew their land, and were committed to the war(they would lose everything)
What two things made a person a citizen of the United States when the Constitution was written?
being born in the US and being white
What is federalism (as defined in your textbook)? (You should note that the United States was the first government to implement federalism.)
division of powers between the national and state governments
What was the primary source of funding to pay for the war?
from other nations
Why does the textbook author say the Confederation Congress moved around so much?
in 1783 they moved from Penn to Princeton to escape vets who demanded their pay. They then moved to Maryland and then to New York.
Boston Massacre
incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists (Incident in which 5 colonists were killed protesting British presence)
George 3
king of Great Britian durring revolution.. allowed taxes=angered colonists. King of England beginning 1760
What are the unalienable rights of man? (3 are listed)
life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness
On page 83, the author uses three adjectives to describe the English administration of the colonies. What were those three adjectives?
loose, decentralized, and inefficient
What does the textbook author call the "Confederation's most important accomplishment"?
resolution of controversies involving western lands.
The authors list four advantages enjoyed by the British when the war began. What were they?
the greatest navy, best equipped army in the world, resources of an empire, a coherent structure of command
Who is the "bad guy" according to the Declaration of Independence in the struggles between the colonies and the mother country England?
the king
Where do both the federal government and the state governments derive their power?
the people
Who has the right to change a government that is not protecting the rights of the people?
the people
